花生致敏性评估方法及食品加工对其致敏性影响的研究进展

花生是“8大类”过敏原食物之一，因其诱发严重的临床症状及日益上升的发病率而受到广泛关注。文章概述了花生过敏原(Ara h 1-18)的结构特性、免疫特性及体内和体外评估方法，总结了不同食品加工对花生致敏性的研究进展，并展望了未来食品加工技术对消减花生致敏性的研究方向。     

加工方式和蛋白提取方法对花生蛋白致敏性的影响

加工方式影响花生蛋白的致敏性。本实验系统的研究了中国传统花生制品(水煮和油炸花生)和美国常食用的烘烤花生致敏性的差异,并比较了不同蛋白提取缓冲溶液对花生致敏蛋白提取效率的影响。结果表明:不同花生制品在不同的缓冲溶液中蛋白提取效率不同,水煮和油炸并没有较烘烤方式降低致敏蛋白的数量,而降低花生蛋白的致敏性。因此加工方式并不是导致中国花生过敏发病率低的主要原因。     

不同处理方式对花生蛋白致敏性的影响

花生蛋白是主要食物过敏原之一,会引起严重的甚至致命的食物过敏。不同的加工处理方式都可以显著改变花生过敏原的分子结构,从而影响它们的致敏性。结合已有的花生致敏的研究成果和最新的研究进展,分析比较花生传统热处理如烘烤处理、水煮处理、油炸处理和新型非热处理如超高压微射流处理、辐射处理、酶法处理对花生致敏性的影响,为加工生产低致敏性或无致敏性的花生制品提供理论依据。     

不同加工方式对花生致敏性的影响

近年来,食物过敏成为很严重的食品安全问题,花生作为八大致敏原之一,其致敏性具有严重性、高发性等特点,通常难以治愈且伴随终生。现已发现花生含有16种致敏蛋白,分别为Ara h 1～Ara h 17。不同的加工方式对花生蛋白的结构与功能产生不同的影响,引起花生致敏性发生一定的改变。通过结合已有的花生致敏性的研究成果,综合评估细胞模型和评估动物模型2种常用花生致敏评价模型,分析传统热处理如热风干燥、煎炸、烘烤、水煮和新型非热处理如酶解、辐照、高压微射流等处理对花生致敏性的影响,为降低花生制品的致敏性提供理论依据。     

花生致敏研究进展

花生是主要致敏食品之一,本文对花生致敏蛋白性质、致敏机理及脱敏方法进行了阐述。     

晒干处理对花生过敏原蛋白潜在致敏性的影响

花生是八大食物过敏原之一,花生过敏通常是终身的。晒干是花生加工的重要环节,本研究通过对新鲜花 生进行去壳晒干和带壳晒干2 种不同的晒干处理,探索不同晒干方式对花生过敏原蛋白潜在致敏性的影响。采用凯 氏定氮法、二喹啉甲酸法和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法测定花生及蛋白提取液中的蛋白浓度和过敏原蛋白的组成,用圆 二色谱、紫外扫描光谱检测花生蛋白的结构变化,用血清免疫球蛋白E（immunoglobulin E,IgE）结合能力表征花 生蛋白潜在致敏性的变化。结果显示,晒干处理后,花生蛋白与血清IgE的结合能力显著增强（P＜0.05）,去壳晒 干的花生蛋白质二级结构比带壳晒干的花生更有序,三级结构更加紧凑,带壳晒干的花生蛋白可能因为其结构较为 松散,故与IgE结合能力更强。     

改性处理对花生蛋白致敏性的影响

通过检测花生蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳及免疫印迹图谱研究不同改性处理对花生蛋白致敏性的影响。结果表明,物理方法及化学方法虽然能降低一定的致敏性,但效率不高。经转谷氨酰胺酶处理后63.2、53.2、47.4、41.6 ku的致敏蛋白含量及致敏性随加酶量的增加而降低。     

