干热条件下大豆分离蛋白—木糖美拉德反应研究

采用干热条件处理大豆分离蛋白(SPI)和木糖,使两者发生美拉德反应,研究反应温度、混合比例、相对湿度及反应时间对美拉德反应的影响,同时检测美拉德反应产物的热性能和流变学性质。结果表明,在干热条件下SPI与木糖极易发生美拉德反应,且最适条件为反应温度80℃、SPI∶木糖混合比例4∶1、相对湿度26.10%、反应时间5 h,在此条件下所得产物在290 nm处有最大吸光值。示差扫描量热法表明美拉德反应产生了易分解的中间产物,流变学研究则表明SPI和木糖通过美拉德反应形成了大分子产物,使得产物溶液的弹性特征明显增强、粘度明显增加。综上所述,干热条件下的美拉德反应在SPI改性中具有较大的应用潜力。     

干热条件下壳聚糖-木糖的美拉德反应

以木糖为模式还原糖,研究干热条件下壳聚糖与木糖发生美拉德反应的可能性,探讨反应温度、相对湿度、反应时间和壳聚糖/木糖配比4 个因素对美拉德反应的影响,并对在最适条件下获得的美拉德反应产物的热性能和流变学性质进行表征。结果表明,在干热条件下壳聚糖与木糖易于发生美拉德反应,且发生反应的最适条件为将两者按1∶1质量比例混合,在90 ℃及61.2%的相对湿度条件下反应4 h。在此条件下获得的壳聚糖-木糖美拉德反应产物的热分解温度与壳聚糖相比有所降低,流变学研究表明美拉德反应产物在溶液中的弹性明显增强。     

干热条件下壳聚糖-葡萄糖的美拉德反应

壳聚糖含有丰富的氨基,可与葡萄糖发生美拉德反应。本文就干热条件下壳聚糖与葡萄糖发生美拉德反应的可能性进行了初步研究,确定了两者发生美拉德反应的最佳反应条件,并对美拉德反应产物的热性能和流变学性质进行了表征。结果显示,壳聚糖与葡萄糖在干热条件下易于发生美拉德反应,且最适的反应条件为反应温度90℃、相对湿度61.0%、反应时间6h、壳聚糖/葡萄糖混合比例1.5∶1。在此条件下制备的美拉德反应产物的热性能和流变学性质均发生了明显改变,进一步证实了壳聚糖与葡萄糖之间发生了美拉德反应。     

湿热条件下大豆分离蛋白与葡萄糖、麦芽糖的美拉德反应

研究湿热条件下反应温度、反应时间及混合质量比对大豆分离蛋白（soybean protein isolate,SPI）与葡萄糖、麦芽糖之间美拉德反应的影响,并对所得美拉德反应产物的溶解性、乳化性、溶液pH值、电势、热性能、结构和分子质量的变化进行表征。结果表明,SPI与2?种还原糖发生美拉德反应的最适条件为按质量比4∶1混合后在80?℃条件下反应6?h。美拉德反应明显改善了SPI的溶解度,并且麦芽糖比葡萄糖对SPI的改性效果更佳;美拉德反应降低了SPI的乳化性,并对其ζ电势有一定影响,随着美拉德反应程度的增加,SPI的负电荷明显减少;美拉德反应会使SPI溶液的pH值降低;热稳定性分析表明美拉德反应降低了SPI的热稳定性;傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明美拉德反应在SPI中引入了新的化学键;荧光分析表明美拉德反应增强了SPI的荧光强度;十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定表明美拉德反应导致了大分子物质的形成。     

乳清分离蛋白与壳聚糖美拉德反应初级阶段产物乳化性研究

采用干热美拉德反应制备乳清分离蛋白(WPI)-壳聚糖复合物,通过对复合物的乳液粒径及稳定性分析,研究反应温度、WPI与壳聚糖质量比及反应时间对复合物乳化性的影响。荧光光谱分析表明：WPI和壳聚糖在干热反应后发生共价交联并且结构发生了变化。WPI与壳聚糖在50℃、相对湿度79%干热条件下,反应1～4d的产物为Maillard反应初级阶段产物,该产物的乳化性质得到改善。其中,WPI与壳聚糖以质量比1:4混合,50℃反应1d的产物乳化稳定性是反应前的10倍。     

干热条件下大豆分离蛋白-壳寡糖美拉德反应及产物表征

对不同质量比的大豆分离蛋白（SPI）与壳寡糖（COS）在干热条件下的美拉德反应及产物性质进行系统性研究,以420 nm和290 nm下的吸光值、游离氨基酸、糠氨酸和5-羟甲基糠醛等的变化来监测美拉德反应的进程,并对美拉德反应产物的Zeta-电位、溶解性、乳化性、热性能、荧光强度等进行表征。结果表明:SPI与COS之间的美拉德反应程度随体系中COS比例的增大而增大;与SPI-COS混合物相比,SPI与COS的美拉德反应产物的Zeta-电位、溶解性、热稳定性均降低,SPI:COS为8:1时Zeta-电位最低达到?33.8 mV;SPI与COS之间的美拉德反应提高了SPI的乳化能力,其中SPI:COS为8:1时乳化活力最强,较SPI-COS混合物提高了509.3%,4:1时乳化稳定性最好,较混合物提高了183.3%。因此,SPI与COS之间的美拉德反应有效的提高了SPI的乳化性能,有望作为一种新型的乳化剂在食品领域广泛应用。     

