草鱼肉发酵香肠的发酵工艺研究

以嗜酸乳杆菌和戊糖片球菌作为混合发酵剂添加到草鱼鱼糜中,研究了接种量、发酵温度、菌种配比、发酵时间四个方面,通过测定pH和感官评分来确定发酵鱼肉香肠的最适发酵条件。结果显示:最佳发酵温度30℃,发酵时间20h,菌种比例(L∶P)2∶1,菌种接种量107cfu/g,pH5.0时,达到发酵鱼肉香肠最佳发酵效果。     

发酵香肠发酵剂菌种筛选的研究

从近年发酵肉制品中涉及到的有益微生物中，筛选出能够快速发酵并使发酵肠风味品质俱佳、质量稳定的发酵剂。并且通过正交试验确定发酵香肠组合发酵剂的最优配比，对香肠成熟过程和贮藏过程中的pH值、乳酸菌数量的变化、感官品质等方面进行分析，研究结果表明，植物乳杆菌（Lp）、嗜酸乳杆菌（La）和戊糖片球茼（Pp）是良好的发酵肉制品发酵剂；它们作为发酵香肠发酵剂的最优配比是0.6％，0.6％，0.3％；此组合发酵剂发酵的香肠的pH值，乳酸菌数，感官特征等指标均优于单一菌种发酵的香肠.     

响应面法优化益生发酵剂接种发酵香肠工艺

以植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum CD101）和模仿葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus simulans NJ201）为发酵香肠的混合发酵剂,制作发酵香肠。结合pH值、色差、质构和感官评分结果探究接种量、菌种配比和发酵温度对发酵香肠品质的影响,在单因素试验结果的基础上,采用响应面试验法进行优化,从而确定制作发酵香肠的最佳工艺参数为添加植物乳杆菌和模仿葡萄球菌为混合发酵剂、接种量107 CFU/g、菌种配比1∶1、发酵温度30 ℃,此时感官评分为85.28,与模型理论值接近。该条件下制作出的香肠质地口感适中、色泽良好、香味浓郁纯正,综合品质较好。     

发酵驴肉肠的工艺优化

淀粉、水和蔗糖是发酵驴肉香肠的主要配料,但目前加工过程中三者的添加量一直没有明确的指标限制,均以适量添加。本研究在现有加工条件下,以戊糖片球菌和干酪乳杆菌2 种乳酸菌作为混合发酵剂,研究不同添加量马铃薯淀粉、水和蔗糖对发酵驴肉肠的硬度、弹性、水分活度等特性的影响,对适宜添加量进行3因素3水平的正交试验。结果表明：在淀粉添加量6%、蔗糖添加量2.0%、水添加量10%的优化条件下制备的发酵驴肉肠呈枣红色,外形饱满、结构紧密、切面平整、有丰富的发酵风味和良好的食用品质,感官品评优。     

发酵牛肉香肠生产工艺优化

以干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)和木糖葡萄球菌(Lactobacillus casei)为发酵牛肉香肠的混合发酵剂。通过正交试验,对发酵牛肉香肠的生产工艺进行优化。结果表明:添加干酪乳杆菌和木糖葡萄球菌发酵剂,并采用缓慢发酵法,可加工出质地口感适中、风味柔和、适应我国消费习惯的产品类型;确定最佳发酵条件为发酵时间16h、pH5.0、发酵温度30℃、菌种接种量107CFU/g、相对湿度85%、菌种混合配比(G:M)3:1。     

不同发酵剂对发酵猪肉香肠品质的影响

为探究不同发酵剂对香肠品质的影响,以及为乳酸菌发酵剂的研发和香肠风味的改善提供理论依据。本研究将戊糖片球菌（RY500）、发酵乳杆菌（RY75）与植物乳杆菌（RY25）以单一菌种或复配菌种（RY500:RY25=2:1）接种于猪肉香肠中,以自然发酵组作对照,测定香肠理化指标、感官品质并对其挥发性风味物质进行分析。结果表明:添加乳酸菌发酵剂后,乳酸菌数量极显著增加（P<0.01）。发酵结束后,实验组香肠的质构、色泽均极显著优于对照组（P<0.01）。采用气相色谱质谱联用（GC-MS）方法对香肠挥发性风味物质进行分析发现,香肠中的主要风味物质为酸类、酯类、醛类化合物。实验组香肠风味物质较对照组酯类、酸类化合物相对百分含量有不同程度的增加。结合感官分析表明,添加混合发酵剂比添加单菌株发酵剂更能改善和加强发酵香肠的口感与风味。     

