番木瓜果酒发酵及其抗氧化能力分析

以番木瓜为原料,经破碎、酶解、成分调整后接种葡萄酒活性干酵母,于（22±1） ℃发酵制备番木瓜果酒。研究发酵过程中总糖、还原糖、滴定酸含量与抗氧化能力的变化,明确番木瓜果酒的理化指标与感官品质。结果表明,番木瓜果酒发酵过程中总糖、还原糖含量逐渐降低,滴定酸含量增加,总酚含量、DPPH自由基清除率和亚铁还原能力（FRAP值）降低,pH值变化无规律性。番木瓜果酒酒精度10.7%vol,残糖量4.4 g/L,滴定酸4.5 g/L,总酚含量3.0 g/L,DPPH自由基清除率63.0%,FRAP值2.33 mmol/L,属半干型果酒,抗氧化能力较强,理化与感官品质均符合相关果酒标准要求。     

麻糖水发酵工艺优化及抗氧化活性分析

以红薯为原料,感官评分和产酸量为评价指标,经发酵制备麻糖水。通过正交试验优化麻糖水料液比、酒曲接种量、发酵时间、发酵初始pH等工艺条件,比较优化麻糖水与市售麻糖水营养成分、抗氧化活性。结果表明：麻糖水最佳发酵工艺条件为料液比1:3（g/mL）,红薯浆糖度23 °Brix,60 ℃糖液化3 h,酒曲0.19%,pH=4.5,30 ℃发酵9 d。发酵后麻糖水感官综合评分为90分,还原糖含量6.85 g/100 g,总糖7.20 g/100 g,粗蛋白6.65 g/100 g,黄酮0.92 mg/100 g,总游离氨基酸0.27 mg/100 g,DPPH自由基清除率64.60%,总抗氧化力365.47 mmol/L,羟自由基清除率89.99%;市售麻糖水还原糖含量7.84 g/100 g,总糖8.00 g/100 g,粗蛋白1.43 g/100 g,黄酮0.41 mg/100 g,总游离氨基酸0.18 mg/100 g,DPPH清除率80.25%,总抗氧化力446.80 mmol/L,羟自由基清除率41.25%。实验优化麻糖水还原糖、总糖含量、DPPH自由基清除率及总抗氧化力较市售麻糖水低,而粗蛋白、黄酮、总游离氨基酸含量及羟自由基清除率均较市售麻糖水高。综合分析,麻糖水经最佳发酵工艺优化后羟自由基清除率、黄酮含量及总游离氨基酸均高于市售麻糖水,符合中老年人对低糖、高营养产品的选择,因此,选择优化麻糖水更适宜饮用。     

毛酸浆乳酸发酵工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

为研究毛酸浆的最适乳酸发酵条件及其体外抗氧化活性,以毛酸浆为主要原料,总酸为响应值,应用Box-Behnken中心组合试验模型和响应面分析进行发酵工艺优化,并通过总抗氧化能力以及ABTS自由基、DPPH自由基、羟自由基和超氧自由基清除作用研究其抗氧化活性。结果表明:毛酸浆乳酸发酵的最佳工艺条件为:发酵时间6 d、初始糖度18%、乳酸菌接种量4%(v/v)、发酵温度37 ℃,在此条件下得到发酵液的总酸含量为10.67 g/L。毛酸浆乳酸发酵后总抗氧化能力、ABTS自由基清除率、DPPH自由基清除率、羟自由基清除率和超氧自由基清除率均比未发酵样品显著增加(P0.05),总多酚和Vc与抗氧化活性均呈显著相关(P0.05)。该研究为毛酸浆乳酸发酵产品的开发提供了理论依据。     

发酵型枳椇子黄酒抗氧化能力及活性成分的分析

采用两步发酵法制备枳椇子黄酒（Huangjiu fermented with Hovenia dulcis Thunb, HFH）,检测其理化指标并评价其抗氧化能力。为探究其抗氧化原因,比较了浸泡型和发酵型枳椇子黄酒中总酚、总黄酮含量,并采用高效液相色谱法进一步分析主要活性成分二氢杨梅素和杨梅素的含量差异。结果表明,发酵型枳椇子黄酒属于特型半干黄酒,具有药香,苦味和涩味有所改善,口感更佳。对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、羟基自由基清除能力及还原力分别为0.727、33.60、9.07、0.823 mg V_C/mL,均高于普通发酵黄酒。经比较发现发酵型枳椇子黄酒中总酚含量为1120.20 mg/L,显著高于浸泡型（P<0.05）,总黄酮含量为217.20 mg/L。发酵型枳椇子黄酒中二氢杨梅素含量为235.66 mg/L,显著高于浸泡型（P<0.05）,杨梅素含量为16.12 mg/L。发酵法制备枳椇子黄酒,可以提高黄酒中总酚含量,富集了二氢杨梅素,使其具备良好的抗氧化能力。     

复合水果酵素发酵过程中理化特性及抗氧化活性分析

为探讨水果酵素自然发酵过程中理化指标、活性成分及抗氧化活性的变化规律,以猕猴桃和葡萄为原料自然发酵制作酵素,并对发酵过程中pH、总酸、总酚、维生素C含量及抗氧化活性进行分析。结果表明:在发酵过程中, pH呈持续下降后趋于平稳,总酸变化趋势基本与之相反;总酚含量总体呈上升趋势,在21～35 d有小幅下降,发酵后期总酚含量达24.9 mg/mL;维生素C含量呈持续下降后趋于平缓趋势;在发酵过程中,猕猴桃葡萄酵素的抗氧化活性(DPPH自由基清除率、羟自由基清除率和还原力)总体呈现持续增长趋势并于发酵后期达稳定状态,其中羟自由基清除率和还原力与0.01 mg/mL维生素C表现接近, DPPH自由基清除率与对照仍有一定差距。功能成分与抗氧化能力参数相关性表明,总酚含量与DPPH清除率、羟基自由基清除率、还原力之间均存在极显著正相关性(P<0.01)。     

