电子束辐照大米的遗传毒性评价

分别采用剂量为0、1、3、5 kGy的电子束辐照处理大米进行Ames试验、骨髓细胞微核实验和精子畸形实验。结果:Ames试验中,无论有无S9代谢活化系统的参与,样品各剂量组的回变菌落数均未超过自发回变菌落数的2倍,且无剂量-效应关系,表明对染色体无畸变作用;小鼠骨髓细胞微核实验结果未发现微核发生率显著性增加(P0.05),表明未对细胞染色体有明显损伤;精子畸形实验中,各剂量组精子畸形率与阴性对照组比较无显著性差异(P0.05),且无剂量-效应关系,表明对小鼠生殖细胞未产生损伤作用。结论:上述遗传实验结果均为阴性,电子束辐照大米在本实验条件下未显示遗传毒性作用。     

云南文山三七须根急性毒性和诱变毒性作用的研究

目的 探讨云南文山三七须根急性毒性和诱变毒性作用。方法 急性毒性采用一次限量法, 剂量设为10000 mg/kg BW。Ames实验使用的菌株为鼠伤寒沙门氏菌组氨酸缺陷型菌株TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102。实验分别设每皿5000、1000、200、40、8 μg剂量组, 同时设阴性、阳性对照组, 采用平板掺入法, 观察每皿回变菌落数。微核及精子畸形试验均使用SPF级昆明种小鼠, 实验设1250、2500、5000 mg/kg BW 3个剂量组、一个阴性对照组及一个阳性对照组。微核试验采用30 h给受试物法, 检测骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率。精子畸形试验于首次染毒后第35 d处死动物, 观察精子畸形率。结果 云南文山三七须根对受试动物的急性毒性(LD50)>10000 mg/kg BW。与阴性对照组比较, 云南文山三七须根各剂量组在鼠伤寒沙门氏菌试验(Ames试验)中实验结果为阴性, 骨髓细胞微核试验表明未引起微核发生率增加, 对小鼠精子畸变无明显影响(P＞0.05)。结论 云南文山三七须根对昆明种小鼠的急性经口毒性属实际无毒, 在Ames实验中未呈现致突变作用, 未见诱导小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核形成的能力, 未见有致小鼠精子畸形作用。     

马氏珠母贝糖胺聚糖毒理学安全评价

目的:研究珠母贝糖胺聚糖作为保健食品使用的毒理学安全性。方法:利用大鼠急性毒性实验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核实验、小鼠精子畸变实验、Ames实验和大鼠30d喂养实验进行毒理学研究与评价。结果:急性毒性实验结果表明珠母贝糖胺聚糖对雌、雄大鼠急性经口最大耐受量(MTD)均大于20.0g/kg,其剂量大于人体推荐量的300倍,说明受试物属于无毒级物质。小鼠骨髓细胞微核实验、小鼠精子畸变实验、Ames实验3项遗传毒性实验的结果皆为阴性,未显示出致突变性。30d喂养实验表明,珠母贝糖胺聚糖高、中、低3个剂量组(分别为2.5、1.25、0.625g/kg)动物的身体、脏器的生长发育及血液生化指标等均无明显不良影响。结论:珠母贝糖胺聚糖具有较好的安全性,可作为保健食品使用。     

沙棘果皮渣黄酮毒理学初步评价

以沙棘果皮渣黄酮为受试物,经口染毒针对ICR小鼠做急性毒性实验、小鼠骨髓细胞染色体畸变实验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核实验、小鼠精子畸变实验,对受试物进行急性毒性实验及初步遗传毒性评价。实验结果表明:小鼠经口染毒最大耐受量(MTD)为24g/kg(>15g/kg),受试物的急性毒性分级为无毒级;在MTD以下分设高(8g/kg)、中(4g/kg)、低(2g/kg)三个剂量组考察受试物的遗传毒性,实验结果为小鼠骨髓染色体畸变率、小鼠骨髓细胞微核率以及小鼠精子畸变率均未发现增高,表明受试物不能导致小鼠骨髓细胞染色体畸变,不会诱发小鼠嗜多染红细胞微核产生,对小鼠精子无致畸作用。     

近江牡蛎糖胺聚糖毒理学的初步评价

目的:研究近江牡蛎糖胺聚糖作为保健食品使用的安全性。方法:采用急性毒性实验、遗传毒性实验(Ames实验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核实验、小鼠精子畸形实验)进行毒理学研究与评价。结果:小鼠经口最大耐受剂量(MTD)均大于20.0g/kg;3项遗传毒性实验的结果皆为阴性,未显示出致突变性。结论:近江牡蛎糖胺聚糖急性毒性分级属无毒级,无遗传毒性。     