响应面法优化发酵香肠发酵工艺条件

研究以德州黑猪肉为原料,选用植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、木糖葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusxylosus)、乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)三菌株为混合发酵剂进行菌种配比试验,采用响应面分析法研究发酵温度、发酵时间、接种量三因素对发酵香肠发酵条件的影响,以pH和感官分值为评价指标,确定最佳的工艺条件,并利用统计学方法建立了二次多项数学模型。结果表明,结果表明,最佳菌种配比为植物乳杆菌:木糖葡萄球菌:乳酸乳球菌=2:2:1,最佳的发酵条件为发酵温度28℃,发酵时间24 h,接种量1×107cfu/g。在最佳工艺条件下,发酵香肠的pH为4.61,感官分值为86.2,香肠品质良好,预测值与实际测量值具有良好的拟合性。     

鹅肉发酵香肠菌种发酵性能与应用研究

通过对3种适合肉制品发酵的菌种:植物乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌发酵性能的研究,筛选出两种较优的组合发酵剂。再通过正交试验确定鹅肉发酵香肠组合发酵剂的最优配比,最后对鹅肉发酵香肠成熟过程和贮藏过程中的pH值和感官品质等方面进行综合分析。结果表明,由戊糖片球菌和植物乳杆菌按1∶1(V∶V)比例混合、接种量为3%(V/m)时所构成的鹅肉香肠发酵剂,其发酵性能最佳。     

混合菌辅助发酵羊肉香肠研制及产品质量分析

选择植物乳杆菌、木糖葡萄球菌为混合发酵剂。以pH、感官评分为发酵香肠品质的评价指标,采用单因素结合响应面实验设计确定发酵香肠的最适发酵温度、菌种配比和接种量,并严格按照国标法对香肠进行质量分析。结果表明:植物乳杆菌-木糖葡萄球菌1∶1,接种量10~7CFU/g,发酵温度30℃,发酵香肠感官评分达到85.15,与模型理论值接近。最佳工艺制得的发酵香肠水分含量为23.87%,蛋白质含量为27.880 g/100 g,脂肪含量为9.1 g/100 g,氯化物含量为3.94%,总糖含量为5.34 g/100 g,过氧化值为0.30 g/100 g,亚硝酸盐含量为8.12 mg/kg,符合中式香肠标准,并且相比未添加发酵剂的羊肉香肠安全性更高、货架期更长。     

单一菌种和混合菌种发酵对发酵火腿品质的影响

通过单一乳酸菌、乳酸菌和微球菌组成的混合发酵剂来发酵火腿,并探讨单一菌种和混合菌种对产品的pH、感官品质、色泽"a"和脂肪酸的影响。结果表明:单一菌种发酵火腿与混合菌种发酵火腿相比,它的pH变化快,感官品质不佳,颜色差,但脂肪酸变化基本相同。微球菌对发酵火腿的pH、感官品质、色泽影响较大,对脂肪影响较小。     

核桃粕发酵乳菌种筛选及发酵条件优化研究

该试验对乳酸菌发酵核桃粕乳的不同菌株进行筛选,通过pH值、酸度及感官评定分析,从9株乳酸菌中筛选出嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)和植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)两株优良菌种。研究两株乳酸菌的复配比例,并与传统发酵剂发酵的核桃粕乳进行品质对比。结果表明,以嗜酸乳杆菌:植物乳杆菌(1∶1)接种发酵后得到的发酵核桃粕发酵乳综合品质最佳,其感官评分90分,氨基酸态氮含量57.0 mg/L,活菌总数7.35×107 CFU/mL,经发酵后的营养价值明显优于传统发酵剂发酵的核桃粕乳。     

