毛霉发酵豆粕工艺条件的优化

为探讨豆粕固态发酵同步制备多肽及可溶性膳食纤维的工艺条件,选用雅致放射毛霉AS3.2778为发酵菌株,采用响应面分析方法考察了影响发酵工艺的若干因素,并对发酵工艺条件进行了优化。由此确定了最佳的毛霉固态发酵豆粕的工艺条件：豆粕发酵培养基中添加质量分数3%木糖、0.3% KH2PO4、0.1%吐温-80、0.39% CaCl2,含水量52.7%,初始pH 5.68,27 ℃发酵3 d。在优化的工艺条件下,毛霉发酵豆粕可实现多肽及可溶性膳食纤维的同步高效转化,其得率分别可达到16.1%与18.5%。结果表明毛霉固态发酵豆粕同步制备多肽及可溶性膳食纤维的生产工艺具有可行性。     

雅致放射毛霉液体深层培养条件及发酵培养基的优化研究

文中研究了在摇瓶液体培养条件下,不同培养基成分及发酵条件对雅致放射毛霉菌丝体生长的影响,并经正交实验得到其民的培养基组成为：黄豆粉3％,饴糖0．5％,硫酸镁0．2％,磷酸二氢钾0．2％,酵母膏0．1％,在此条件下,28℃,200r/min摇瓶培养64h,毛霉菌丝体生物量（以菌丝体干重表示）可达1.02g/100mL.     

混菌发酵全豆酸奶的研究

运用雅致放射毛霉与乳酸菌共同发酵全豆浆,制得全豆酸乳.通过单因素及响应面实验对发酵基质固形物含量、发酵温度、蔗糖添加量及雅致放射毛霉与乳酸菌(CY-122)的接种比例等影响全豆酸乳的因素进行研究,确定了最佳工艺条件为:固形物含量为4.63%,发酵温度为37℃,蔗糖添加量为10%,雅致放射毛霉与乳酸菌(CY-122)接种量比为1:2,发酵时间为18h.经与市售酸奶比较,实验产品的质地、口感和风味等各项指标具有较好的可接受性.     

发酵菌种对低盐白腐乳感官品质的影响

腐乳是一种营养丰富的中国传统大豆发酵食品,并具有多种生理活性。但腐乳中较高的盐含量严重阻碍其摄入量及功能性的发挥。降低盐度后,不同发酵菌种对腐乳的感官品质影响不可忽略,对此内容的研究将为开发既美味可口又具备良好保藏性的低盐腐乳产品提供选择合适发酵菌种的科学依据。研究中选取雅致放射毛霉、少根根霉和纳豆菌为发酵菌种制备低盐腐乳,以雅致放射毛霉发酵的高盐腐乳(传统腐乳)为对照,对4种腐乳样品进行感官评价,并对整个生产阶段中蛋白质的分解和菌相变化做跟踪监测。结果显示,雅致放射毛霉发酵的腐乳样品有较好的感官品质,在实验所选用的3株菌中最适宜作低盐腐乳发酵菌种;低盐白腐乳中乳酸菌数与其感官品质有显著相关性。     

油腐乳发酵过程中的品质分析

采用不同毛霉发酵油腐乳,对其发酵过程中的蛋白酶活性、成熟度、微观结构、流变和感官性质进行分析,探究不同毛霉菌种对油腐乳品质的影响。结果表明：在发酵过程中雅致放射毛霉和五通桥毛霉的蛋白酶活性最高;筛选菌种发酵的油腐乳水溶性蛋白、氨基态氮和总酸含量高于其他3 组,而菌种对油腐乳的水分和盐含量的影响不显著;筛选菌种发酵油腐乳的微观结构最致密;雅致放射毛霉发酵油腐乳涂抹性优于其他3 组;总状毛霉和雅致放射毛霉感官评价相对较优。4 种毛霉菌种各有优势,为毛霉混合发酵油腐乳提供了一定的理论依据。     

酶解大豆分离蛋白乳化特性的研究

利用枯草芽孢杆菌AS1．398中性蛋白酶对大豆分离蛋白进行水解，并利用浊度法测定了不同水解度、不同pH条件下酶解大豆分离蛋白的乳化特性，结果表明：AS1．398蛋白酶对大豆分离蛋白的最大水解度为36％，水解度为9％时乳化活性最大，水解度为3％是乳化稳定性最好。同一水解度时，pH越高，蛋白质的乳化特性越好。水解度为3％、9％、15％的大豆分离蛋白在pH等于或高于5．0时的乳化活性明显地高于原蛋白质，且水解度为3％时乳化稳定性也明显地高于原蛋白质。     

雅致放射毛霉和运动发酵单胞菌混合发酵霉豆渣研究

研究雅致放射毛霉和运动发酵单胞菌混合发酵霉豆渣的条件,并在最优发酵条件下测定产品的pH值、氨基态氮含量、总粗蛋白含量及质构在发酵过程中的变化。通过正交试验确定霉豆渣发酵的最优条件为：豆渣蒸煮15min后,在100g豆渣中接入105CFU/mL雅致放射毛霉孢子悬液1.0mL及107CFU/mL运动发酵单胞菌悬液0.2mL,28℃培养3d。在发酵过程中,霉豆渣的pH值从5.12上升至8.40后缓慢下降至8.09;氨基态氮含量则先迅速上升后缓慢下降;总粗蛋白含量逐渐下降。发酵过程使霉豆渣的硬度和咀嚼性明显提高。     

混菌固态发酵生产菜籽肽工艺条件优化

以肽得率、氮溶解指数和硫苷降解率为指标,通过单因素试验初步得到枯草芽孢杆菌与雅致放射毛霉混菌固态发酵生产菜籽肽的发酵条件,再根据Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面分析法进一步优化混菌发酵条件,确定最佳工艺条件为：枯草芽孢杆菌与雅致放射毛霉同时接种,两菌接种体积比4:1、发酵温度32.1℃、发酵时间4.64d,此条件下菜籽肽得率为9.85%,硫苷降解率为67.83%。     

低活性胰蛋白酶抑制剂发酵豆乳的研制

采用碱性蛋白酶水解豆乳，可使其中的胰蛋白酶抑制剂添生降低12．8％，水解时间采用6min。以水解豆乳为主要原料，添加少量鲜牛乳、白砂糖、草莓汁和柠檬酸，采用乳酸菌发酵制成低胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性的发酵豆乳，其最佳配方为：水解豆乳与鲜乳比8：2，白砂糖8％，草莓汁10％，柠檬酸0．15％。     

乳清白酒发酵工艺的研究

利用乳清中的乳糖及丰富的营养物质，将乳清与黑龙江传统白酒酿造原料玉米混合发酵，提高白酒出酒率并改善白酒风味。乳糖水解条件：乳糖酶0．3U／kg，水解温度35℃，水解时间为3h，水解率可达57．23％。酵母菌发酵温度28℃，接菌量0.7％。白酒出酒率从40％提高到61％，口感得到明显改善。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.