EFFECT OF BLENDING ON SENSORY ODOR PROFILE AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECT VEGETABLE OILS

Edible oils of common use in households are mainly of vegetable origin. The present trend of globalization and emphasis on nutritional enrichment has led to the exploration of usage of blended oils. Binary blends studied in this work consisted of 80% base oil (mustard, groundnut and sunflower oil) and 20% blending oil (sesame, refined palm and rice bran oil). The sensory odor profiling of base oils, namely sesame blending oils and their blends was monitored by Sniff test method. The characteristic notes of mustard oil were more of sulfury, pungent and sour while that of palm oil was more husk-like; sesame oil, seedy and earthy notes; rice bran oil was branny, earthy and groundnut oil more nutty, and had a fresh oil-like note on the profilogram. Profilogram of blends showed a decrease in the intensities of dominating notes of the base oils. The color measurement of blended oils showed variation in L*, a*and b*values with a⁺(redness) for refined palm oil blends, b⁺(yellowness) for sesame and mustard oil blends and a^-(greenness) for rice bran oil blends. The sensory color perception values and CIE color values for L*, a*and b*were negatively correlated for lightness (L*) and sensory redness color values (r=-0.67; p<0.05), while a positive correlation existed between a*and sensory redness values (r=0.72; p<0.05). The apparent viscosity of the oil blends indicated a pseudoplastic shear thinning behavior. The apparent viscosity of the base oils increased when blended with sesame or rice bran oil, while it decreased upon blending with refined palm oil.     

Preservation of oil palm fruit and oil palm fruit mesocarp by gamma irradiation

Experiments were conducted to determine the potential of gamma radiations in the extension of the shelf-life of oil palm fruit and oil palm fruit mesocarp. In the course of the experiment, it was observed that even though palm fruits in their harvested form, went bad within 3 days post-harvest, their shelf-life can be extended to at least 2 months through preparation of dry oil palm fruit mesocarp. Furthermore, despite the fact that gamma radiation cannot be used to prolong the shelf-life of oil palm fruit proper, it can be used to drastically reduce the mould load in the dry palm fruit mesocarps, thereby further enhancing their keeping quality and consumer acceptance. Chemical and organoleptic analyses of fat extracted from irradiated, dry oil palm fruit mesocarp show that there is practically no radiation effect. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to the possible acceptance of radiation-preservation of oil palm fruit mesocarp commercially.     

An innovative hybrid steam-microwave sterilization of palm oil fruits at atmospheric pressure

Conventional sterilization in palm oil mills utilizes heat to soften the fresh-fruit bunch in a pressurized vessel to detach the mesocarp, kernel and nut from the fruitlet. It also inactivates the generation of lipase enzyme that triggers the formation of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) and breaks the oil-bearing cells for easier oil extraction. However, the utilization of a pressurized-vessel encounters frequent production interruptions due to regular inspections of pressure vessel, which finally reduces production efficiencies. To improve the efficiency of the sterilization process, the microwave irradiation technology was introduced to efficiently halt the reaction of enzymatic lipolysis leading to FFA production. The present study proposes an innovative atmospheric-pressured hybrid steam-microwave method to perform sterilization of palm oil fruits under a continuous process without a need to use the pressurized vessel. The analysis is focused at establishing the feasibility of the adoption of hybrid sterilization process for future implementation in palm oil industry. Physical properties of fruit were determined. It was observed that the microwave process heated up the kernel efficiently with a shorter duration. The post steaming process also maintained the moisture content of the mesocarp, which in turn yields better oil quality. The temperature under the hybrid system increased by 17.5% for the mesocarp and 25.1% for the kernel. The process exhibited shorter heating duration and could be useful for industrial applications.     