3 株乳酸菌及其组合对发酵牦牛肉灌肠中肽变化的影响

本实验探讨了3 株乳酸菌发酵剂及其组合在发酵牦牛肉灌肠过程中对肽变化规律的影响。人工接种米酒乳杆菌（Lactobacillus sake,L. s）、植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum,L. p）、戊糖片球菌（Pediococcuspentosaceus,P. p）及其组合菌种于牦牛肉灌肠,每隔24 h测定其pH值,分别在主发酵2 d（32 ℃）,再自然风干发酵10、20、30 d后取样,采用反相高效液相色谱（reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography,RP-HPLC）对不同发酵时期牦牛肉灌肠中肽的含量进行检测和分析。结果表明,在主发酵2 d,再自然风干发酵10、20 d（除P. p与L. p＋P. p外）和30 d后,不同乳酸菌发酵剂对牦牛肉灌肠中总肽含量的影响均显著（P≤0.05）。按发酵时间由短及长的顺序,在4 个不同发酵时期检出最大总肽含量的发酵菌种依次是L. s（1.73×105 mAU·s）、P. p（1.62×105 mAU·s）、对照组（1.81×105 mAU·s）和L. p（1.83×105 mAU·s）。随着发酵时间的延长,发酵牦牛肉灌肠中的总肽含量发生了明显的变化,相对极性较弱的肽减少了,存在的主要是相对极性较大的肽;主发酵结束时,L. s发酵的处理组检出最大总肽含量,且L. s与其参与发酵L. s＋P. p和L. s＋L. p＋P. p组合中检出总肽含量的变化呈现出相似的趋势,L. s是牦牛肉灌肠中快速生成肽的良好发酵剂;在4 个发酵时期,L. p＋L. s发酵的处理组检出肽的含量均小于其单一菌种的发酵,L. p＋L. s对牦牛肉灌肠中肽的生成具有一定的拮抗作用;L. s与P. p作用不明显,但能快速降低pH值,保证产品的安全性。本实验结果为进一步生产优质牦牛肉灌肠奠定了良好的基础。     

1 株高效降胆固醇乳酸菌的功能与发酵特性

通过研究乳酸菌X3-2B降胆固醇功能特性以及在发酵香肠中的发酵特性,确定高效降胆固醇性能的肉制品发酵剂。结果表明：菌株X3-2B在培养温度为30 ℃、pH 5.5时胆固醇降解率最大,在MRS胆固醇筛选培养基中其胆固醇降解率最大且优于标准菌株植物乳杆菌（L. plantarum,LP）。并以菌株X3-2B为发酵剂做的发酵香肠其水分活度、pH值在相同天数时下降程度显著优于自然发酵组（P＜0.05）,色泽、乳酸菌数都优于对照组,且发酵香肠14 d与0 d相比,添加发酵剂的发酵香肠胆固醇含量显著降低（P＜0.05）且在贮存56 d时X3-2B组发酵香肠胆固醇含量低于自然发酵组与LP组,故菌株X3-2B可作为一株降胆固醇性能较好的肉制品发酵剂。     

肉制品发酵剂的筛选与发酵特性的研究

以MRS培养基为基础培养基,从自然发酵香肠和自制腌肉中分离、筛选出三株乳酸菌(F1、F2、F3),对其生化特性、发酵特性、生长状况、产酸能力、致死温度及菌株间的拮抗性进行研究,结果表明:3株乳酸菌均符合肉制品发酵剂的要求,可以作为肉制品发酵剂;菌株F1和F3,F2和F3可以作为肉制品的混合发酵剂.     

Survival of Listeria monocytogenes strains in a dry sausage model

The survival of five inoculated Listeria monocytogenes strains (DCS 31, DCS 184, AT3E, HT4E, and HR5E) was studied in dry fermented sausages prepared using two different starter cultures (starter A and B) with or without a protective Lactobacillus plantarum DDEN 2205 strain. L. monocytogenes was detected throughout ripening in every sausage sample in which the L. plantarum DDEN 2205 strain had not been used. The use of either starter A, with a high concentration of protective culture, or starter B, with a low concentration of protective culture, resulted in L. monocytogenes-negative sausages after 17 days of ripening. Differential survival was noted among the L. monocytogenes strains during fermentation. Strains AT3E and DCS 31 survived in sausages with protective cultures more often than did the other strains, whereas HT4E and HR5E were inhibited during ripening by all starter and protective cultures used. Protective cultures such as L. plantarum may be used as part of a hurdle strategy in dry sausage processing, but variations in susceptibility of different L. monocytogenes strains can create problems if other hurdles are not included.     