酪蛋白-羧甲基壳聚糖美拉德产物的制备及表征

以超声法制备的羧甲基壳聚糖(carboxymethyl chitocan,CAS)和酪蛋白(casein,CN)为原料,用干热法制备了美拉德反应产物(Maillard reaction products,MRPs)。研究了反应温度、反应时间和CN/CAS比例对Maillard反应的影响。对pH值、褐变指数、接枝度、自由氨基数和傅立叶红外光谱图进行表征。最终结果表明:最适宜反应条件是在60℃,相对湿度为79%,CN/CAS比例为5∶4,最终蛋白质浓度为10%的美拉德反应产物反应72h具有最高的反应程度。测得其褐变指数为0.697,接枝度为70.09%,自由氨基含量为28.83%。CN、CN/CAS和MRPs的红外光谱表明,酪蛋白与羧甲基壳聚糖发生美拉德反应。     

大豆分离蛋白-壳聚糖美拉德反应 产物的制备条件优化

利用大豆分离蛋白（SPI）与壳聚糖（CS）建立美拉德反应体系,以DPPH自由基清除率、超氧阴离子自由基（O-2·）清除率、对细菌（大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌）的抑菌性作为检测指标,经单因素实验和正交实验优化分别具有高接枝度、强抗氧化性、强抑菌性的美拉德反应产物（MRPs）的适宜反应温度、相对湿度、反应时间以及SPI与CS质量比。结果表明：当反应温度80 ℃、相对湿度51.4%、反应时间5 h、SPI与CS质量比1∶ 1时,接枝度最高,为65.13％;当反应温度90 ℃、相对湿度51.4%、反应时间6 h、SPI与CS质量比1∶ 1.5时,MRPs对DPPH·清除率最高,为95.63%;当反应温度90 ℃、相对湿度61.0%、反应时间7 h、SPI与CS质量比1∶ 1.5时,MRPs对O-2·清除率最高,为91.93%;当反应温度100 ℃、相对湿度51.4%、反应时间6 h、SPI与CS质量比1∶ 1.5时,MRPs对大肠杆菌抑菌性最强;当反应温度100 ℃、相对湿度73.9%、反应时间7 h、SPI与CS质量比1∶ 2时,MRPs对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌性最强;当反应温度100 ℃、相对湿度26.1%、反应时间3 h、SPI与CS质量比2∶ 1时,MRPs对沙门氏菌抑菌性最强。研究结果表明通过控制反应条件,可在一定范围内调节MRPs各个功能性质的强弱以满足不同的实际需要。     

均匀试验优化酪蛋白—木糖美拉德反应产物的抗氧化活性

研究采用均匀试验优化酪蛋白—木糖美拉德反应产物的抗氧化活性,并考察不同影响因素(反应温度、反应时间、反映初始pH和反应底物质量比)对美拉德反应产物抗氧化活性的影响。以DPPH自由基清除率作为美拉德反应产物抗氧化活性指标,研究发现在温度120℃,反应时间44 min,反映初始pH为6,酪蛋白与木糖质量比1.5︰1条件下,美拉德反应产物对DPPH自由基的清除率由23.86%显著地增加到82.38%。均匀试验结果还表明模拟体系反应温度和反应底物质量比对美拉德反应产物抗氧化活性具有显著影响(p<0.05),反应时间和反应初始pH之间的交互作用亦有显著影响。     

玉米醇溶蛋白-葡萄糖美拉德反应产物制备姜黄素纳米颗粒

本文研究玉米醇溶蛋白(Zein)和葡萄糖(Glu)在70%乙醇溶液中的美拉德反应,并对其反应产物(Zein/Glu MRP)在反溶剂法制备姜黄素纳米颗粒中的应用进行研究,结果表明,在70%乙醇溶液中,Zein和Glu发生美拉德反应。当以波长290 nm和420 nm处的吸光值为指标时,两者发生反应的最适条件为混合质量比3∶1、溶液pH 13、反应温度90℃、反应时间90 min。在此条件下的美拉德反应主要处于中间阶段,反应体系的pH值由13急剧降至7.85,可溶性蛋白质含量增加24.3%。以在上述最佳条件下制备的Zein/Glu MRP制备姜黄素纳米颗粒,与未改性的玉米醇溶蛋白相比,包埋效率提高22倍,且在乙醇溶液中具有较好的缓释性能;同时,其热稳定性和贮藏稳定性都得到显著提高。这表明:虽然玉米醇溶蛋白不溶于水,但是其在70%乙醇溶液中可与葡萄糖发生美拉德反应,且该反应对于玉米醇溶蛋白的功能性质及用反溶剂法制备的纳米颗粒的性能有显著的提高作用。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.