鹿皮胶的毒理安全性评价研究

该文根据国家对保健食品的相关要求,对鹿皮胶进行较全面的毒理安全性评价试验,探讨鹿皮胶的食用安全性。按相关方法,对鹿皮胶进行小鼠急性毒性实验、小鼠亚慢性毒性实验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核实验、小鼠精子畸形实验和Ames试验。鹿皮胶样品剂量为15.00 g/kg时,动物未出现死亡,说明鹿皮胶样品的经口急性毒性的半数致死剂量(LD50)>10.00 g/kg,鹿皮胶样品属于无毒物质;亚慢性毒性实验中,各剂量组与对照组在血常规、血液生化指标、脏器系数、病理组织学等方面均无明显差异,说明鹿皮胶样品在合理使用范围内不会对受试动物产生慢性毒性;小鼠骨髓细胞微核实验、小鼠精子畸形实验以及Ames试验结果均为阴性,未观察到鹿皮胶的遗传毒性。研究结果表明鹿皮胶未见急性毒性与亚慢性毒性、遗传毒性以及致畸性,鹿皮胶作为一种新资源食品可开发利用。     

野生水芹的毒理学安全性评价

评价野生水芹的毒理学安全性。根据《保健食品检验与评价技术规范》,对野生水芹进行小鼠急性毒性实验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核实验、Ames实验、小鼠精子畸形实验及大鼠30 d喂养实验。结果表明:小鼠急性毒性实验的MTD15 g/kg·bw,属无毒级;小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核实验和Ames实验结果为阴性;小鼠精子畸形实验各剂量组的精子畸形率升高,与阴性对照组比较有显著性差异(P0.05),且有明显的剂量-反应关系;大鼠30 d喂养实验对实验动物的体重、食物利用率、生化指标尿素氮有不同程度的影响,组间差异显著(P0.05),呈一定的剂量-反应关系。     

参麦酒毒理学评价研究

从急性毒性和遗传性毒性角度对参麦酒的毒性进行初步评价。采用超高压提取人参,与麦冬、肉桂、枸杞子醇提浸膏混合,制备成一款具有抗疲劳作用的人参酒。采用最大耐受量法进行小鼠急性毒性试验。Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核实验、小鼠精子畸形实验观察遗传毒性。急性毒性受试物给予剂量为20 000 mg/kg bw,各组动物饮食和活动正常,生长良好,未见任何中毒表现和死亡;5 000、1 000、200、40、8μg/皿剂量组Ames试验阴性;2、4、8 mL/kg bw剂量组小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验和小鼠精子畸形试验结果均为阴性。参麦酒属无毒级,不能引起小鼠遗传突变。     

一氧化碳发色罗非鱼片急性毒性与遗传毒性研究

采用小鼠急性毒性实验、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌回复突变实验(Ames)、小鼠骨髓细胞微核实验、小鼠睾丸染色体畸变实验研究发色罗非鱼片的急性毒性和遗传毒性。结果表明,小鼠按照急性经口最大耐受剂量26.4 g/kg体重给予受试物后,14 d内观察实验雌性和雄性小鼠均未出现死亡情况。遗传毒性实验表明,发色罗非鱼片50、500、5000μg的处理组TA1535、TA1537、TA1538、TA98、TA100的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌回变菌落数最大值为(165±7)个/皿,显著低于添加二硝酸氟(NF)和2-苯蒽胺(ANTH)的阳性对照组(p0.01);高、中、低剂量组小鼠骨髓微核率分别为(1.0‰±0.5‰)、(0.3‰±0.5‰)和(0.5‰±0.7‰),剂量组之间无明显的剂量关系;高、中、低剂量组睾丸染色体总畸变率分别为5.5%、5.9%和4.9%,与阴性对照组总畸变率4.8%相比无显著性差异,明显低于阳性组(p0.01)。说明本次实验条件下,发色罗非鱼片经口最大耐受剂量(MTD)15 g/kg安全剂量,Ames实验、小鼠骨髓微核实验和睾丸染色体畸变实验均呈阴性,说明CO发色罗非鱼片无急性毒性及遗传毒性。     

霍山石斛口服液安全性研究

目的 评价霍山石斛口服液食用的安全性。方法 依据GB 15193.1-2014《食品安全国家标准 食品安全性毒理学评价程序》, 对霍山石斛口服液进行急性毒性实验、Ames实验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核实验、小鼠精子畸形实验、30 d喂养实验。结果 小鼠对霍山石斛口服液最大耐受剂量(maximal tolerable dose, MTD)大于40 mL/kg BW, 属无毒级; Ames实验显示小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验和小鼠精子畸形实验均检测为阴性; 当霍山石斛口服液剂量达到10.0 mL/kg BW时, 仍未见实验动物出现中毒体征。结论 霍山石斛口服液无毒副作用, 无遗传毒性, 安全性高, 可长期食用。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.