核桃油与棕榈硬脂复配体系在涂抹脂基料油中的应用

对棕榈硬脂与核桃油复配体系的相容性及结晶性质变化进行探究,考察复配体系在涂抹脂基料油中的应用。结果表明,当核桃油含量达到20%以上时,复配体系的固体脂肪含量(Solid Fat Content,SFC)变化趋势符合涂抹脂的最佳SFC曲线特征,适合用作涂抹脂基料油;在温度高于33.3℃时,核桃油与棕榈硬脂在复配比例(1∶9、2∶8、3∶7、4∶6)下可以完全相容;在核桃油比例达到3∶7以上时,复配体系的屈服值符合涂抹脂的最佳屈服值范围;在温度低于30℃时,棕榈硬脂及复配体系具有较强的晶体网络结构,能在运输和贮藏过程中维持稳定的形态,在接近体温时也能快速熔化,产生涂抹脂类似的口感,复配体系中晶体以β′晶型为主。该结果为棕榈硬脂及核桃油复配体系在涂抹脂中的应用奠定基础。     

Factors impacting the formation of Monochloropropanediol (MCPD) fatty acid diesters during palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil production

Recently, organic and inorganic chlorinated compounds were detected in crude and commercially refined palm oils. Further, the predominant formation mechanism of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) diesters at high temperatures (>170–180°C) was revealed. The present study involved the development and comparison of solutions to mitigate MCPD diester levels in oils from various stages of palm oil production. Partially refined palm oil samples and oil extracted from fresh palm fruits were submitted to bench-top deodorisation experiments. Application of glycerol and ethanol as refining aids during the deodorisation of refined-bleached palm oil proved to be moderately effective; about 25%–35% reduction of MCPD diester levels was achieved. Washing crude palm oil with ethanol–water (1:1) prior to deodorisation was also an effective strategy yielding an ～30% reduction of MCPD diester contents. Washing palm fruit pulp before oil extraction, however, was most impactful, resulting in a 95% reduction of MCPD diesters when compared to the deodorised control oil. This suggests that intervention upstream in the process chain is most efficient in reducing levels of these contaminants in refined oils. Following the study, a root-cause analysis was performed in order to map the parameters potentially responsible for the occurrence of MCPD diesters in refined palm oil and related fractions.     

Factors impacting the formation of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) fatty acid diesters during palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil production

Recently, organic and inorganic chlorinated compounds were detected in crude and commercially refined palm oils. Further, the predominant formation mechanism of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) diesters at high temperatures (>170-180°C) was revealed. The present study involved the development and comparison of solutions to mitigate MCPD diester levels in oils from various stages of palm oil production. Partially refined palm oil samples and oil extracted from fresh palm fruits were submitted to bench-top deodorisation experiments. Application of glycerol and ethanol as refining aids during the deodorisation of refined-bleached palm oil proved to be moderately effective; about 25%-35% reduction of MCPD diester levels was achieved. Washing crude palm oil with ethanol-water (1:1) prior to deodorisation was also an effective strategy yielding an ～30% reduction of MCPD diester contents. Washing palm fruit pulp before oil extraction, however, was most impactful, resulting in a 95% reduction of MCPD diesters when compared to the deodorised control oil. This suggests that intervention upstream in the process chain is most efficient in reducing levels of these contaminants in refined oils. Following the study, a root-cause analysis was performed in order to map the parameters potentially responsible for the occurrence of MCPD diesters in refined palm oil and related fractions.     

Oil palm bunch ripeness classification using fluorescence technique

Oil palm is Malaysia’s major agriculture product and it covers approximately 5 million hectares of Malaysia’s land. Limited land resources have been an important factor that motivated the need to increase oil extraction rate (OER). OER of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) depends highly on their maturity stage. The ripe oil palm FFB will produce high OER while the under ripe and over ripe oil palm FFB will produce less oil. Thus, this paper presents a method of classification between oil palm FFB into ripe, under-ripe and over-ripe categories. This research was done at an oil palm plantation in peninsular Malaysia. A total of two-hundred and ten oil palm FFB that consist of seventy bunches for each category of under-ripe, ripe and over-ripe had been used. Each bunch was scanned ten times randomly with a hand-held multi-parameter fluorescence sensor called Multiplex®3. The parameter measured was the Blue-to-Red Fluorescence Ratio (BRR_FRF) obtained from blue-green (447 nm) and far-red (685 nm) emission signal by using ultraviolet (UV) light emitting diode as excitation light source. The novel contribution of this research is to prove that the oil palm FFB maturity can be determined using the Blue-to-Red Fluorescence ratio index. This is based to our finding of a significant difference among the three categories of ripeness based on the parameter. Classification and Regression Tree (C&RT) method was proposed in this paper. Hundred-fifty samples were used to develop the model by trained it using C&RT method and the remaining sixty samples for the test component. By using the C&RT method, the results show the best accuracy of overall testing classification is 90%. This research will be useful for future development of non-destructive, automatic and real time oil palm FFB grading system.     

