乳链菌肽产生菌的选育及其发酵性能研究

乳链菌肽是某些乳链球菌产生的一种多肽物质,对引起食品腐败的大多数革兰氏阳性菌有很好的抑制作用,是一种高效、无毒副作用的天然生物防腐剂。本文从鲜奶中筛选到一株乳链菌肽产生菌--乳链球菌P-99,并研究了该菌株的发酵适宜条件及其发酵过程动力学。结果表明,该菌株在M17培养基、30℃、起始pH6.5条件下发酵良好,通气量和某些金属离子对其细胞生长与产乳链菌肽无明显影响,但锰离子对乳链菌肽的产生有促进作用,而铜离子有较强的抑制作用;发酵动力学分析表明,该菌株产乳链菌肽表现出初级代谢动力学特征。     

微生物絮凝剂处理印染废水的技术研究

微生物絮凝剂是微生物产生的覆盖在菌体外的一种生物高分子聚合物，它的可分解性及对环境和人类无毒无害的性质是其他无机和有机絮凝剂所无法比拟的。本实验筛选出了针对处理印染废水的微生物絮凝剂产生菌，试验研究了培养时间、菌液加入量、废水pH值、碱金属及碱土金属的存在对絮凝效果的影响，得出在最佳工艺条件下，该微生物絮凝剂对印染废水CODcr去除率达57．1％。     

产细菌素乳酸菌的鉴定及其特性研究

从婴儿粪便中分离获得能够产生抑菌活性物质的乳酸菌,通过排除有机酸、过氧化氢的干扰试验,该菌发酵上清液仍有明显的抑菌活性;通过蛋白酶K和胰蛋白酶试验,证明该菌株产生的抑菌活性物质具有蛋白质性质,是一种细菌素.初步提纯该细菌素,其抑菌活性较适pH范围为2～4,120℃热处理30 min后仍有70%的抑菌活性.经Trcine-SDS-PAGE试验分析该细菌素分子质量为4kDa.抑菌谱测定结果表明,该细菌素不仅对革兰氏阳性菌(单增李斯特氏菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等)有抑制作用,而且还抑制革兰氏阴性菌(大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、恶臭假单胞菌、福氏志贺氏菌等),具有广谱的抑菌作用.通过菌落形态、生理生化特性试验和16S rRNA基因序列分析,鉴定该乳酸菌为植物乳杆菌,命名为Lactobacillus plantarum ZJ317.     

微生物絮凝剂及在污水处理中的应用研究进展

絮凝剂是一类可使在水体中不易沉淀的悬浮颗粒凝聚沉淀的物质。微生物絮凝剂是一种具有广泛应用前景的天然高分子絮凝剂,因其安全、高效、无二次污染等优点受到人们的广泛关注,已应用于污水处理、食品和发酵工业等。本文阐述了微生物絮凝剂的主要组成、特点、絮凝机理、影响产生微生物絮凝剂的因素及其在污水处理中的应用现状。     

生物絮凝剂的絮凝条件

研究了红平红球菌（Rhodococcus erythropolis）CCRC10909产生的生物絮凝剂REA-11的絮凝条件.REA-11在偏酸性范围内（pH3.0～6.5）,絮凝活性稳定,耐热性较强,热稳定范围可高达80℃.CaCl     

基于克雷伯氏菌生物絮凝剂及其印染废水的絮凝

为解决化学絮凝剂的二次污染等问题,本文从毛纺厂废水的生物处理池中筛选出一株具有产絮凝剂能力的菌株EW-1,经形态特征、生理生化分析与16S r RNA测序鉴定为克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella)。对菌株所产的生物絮凝剂进行提纯和化学成分分析,得知生物絮凝剂的主要成分是多糖,主要基团包括羟基、酰胺基、羧基、羰基等。该生物絮凝剂用于印染废水絮凝的单因素试验表明,最佳投药量为6 m L(絮凝剂质量浓度500 mg/L),最佳pH值为8～9。     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及在豆制品废水中的应用

从本地土壤中分离出5株细菌,以其发酵液对高岭土悬浮液絮凝效果为指标,经过初筛与复筛,筛选到一株絮凝剂高产菌SX04,初步鉴定该菌属芽孢杆菌属,并用其所产生絮凝剂对豆制品废水进行絮凝试验,结果表明:用SX04所产絮凝剂处理豆制品废水,其OD去除率可达68.3%,固形物SS去除率可达65.1%.     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及鉴定

从活性污泥中筛选得到了1株产絮凝剂的细菌菌株X-1,经细菌生理生化试验和16S rDNA基因序列分析初步鉴定为苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum sp.).菌株X-1的主要代谢产物通过蛋白质、糖类物质的定性分析初步定性为多糖类化合物.该菌的发酵液对印染污泥和印染废水均具有较好的絮凝处理效果.     

冷藏兔肉中嗜冷菌的分离鉴定及其产生物胺的特性分析

从冷藏兔肉中分离出10 株嗜冷菌,用16S rDNA对菌株进行鉴定。B25为沙雷氏菌（Serratia）,其他9 株为假单胞菌（Pseudomonas）。采用薄层层析法检测10 株菌的产生生物胺能力,检测到B25可产生多种生物胺,其他9 株没产生生物胺。将B25菌接到加氨基酸前体的假单胞菌肉汤培养基中培养24 h,经高效液相色谱法分析该菌株产生生物胺的种类和含量。最终测得该菌株可产生腐胺、苯乙胺和尸胺,产生这3 种生物胺的能力均比较强,测得腐胺的含量为0.41 mg/mL,尸胺的含量为0.23 mg/mL,苯乙胺的含量为0.05 mg/mL。因此,该菌对冷藏兔肉产品的质量安全威胁较大。     

SH7对烟草青枯病的抑菌、防病作用及其抑菌物质的初步研究

研究了生防细菌菌株SH7及其除菌发酵液对烟草青枯病菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)的抑菌和防病作用,并对其产生的抑菌物质进行了粗提。结果显示,该菌株对R.solanacearum有很强的抑菌作用,且其除菌体发酵液对烟草青枯病的防效较好。将SH7无菌发酵液、无菌发酵液与青枯病菌混合30 min施入土壤29 d后,两种处理与对照相比,防效分别达到65.99%和53.2%;SH7菌株产生的抑菌物质是SH7除菌发酵液防病的主要机制;SH7分泌的抑菌物质可以被硫酸铵沉淀,初步认为该抑菌物质是蛋白类物质。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.