发酵火麻仁乳的工艺优化及抗氧化活性变化

将熟化火麻仁乳作为原料,以乳酸菌复配比例、菌种添加量、发酵温度与发酵时间为自变量,活菌数、酸度、感官评价为评价指标,采用模糊综合评价法通过单因素试验及响应面试验确定火麻仁发酵乳最佳生产工艺配方。实验表明:当保加利亚乳杆菌:嗜热链球菌:干酪乳杆菌:嗜酸链球菌复配比例为2:2:1:1.78、接种量为6.21%、发酵温度为39.42℃、发酵时间为7.12 h条件下时,模糊综合评价值最高,为0.927分,其活菌数、酸度及感官评分分别为1.9×10~8 CFU/m L、78 ~oT和8.74分。发酵后火麻仁乳的总糖、总固形物含量分别为69.29 mg/mL、6.08±0.22 g/100 g,与发酵前相比含量显著降低(p0.05),总酸、总酚和总黄酮含量分别为7.99±0.34mg/m L、28.04±0.82 mg GAE/100 mL、27.11±1.34 mg GAE/100 mL,含量均比发酵前显著提高(p0.05)。抗氧化实验表明,当DPPH自由基清除率、ABTS~+自由基清除率为50%时,发酵后火麻仁乳浓度分别为26.09 mg/mL、7.22±0.13 mg/mL,与0.25 mg/mL和0.13mg/mL生育酚相当,抗氧化活性得到了显著提高(p0.05)。     

一株八角内生真菌发酵液抗氧化活性研究

以乙酸乙酯和水饱和正丁醇为萃取溶剂,对八角内生真菌BJEF13的发酵液进行连续萃取,获取不同极性萃取物。对发酵原液(BR)、乙酸乙酯萃取物(EE)、正丁醇萃取物(BE)以及水残余物(WE)的总抗氧化性、DPPH自由基清除率、超氧阴离子自由基清除率、羟基自由基清除率以及总黄酮、总酚含量进行了测定。结果表明:各提取物都具有一定的抗氧化活性,并呈量效关系。各提取物抗氧化活性顺序为:EEBEBRWE。EE的抗氧化活性最强,其清除DPPH、超氧阴离子、羟基自由基的IC50分别为38、73、50μg/m L。BR、EE、BE和WE中总黄酮的含量分别为5.65%、30.21%、11.59%和1.54%,总酚含量分别为20.43%、55.01%、60.82%和10.71%,总黄酮含量和总酚含量大小与抗氧化活性顺序基本相符。     

发酵及贮藏条件对蓝莓果酒花色苷稳定性的影响及其抗氧化性研究

通过探讨发酵时间、发酵温度、SO2添加量、pH、酵母添加量等发酵参数对蓝莓果酒花色苷含量的影响,并分别以花色苷保存率及自由基清除率为依据,对蓝莓果酒成品中花色苷的抗氧化性及稳定性影响因素进行研究,为蓝莓果酒品质的提升及生产优化提供参考。结果显示,最佳蓝莓果酒发酵条件为发酵时间8 d、发酵温度22 ℃、SO2添加量100 mg/L、初始pH值为3.5、酵母添加量0.4%。在此优化条件下,花色苷含量为46.47 mg/100 mL,酒精度为12.76%vol。蓝莓果酒花色苷分别在pH为3、30 ℃以下、避光、隔氧、蔗糖添加量为10 mg/L的条件下比较稳定;蓝莓果酒的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基、羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基清除能力半抑制浓度（IC50值）分别为16.19 μg/mL、43.61 μg/mL、61.84 μg/mL,总抗氧化能力强于维生素C,因此具有较好的抗氧化活性。     

金针菇提取物不同组分的抗氧化活性

通过比较金针菇提取物不同组分(石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相及水相)的总酚含量和抗氧化活性(还原力、DPPH自由基、羟自由基的清除能力和超氧阴离子自由基清除能力),明确高的抗氧化活性组分群。结果表明,其中乙酸乙酯相的总酚含量(15.8 mg/g)、还原力(15.70%)、DPPH自由基清除率(28.30%)、羟自由基清除率(33.53%)和超氧阴离子自由基清除率(33.20%)均为最高,为金针菇的有效组分。金针菇提取物中的总酚含量与抗氧化活性具有极显著正相关性(p0.05);因此,酚类物质是金针菇具有抗氧化能力的物质基础,乙酸乙酯可作为金针菇提取物的萃取剂。     

陈酿方式对无花果果酒理化特性及体外抗氧化性的影响

选择红外催陈、冷热交替、自然陈酿3种陈酿方式,探讨陈酿对无花果果酒理化特性和体外抗氧化性的影响。对陈酿后果酒的总酸、总酯、透光率、感官品质、总酚、多糖、总黄酮和体外抗氧化性进行分析。结果表明:陈酿后果酒总酯含量均显著高于新酒,总酚、多糖、总黄酮和体外抗氧化性能均有不同程度的下降。红外催陈15 h后,果酒的理化指标为:总酸4.9 g/L、总酯2.25 g/L、透光率81.6%、总酚1.61 g/L、多糖1.35 g/L、总黄酮0.63 g/L、DPPH自由基清除率为5.53 mg(抗坏血酸)/L、超氧阴离子自由基清除率为10.39 mg(抗坏血酸)/L、总还原能力38.95 mg(抗坏血酸)/L,感官评分85.53分,在达到无花果果酒后熟效果且增加口感的同时,能更好地保留无花果果酒的体外抗氧化性能,综合品质较好。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.