以棉籽油为基料油的煎炸专用调和油煎炸品质的研究

以棉籽油为基料油,添加大豆油、菜籽油、棕榈油进行调配,制成煎炸专用的植物调和油。用制得的煎炸调和油进行不间断地煎炸薯条试验,考察煎炸油在煎炸过程中油脂色泽、理化指标及品质的变化情况。结果表明:煎炸调和油的脂肪酸组成合理,满足单不饱和脂肪酸/多不饱和脂肪酸=4.0:0.6的最佳摄入比例。煎炸过程中色泽变化较慢,极性组分超过27%限量的时间为67 h,酸价由(0.18±0.05) mg/g增加至(3.53±0.10) mg/g,羰基价由(9.42±0.12) meq/kg增加至(36.0±0.14) meq/kg,过氧化值和苯并(α)芘没有明显的变化趋势,丙烯酰胺未检出;与河北地区常用于煎炸的三级棉籽油46 h的煎炸寿命和较高的羰基价、过氧化值和苯并(α)芘相比,配制的煎炸调和油的煎炸寿命延长了18 h,稳定性提高了37%,煎炸薯条的平均含油率为18%煎炸感官效果好,可以作为一种新型煎炸调和油。     

湖南地区10个品种薄壳山核桃的坚果品质评价

为研究薄壳山核桃品种间坚果品质差异,筛选出在湖南地区表现优良的薄壳山核桃,以10个品种薄壳山核桃和2个品种普通核桃为材料,分别对各品种坚果表型性状[坚果横径、纵径、侧径、果形指数、果实形状、壳面、果壳颜色、果顶、果底(基)、缝合线、横隔膜]、经济性状(坚果质量、坚果含水率、果壳厚度、出仁率、取仁难易、核仁充实度、核仁饱满度、核仁颜色、核仁风味、核仁含油率)以及其油脂脂肪酸组成及含量进行测定,对薄壳山核桃品质指标进行了相关性分析和主成分分析,综合评价不同品种薄壳山核桃坚果品质。结果表明：在10个品种薄壳山核桃中,‘实生1号’‘德西拉布’‘实生3号’和‘福克特’果形指数较高,分别为2.24、2.15、2.15、1.99;单果质量较大的是‘金奥瓦’‘福克特’和‘德西拉布’,分别为9.24、8.30、8.06 g;出仁率较高的是‘实生4号’和‘金奥瓦’,分别为57.86%、57.08%;含油率较高的为‘福克特’‘佩洛奎’和‘德西拉布’,分别达到72.24%、70.66%、68.24%;薄壳山核桃绝大多数品质指标相互间都有相关性;主成分分析表明,‘德西拉布’的综合得分最高,其次是‘福克特’。综上...     

基于主成分分析的西式快餐条件下煎炸油品质评价

为了研究西式快餐条件下煎炸油的品质并建立其评价体系,考察了5种常见煎炸油(大豆油、菜籽油、葵花籽油、棕榈油及稻米油)在模拟西式快餐条件170℃连续7 d煎炸薯条过程中11个品质相关的理化指标,通过主成分分析法综合评价了5种煎炸油在煎炸过程中的煎炸性能,并建立煎炸油品质评价模型。结果表明,5种煎炸油煎炸周期结束后酸价、极性组分、羰基价、茴香胺值、全氧化值和色泽均显著升高(P<0.05),维生素E总量和氧化稳定指数均显著降低(P<0.05)。相关性分析显示茴香胺值、全氧化值、羰基价两两之间均显著性正相关(r=0.877～0.997,P<0.05),色泽与酸价呈极显著正相关(r=0.822,P<0.01),碘值与氧化稳定指数呈极显著负相关(r=-0.846,P<0.01),与亚油酸/棕榈酸比值呈极显著正相关(r=0.833,P<0.01)。主成分分析提取出3个综合性评价指标,累计贡献率达84.115%,反映了原指标的大部分信息,并进一步建立煎炸油煎炸性能的综合评价得分模型F=0.405F₁+0.295F₂+0.1...     

