典型冷链贮藏南美白对虾优势菌菌相变化与感官品质相关性分析

将南美白对虾在典型冷链温度-23,0,5℃条件下贮藏,通过菌落计数与观察、革兰氏染色、生理生化试验对优势菌进行鉴定,结合感官评分和细菌总数变化规律,分析南美白对虾在典型冷链贮藏温度下优势菌菌相变化与感官品质的相关性。结果表明:典型冷链贮藏温度5℃条件下,南美白对虾细菌总数在第3天时超过6.2 lg(CFU/g),0℃条件下细菌总数在第5天超过6.0 lg(CFU/g),-23℃条件下的细菌总数一直低于4.0 lg(CFU/g)。分离纯化的4种优势菌被鉴定为黄杆菌属、假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属和葡萄球菌属,其中黄杆菌属与假单胞菌属占70%以上,是延长南美白对虾货架期的关键控制菌。结合菌相变化的感官评价表明,0℃和5℃条件下南美白对虾分别经3 d和5 d的贮藏,感官价值大大降低;而-23℃条件下贮藏30 d,其感官品质无明显下降。     

冷藏及冰藏条件下南美白对虾品质变化规律

通过测定南美白对虾在4℃冷藏和冰藏条件下的感官评分、总挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)含量、菌落总数、肌苷酸(inosinemonpho sphate,IMP)关联物含量及生物胺含量的变化,研究南美白对虾在2种贮藏条件下的品质变化规律,评价加冰贮藏对于4℃贮藏南美白对虾品质的影响,并通过分析IMP关联物各比值与各主要鲜度指标间的相关性探讨更适合于评价南美白对虾品质变化的指标。结果表明:冰藏组南美白对虾的TVB-N值、菌落总数及部分生物胺含量均显著低于冷藏组(P0.05),此外,在鲜度指标K、Ki、G、P、H及Fr值中,Fr值更适于评价该条件下南美白对虾的品质变化。综合感官评分和菌落总数的变化情况,4℃冷藏和冰藏条件下南美白对虾的贮藏期分别为5 d和6 d,冰藏有利于虾肉品质的保持。     

冰衣对冷冻南美白对虾贮藏品质的影响

通过测定－20 ℃冷冻条件下无冰衣组、15%镀冰衣组和25%镀冰衣组南美白对虾的感官评分、解冻损 失、蒸煮损失、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、盐溶蛋白含量及肌苷酸（inosine-5’- monophosphate,IMP）关联物各比值,研究镀冰衣处理对冻藏南美白对虾品质的影响。通过分析IMP关联物各比值 （K、Ki、G、P、H及Fr）与主要鲜度指标间的相关性,探讨更适宜作为－20 ℃冷冻条件下镀冰衣南美白对虾品质评 价的指标。结果表明：随着贮藏时间的延长,3 组南美白对虾的解冻损失、蒸煮损失和TVB-N含量均呈明显上升趋势, 盐溶蛋白含量显著下降,25%镀冰衣组南美白对虾的品质始终优于无冰衣组和15%镀冰衣组;根据各指标间的Pearson相 关性分析,K、Ki、G、P、H及Fr值中,K值更适合用于评价该贮藏条件下南美白对虾的整体质量;无冰衣组、15%镀冰 衣组和25%镀冰衣组分别在贮藏第12、16、16周感官不可接受,镀冰衣能够有效延长冻藏南美白对虾的贮藏期。     

蓝莓叶多酚提取物结合冰温技术对南美白对虾品质的影响

为了更有效地控制南美白对虾的品质,本文研究蓝莓叶多酚提取物结合冰温技术对南美白对虾品质的影响。采用4 mg/m L蓝莓叶多酚浸泡对虾,以理化指标p H、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)、质构特性,微生物指标作为评价指标进行定期测定,结合感官评价,探究蓝莓叶多酚粗提物对(-2±1)℃贮藏南美白对虾的保鲜效果。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,对照组和蓝莓叶多酚处理组南美白对虾感官品质下降,菌落总数、p H、TBA值、TVB-N升高,硬度和弹性下降。但是蓝莓叶多酚处理組感官品质明显优于对照组;菌落总数、p H、TBA值、TVB-N值也显著(p0.05)低于对照组;处理组硬度和弹性下降缓慢。相对只用冰温技术,可使南美白对虾货架期延长5 d。     

动力学模型预测即食南美白对虾货架寿命

研究采用挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)为即食南美白对虾的品质变化和货架寿命的指示指标,根据感官评定结果,确定TVB-N 值16.0mg/100g 为货架寿命终点。建立TVB-N 与贮藏时间(t)之间的一级动力学方程以及TVB-N 变化速率常数(k)与贮藏温度(T)之间的Arrhenius 方程,以预测在某一贮藏温度下即食南美白对虾的货架寿命理论值。求得Arrhenius 方程中TVB-N 变化反应的活化能Ea 为66.24kJ/mol,指前因子k0 为8.41 × 109。分别在15、37、42℃条件下下验证动力学模型的准确性,得到货架寿命预测值相比实际值的相对误差分别为10.45%、－ 4.72%、－ 0.87%。进一步通过Arrhenius 方程外推法求得真空包装的即食南美白对虾在20℃和25℃条件下下保藏的理论货架寿命分别为151.8d 和96.5d。     