加工对食物过敏蛋白致敏性影响的研究进展

食物过敏已成为世界关注的重大公共卫生和食品安全问题。文章综述近年来国内外有关加工处理(热加工和非热加工)对食物过敏蛋白致敏性的影响:加工方式、处理强度等均会影响过敏蛋白的分子特性,从而导致其或增敏、或脱敏、或不变;加工虽不能完全消除过敏原的致敏潜力,但可通过加工方式和加工参数的选择使其致敏潜力最小化。通过选择合适的食品加工方式控制食物过敏原,在不改变食物营养价值的条件下,获得脱敏性食物,满足食物易敏人群的正常饮食需求,为消费者提供安全食品,是现代食品工业的重要任务之一。     

酶解时间、分子量分布对于花生致敏蛋白含量的影响

花生是我国一种重要的粮食作物,但是同时花生蛋白也是重要的食物过敏原。目前国内关于花生蛋白改性后致敏活性与蛋白分子量分布、水解程度的研究报道相对较少。采用胰蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶对花生蛋白粉进行限制性水解,通过超滤手段逐级分离蛋白水解物,酶联免疫结果显示:随着水解时间的增加,致敏蛋白含量逐渐增加,未水解的蛋白提取物致敏蛋白含量为71.19 mg/g蛋白,水解4 h后,致敏蛋白含量可达356.74 mg/g;超滤后,致敏蛋白含量显著降低,最低仅为1.91 mg/g,与4 h后的水解液相比较致敏蛋白含量降低了180倍。综上,酶解结合超滤技术是降低花生致敏蛋白的有效方法,可以用于开发低过敏的花生功能食品。     

花生致敏蛋白的研究进展

食物过敏已成为重要的食品安全问题。而花生蛋白是重要的食物过敏原,因此研究花生蛋白致敏的机制,探索脱敏方法,保证花生制品的安全性是亟待解决的课题。本文综述了花生过敏临床症状、花生致敏蛋白的识别及已建立的脱敏方法。并提出了探索合适的蛋白改性方法,既降低花生蛋白的致敏性又拓宽花生蛋白的应用范围是未来工作的关键     

花生主要致敏物质及其脱敏方法研究进展

花生作为影响部分人群生活质量的主要过敏食物之一,其中含有的过敏原会引起人体强烈的过敏反应,严重时甚至会导致人的死亡。花生过敏反应因其潜在的危险性、长期性以及不断增加的发病率而日益受到各国的广泛关注。研究花生致敏机理及脱敏方法已成为热点,探索有效脱敏方法,对保证花生食品的安全性具有重要的现实意义。本文对花生致敏机制,过敏原致敏组分分析和脱敏方法进行阐述。     

植物多酚与花生致敏蛋白相互作用及脱敏机理研究进展

花生过敏是最主要的食物过敏类型之一,花生致敏蛋白是主要致敏物质。当前解决花生过敏的方法如热加工法、基因工程方法和酶处理法等存在效率低,安全风险高、易破坏营养成分等缺点。植物多酚是一种天然植物活性物质,具有广泛的生理功能,如抗氧化、降糖、抗炎等,利用植物多酚与花生致敏蛋白相互作用是解决花生过敏的一项新途径,已有文献报道植物多酚具有抗过敏作用。本文主要阐述植物多酚与花生致敏蛋白的相互作用及植物多酚降低花生蛋白致敏性的潜在机理,并对该研究方向进行展望,以期为利用植物多酚解决花生过敏提供新思路。     

非热加工消减水产品致敏性及其评价方法的研究进展

水产品过敏是一个重要的食品安全问题。非热加工技术作为食品新型绿色加工手段逐渐应用于降低水产品致敏性的研究领域。故本文简略介绍了食物过敏,综述了辐照、超声波、超高压、低温等离子体、糖基化处理、酶解法等非热加工技术消减水产品致敏性和血清学、模拟消化、细胞实验、动物实验等水产品致敏性评价方法,为低致敏性水产品的开发提供参考和指导。     

Beneficial Influence of Short‐Term Germination on Decreasing Allergenicity of Peanut Proteins