棕榈油加工技术研究进展

油棕是世界四大木本油料之一,从其果实中获得的棕榈油年产量已超过大豆油,成为世界第一大油脂。近年来,热风、微波、连续式等杀酵技术,溶剂浸提、超临界萃取、水酶法等油脂提取技术,物理法、化学法及分子蒸馏法油脂精炼技术,以及干法、溶剂法、表面活性剂法等油脂分提技术的突破与应用大大促进了棕榈油加工业的发展。阐述了油棕鲜果杀酵、油脂提取、精炼、分提等工序,对棕榈油加工技术的研究进展进行综述。     

基于酶促酯交换的速冻专用油脂制备及应用研究

利用脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM催化质量比为7:3的棕榈硬脂与大豆油进行酯交换反应,混合油脂中的高熔点甘三酯三棕榈酸甘油酯(PPP)的含量从27.61%降至9.50%。以酯交换油为主体,设计了5种不同塑性范围和固体脂肪含量的基料油,并以此基料油为原料制备出5种速冻专用油脂,然后将之应用于制作速冻汤圆。结果表明,当基料油中的油脂配比为酯交换油:大豆油:棕榈硬脂=84:13:3(wt%)时,所制备的专用油脂具有最佳的抗冻性能,以之制作的速冻汤圆冻裂率最低,仅为5%,而应用市售速冻专用油脂、未酯交换油脂制备的速冻专用油脂、未添加速冻专用油脂制作的的汤圆冻裂率分别为30%、20%和50%;此外,所得速冻汤圆表面细腻,光洁,有弹性,口感好,感官评分最高,表明通过酶促酯交换反应可以制备出品质优良的速冻专用油脂。     

SEMI-SOLID FAT BY INTERESTERIFICATION OF RED PALM OIL WITH OTHER VEGETABLE OILS

Interesterification of appropriate blends of vegetable oils offers an alternative method for obtaining semi-solid fats without hydrogenation. Random interesterification was carried out on blends of different oils, namely palm oil and sunflower oil (8:2, 7:3 and 6:4 w/w), palm oil and rice bran oil (8:2 and 7:3 w/w), palm oil and coconut oil (9:1 and 6:4 w/w), as well as palm oil and soybean oil (7:3 w/w), in the presence of sodium methoxide as a catalyst (0.2% w/v). The melting characteristic of the interesterified fat obtained from a blend of refined red palm oil and sunflower oil blend, in the ratio of 4:1 (w/w; slip melting point 41C) indicated that this combination could be an ideal margarine fat base.     

Washing bleached palm oil to reduce monochloropropanediols and glycidyl esters

The formation of toxic compounds, potentially carcinogenic, during food processing has been considered an important food safety issue. Among them, particular attention has been given to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE), 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters (2-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE), which can be formed during vegetable oil refining, especially palm oil. These substances may pose a health risk to humans due to their toxicity and carcinogenicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of washing bleached palm oil (BPO) with different solvents, and evaluate the reduction of 3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE and GE as well as assess the quality parameters of the final product. For this purpose, we used two types of washing with different solvents. A single washing was carried out in one step and a double washing in two steps using a solvent gradient. Single washing had a limited reduction in the levels of 3-MCPDE and 2-MCPDE and resulted in an increased level of GE, whereas double washing slightly reduced 3-MCPDE and 2-MCPDE and resulted in a significant reduction of GE levels. The reduction achieved in this study was up to 17.1% for 3-MCPDE, 56.4% for 2-MCPDE and 76.9% for GE levels. The reduction of 3-MCPDE and 2-MCPDE might be due to the removal of part of the ethanol-soluble chlorinated precursors from the oil which suggests that highly lipophilic forms of these substances are present in BPO. The substantial reduction on GE levels might be associated with the removal of the precursors present in the oil such as diacylglycerols. Thus, the washing treatment could be used as a supplementary strategy to reduce processing contaminants from palm oil, especially GEs.     

Effect of gamma irradiation on microorganisms and components in empty fruit bunch and palm press fibre of oil palm wastes

The effects of irradiation on microbiological load and chemical components of empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm press fibre (PPF) were investigated as the preliminary study for upgrading of oil palm wastes to animal feeds by fermentation. The initial contamination of microorganisms in both EFB and PPF was very high and there is no significant difference between the samples collected from various palm oil mills. The dose required to eliminate below the detectable level was more than 15 kGy for total aerobic bacteria, but 5–6 kGy is enough for fungi. The contents of holocellulose and lignin were c 60% and 25%, respectively, in both EFB and PPF, and the change in components by irradiation was small. EFB and PPF have a high water holding capacity suggesting that they are suitable substrates for fermentation. These results show that the irradiation by 5–10 kGy on EFB and PPF is applicable for the pasteurisation of fermentation media without any significant change in components.     