白鲢鱼片在0 ℃贮藏条件下鲜度和品质的变化

以白鲢鱼为研究对象,以菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）值、pH值、色差值、三甲胺（trimethylamine,TMA）值、2-硫代巴比妥酸（2-thiobarbituric acid,TBA）值为指标,结合电子鼻、质构和感官评价,探究0 ℃条件下鲢鱼片新鲜度变化规律。结果表明,在0 ℃条件下贮藏的鲢鱼片TVB-N值、TMA值、菌落总数值均随贮藏时间的延长而呈增长趋势;pH值先降低后增高;感官评分、硬度和弹性呈降低趋势;电子鼻可以对不同贮藏时间的鲢鱼片进行有效区分;色差值和TBA值对白鲢鱼鱼片品质的判断不具有参考价值。理化指标之间具有相关性,TVB-N值和TMA值与菌落总数值呈显著正相关（RTVB-N值=0.964、RTMA值=0.951）。0 ℃贮藏条件下鲢鱼片的货架期为12 d。     

不同低温条件下三文鱼的品质变化

本实验为研究三文鱼在不同低温贮藏条件下的品质变化,分别对在-2℃微冻低温下、0℃和4℃常规冷链低温下贮藏12 d的三文鱼肉进行品质和生化分析,通过感官评分和测定细菌总数、p H、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)值、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值、色差值(亮度值L*和红度值a*)、组胺、K值和硬度值来确定品质变化关键指标。随着贮藏时间的延长,各个实验组的感官评分和硬度值出现显著下降,而细菌总数、TBA值、TVB-N值、亮度值L*、组胺和K值均呈现上升的趋势;p H和红度值a*在不同的低温储藏温度下并没有受到明显的差异,但有相同的变化趋势。TBA的初始值较低,为0.0729 mg/kg,在12 d的贮藏期后,-2℃、0℃和4℃分别增长了6倍、11倍和13倍。对不同指标的数据进行分析发现,微生物数量、TVB-N值、组胺、K值和硬度值可以清晰地反映三文鱼肉的品质变化,同时也发现0℃和4℃下货架期分别为10 d和8 d,-2℃下货架期大约在13 d。本研究为三文鱼贮藏保鲜方案的选择提供了参考。     

通过三甲胺/氧化三甲胺摩尔比值评价南美白对虾的新鲜程度

为了简便而准确地对水产品的新鲜等级进行判别,本文采用苦味酸比色法对样品中三甲胺和氧化三甲胺进行同时测定,本文提出通过三甲胺/氧化三甲胺（TMA/TMAO）摩尔比值对5、0、15 ℃贮藏过程中南美白对虾的新鲜程度进行测定,,并且同时对虾肉的挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）、pH值、感官评分随贮藏时间的变化规律进行测定,利用最小二乘数法计算TMA/TMAO摩尔比值与挥发性盐基氮值（TVB-N）的相关性。结果表明：随着贮藏时间的增加,TMA和TMAO、pH变化趋势不稳定,很难对南美白对虾做出准确的鲜度评价。但是TMA/TMAO摩尔比值随贮藏时间的延长呈稳定的上升趋势,并且同一贮藏温度下TMA/TMAO摩尔比值与TVB-N值显著相关（P〈0.01）,相关系数r均大于0.936。说明TMA/TMAO摩尔比值作为判定南美白对虾的新鲜程度是可行的。     

冻藏罗非鱼片品质变化及其货架期预测模型的建立

本文分析了罗非鱼片在-18℃、-14℃和-10℃条件下贮藏的感官、微生物和理化等指标变化,从中选择一个敏感指标用于货架期预测模型的建立。结果显示,随着贮藏时间的延长,冻罗非鱼片的菌落总数对数值缓慢增长,在120 d时分别达到4.31log(CFU/g)、4.76 log(CFU/g)和5.47 log(CFU/g),均未达到国家规定的冻罗非鱼片菌落总数上限值。TVB-N值呈线性上升,分别在60d、80 d和120 d降至二级鲜度13 mg/100 g;TBA值逐渐升高,但各实验组间反应速率差异不显著。冻罗非鱼片的感官评分逐渐下降,但在贮藏末期仍保持着较好的感官品质。随贮藏温度越低,品质指标衰变越缓慢。运用Pearson相关系数对各品质指标进行分析,确定敏感指标为TVB-N,结合拟合优度分析结果判断TVB-N指标的变化符合零级反应。应用Arrhenius方程构建贮藏温度(T)与反应速率(ka)间的动力学方程,并以此为基础,推导得到恒定冷链温度条件下冻罗非鱼片货架期预测模型。在-10℃和-14℃下评价货架期预测模型可靠性,能够准确预测冻罗非鱼片的品质随温度的变化情况。     

低温保鲜方法对泥鳅品质的影响

以生鲜泥鳅为原料,研究不同低温贮藏条件下泥鳅理化品质及微生物的变化,以期为水产品低温保鲜技术研究提供理论依据。将宰杀后的泥鳅分别置于4,-2.5,-18℃条件下贮藏。4℃泥鳅分别于贮藏0,2,4,6,8,10d时取样(-2.5℃和-18℃泥鳅分别于贮藏0,5,10,15,20,25d时取样),进行感官评分及菌落总数、pH值、TVB-N、TBA、汁液流失率、剪切力的测定。结果表明:不同温度下,泥鳅的感官评分和剪切值均随时间的延长而下降,菌落总数、TBA、TVB-N、汁液流失率均上升,pH先快速下降后上升;相比于4℃,-2.5℃和-18℃能更有效地抑制泥鳅感官品质的下降、微生物的生长、pH值和TBA值的上升以及TVB-N的产生,但是在-2.5℃下,泥鳅的感官评分较-18℃下更高、汁液流失率更小;4,-2.5,-18℃贮藏泥鳅的货架期分别为6,20,25d。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.