Most allergenic storage proteins in peanuts are degraded during seed germination. By altering this natural physiological process, it might be possible to reduce peanut protein allergenicity. However, little is known about the change in allergenic proteins and their corresponding immunocreactivity, and the effects of major environmental conditions on their allergenicity during germination. In this study, the influence of different germination conditions (temperature and light) on the degradation of Ara h1 and allergenicity changes of peanut seeds was evaluated by ELISA and Western blotting. The results showed that the 40‐ and 65‐kDa proteins in peanut seeds degraded rapidly during the time course, beginning at 60 (at 25 °C) and 108 h (at 20 °C), and the corresponding immunocreactivity of Ara h1 decreased approximately one‐third after 5 to 7 d of germination. Compared with the cotyledons, the embryonic axes had a higher proportion of Ara h1, which was then degraded relatively faster during germination, resulting in a significant reduction in its allergenicity. Although a higher temperature improved the seed germination rate, it affected sprout quality (as did light); therefore, 25 °C and dark surroundings were suitable conditions under which peanut sprouts were processed; neither factor significantly affected the allergenicity of Ara h1. These results provided a theoretical basis for studies using biological methods to reduce peanut allergenicity.     

Allergenicity of peanut allergens and its dependence on the structure

Food allergies are a global food safety problem. Peanut allergies are common due, in part, to their popular utilization in the food industry. Peanut allergy is typically an immunoglobulin E-mediated reaction, and peanuts contain 17 allergens belonging to different families in peanut. In this review, we first introduce the mechanisms and management of peanut allergy, followed by the basic structures of associated allergens. Subsequently, we summarize methods of epitope localization for peanut allergens. These methods can be instrumental in speeding up the discovery of allergenicity-dependent structures. Many attempts have been made to decrease the allergenicity of peanuts. The structures of hypoallergens, which are manufactured during processing, were analyzed to strengthen the desensitization process and allergen immunotherapy. The identification of conformational epitopes is the bottleneck in both peanut and food allergies. Further, the identification and modification of such epitopes will lead to improved strategies for managing and preventing peanut allergy. Combining traditional wet chemistry research with structure simulation studies will help in the epitopes’ localization.     

纳豆芽孢杆菌液态发酵对花生理化指标 及其蛋白在消化过程中致敏性的影响

为探究经发酵后的花生营养价值及其蛋白进入体内后致敏性的变化,更好地将微生物发酵应用于花生制品加工生产中。本实验以花生浆(RPP)为研究对象,依次采用高压蒸汽(121 ℃,20 min)、纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵12~60 h处理后,对其冻干产物进行理化性质检测,同时采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)和酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测其蛋白成分在模拟胃肠消化过程中致敏性的变化。结果表明,RPP经高压蒸汽处理后,其蛋白分子量、致敏性、可溶性蛋白含量降低,水解度和多肽含量增加;经纳豆芽孢杆菌进一步发酵后,随着发酵时间的延长,其蛋白分子量、致敏性降低,水解度增加,多肽和可溶性蛋白含量先增加后降低,且其水解度、多肽和可溶性蛋白含量的增加率最高分别为106.9%(发酵60 h)、339.6%(发酵48 h)、42.8%(发酵36 h)。在模拟消化过程中,花生致敏性的降低主要发生在胃液消化阶段,胃肠液连续作用对花生致敏性的影响比其单一作用效果更明显。结合理化指标及致敏性等因素可知,经纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵36 h的花生浆为最好的发酵花生产品,具有营养价值较高、理化性质较好、致敏性较低等特点。     

Effect of Processing Technologies on the Allergenicity of Food Products

Heat treatment has been used since ancient times for food processing, first to ensure the safety of food and its storage, but also to transform its characteristics (in its raw form) and obtain new textures, flavors, or novel foods. However, the transformation experienced by food components when heated, or processed, can dramatically affect the allergenicity of food, either reducing or increasing it. To date, most of the articles published dealing with the changes in the potential allergenicity of food are focused on heat treatment and the Maillard reaction. However, it is also important to give prominence to other group of new technologies developed nowadays, such as high-pressure processing, microwaves and food irradiation. These techniques are not likely to replace traditional processing methods, but they are becoming attractive for the food industry due to different reasons, and it is expected in the near future to have different products on the market processed with these new technologies at an affordable cost. Moreover, other biochemical modifications, particularly enzymatic cross-linking of proteins, have attracted wide-spread attention and will be considered as well in this review, because of its great opportunities to induce protein modification and thus affect food allergenicity. Together with the effect of processing of food allergens, this review will place special attention on gastroduodenal digestion of processed allergens, which directly affects their allergenicity.