猕猴桃粗纤维低糖饼干的研制

以猕猴桃果肉粉末、饼干专用粉、果糖、植物棕榈油、甜味剂和膨松剂为主要原料,通过单因素试验和正交试验对低糖型猕猴桃粗纤维饼干进行配方设计。结果表明,低糖型猕猴桃粗纤维饼干的最佳配料比例为:猕猴桃果肉粉末14.9%、饼干专用粉49.7%、麦芽糖醇及果糖13.9%、植物棕榈油14.9%、膨松剂0.39%、蛋白糖0.30%、水5.91%。     

棕榈油品质对饼干保质期的影响

本文通过饼干的虐待储藏实验及风味品评实验，研究了棕榈油不同色泽及抗氧化剂TBHQ含量对饼干保质期的影响，并提出了饼干保质期达到12个月所要求的棕榈油质量指标。     

鲮鱼油炸过程中棕榈油指标的变化与控制

本研究对鲮鱼油炸过程中棕榈油指标的变化进行了感官及理化分析,并采用"Dalsorb吸附剂+板框过滤"的方法,对油炸后的棕榈油进行处理。结果表明:随着油炸时间的延长,棕榈油色泽逐渐加深、流动性及透明度逐渐变差,并且有大量鱼渣出现;棕榈油的酸价、羰基价、极性组分随油炸时间的延长不断增大(酸价由初始0.06 mg KOH/g上升至2.34 mg KOH/g,羰基价由初始3.64meq/kg上升至17.70 meq/kg,极性组分由初始3.07%上升至15.1%),过氧化值的变化无明显规律;其中酸价、极性组分变化更接近国标上限,可优先做为评价指标,但考虑到极性组分检测时间长的原因,建议在线监控以酸价指标为主。采用"Dalsorb吸附剂+板框过滤"的方法,能够明显的降低煎炸后棕榈油的酸价指标(酸价由2.36 mg KOH/g下降至1.50 mg KOH/g),对羰基价和极性组分的处理效果不明显。     

基于可见—近红外光谱的花生油二元掺伪体系鉴别研究

为了建立一种简便有效的花生油掺伪的定性和定量鉴别方法,采集花生油中分别掺伪0~90%大豆油、棕榈油和棉籽油样品的可见—近红外光谱图,结合主成分分析、判别分析、改进偏最小二乘法,建立花生油掺伪的定性鉴别和定量预测模型。结果表明,在定性鉴别中,对花生油中分别掺入大豆油、棕榈油和棉籽油的整体正确判别率分别达到了100%、96.1%和85.3%。在定量分析中,对MPLS法建立的花生油二元掺伪定标模型进行验证,结果表明,掺入大豆油、棉籽油和棕榈油的预测相关系数R_p~2分别为0.998、0.997和0.995,相对标准差RSD分别为2.33%、3.04%和3.83%,相对分析误差RPD分别为3.542、2.642和2.581,说明这三种掺假花生油所建立的最优定标模型的预测精度高,其中花生油中掺入大豆油的预测精度最高,检测花生油中掺入棉籽油与棕榈油的最低掺假量为3%。为花生油二元掺伪模式提供了一种简便、快速、有效的分析方法。     

Effect of Lipid Physical State of Palm Derivatives on β‐Carotene Bleaching

This research was addressed to study the effect of lipid physical state on bleaching kinetics of β‐carotene. To this aim, β‐carotene was added to palm oil and palm stearin and the samples were stored at increasing temperatures allowing different degree of crystallization. Phase transition properties of palm derivatives were studied by differential scanning calorimetry and synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, whereas β‐carotene bleaching kinetics were followed by measuring color changes. Bleaching proceeded at comparable rate in palm oil and palm stearin containing systems stored at 20 and ?18 °C, whereas the color changes showed a maximum rate at 4 °C in palm stearin samples and at ?7 °C in palm oil systems. Arrhenius plot clearly highlighted deviations from the linearity underlining the crucial role of lipid physical properties in determining the bleaching rate. The location and the compartmentalization of β‐carotene in the fat lattice could affect its chemical stability.