Safety improvement and preservation of typical sensory qualities of traditional dry fermented sausages using autochthonous starter cultures

Traditional dry fermented sausages are manufactured without addition of starter cultures in small-scale processing units, their fermentation relying on indigenous microflora. Characterisation and control of these specific bacteria are essential for the sensory quality and the safety of the sausages. The aim of this study was to develop an autochthonous starter culture that improves safety while preserving the typical sensory characteristics of traditional sausages. An autochthonous starter composed of Lactobacillus sakei, Staphylococcus equorum and Staphylococcus succinus isolated from a traditional fermented sausage was developed. These strains were tested for their susceptibility to antibiotics and their production of biogenic amines. This starter was evaluated in situ at the French traditional processing unit where the strains had been isolated. Effects of the autochthonous starter were assessed by analysing the microbial, physico-chemical, biochemical and sensory characteristics of the sausages. Inoculation with the chosen species was confirmed using known species-specific PCR assays for L. sakei and S. equorum and a species-specific PCR assay developed in this study for S. succinus. Strains were monitored by pulse-field gel electrophoresis typing. Addition of autochthonous microbial starter cultures improved safety compared with the traditional natural fermentation of sausages, by inhibiting the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, decreasing the level of biogenic amines and by limiting fatty acid and cholesterol oxidation. Moreover, autochthonous starter did not affect the typical sensory quality of the traditional sausages. This is the first time to our knowledge that selection, development and validation in situ of autochthonous starter cultures have been carried out, and also the first time that S. equorum together with S. succinus have been used as starter cultures for meat fermentation. Use of autochthonous starter cultures is an effective tool for limiting the formation of unsafe compounds in traditional sausage while preserving their original and specific sensory quality.     

Effects of indigenous starter cultures on the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of Urutan, a Balinese fermented sausage

Urutan is a Balinese traditional dry fermented sausage prepared from lean pork and various kinds of spice. Urutan is different from the European sausages, because it is fermented under warm condition with fluctuating temperatures of approximately 25 degrees C at night to 50 degrees C during sun drying. In this study, two of the 71 strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from natural urutan fermentation were used as starter cultures: Lactobacillus plantarum U201, the dominant LAB, and Pediococcus acidilactici U318, a bacteriocin producer. A soft urutan with yellowish brown color was produced using these strains as multiple starters. The starter cultures grew in characteristic succession which reconstructed the natural fermentation process. Lactobacilli were dominant until 48 h fermentation and pediococci dominated at the later stage of fermentation. Proliferation of starter cultures produced lactic acid which resulted in the decrease in pH and coagulation of soluble protein in urutan. Both strains could eliminate the Enterobacteriaceae in urutan after 24 h fermentation, and could suppress and eliminate the occurrence of micrococci at 120 h fermentation. By using a single starter culture, no succession was observed to occur in urutan and the time of elimination of Enterobacteriaceae was delayed. Thus, the strains of L. plantarum U201 and P. acidilactici U318 have great potential for use as multiple starter cultures in urutan fermentation.     

混合发酵剂的筛选及对发酵猪肉香肠加工特性及安全性能的影响

通过比较不同比例植物乳杆菌与木糖葡萄球菌的复合发酵剂的生长活性、产酸能力、耐盐及耐亚硝酸盐特性,筛选最佳复配比例的混合发酵剂并制作发酵香肠。旨在探究复合发酵剂对发酵香肠理化品质及生物胺的影响。结果表明:植物乳杆菌与木糖葡萄球菌复合比为1:1时,具有较好的生长、产酸、耐盐及耐亚硝酸盐能力。接种1:1的植物乳杆菌与木糖葡萄球菌混合发酵剂制备的香肠pH值下降速率快于单一乳酸菌组和空白对照组;发酵结束混合组pH值降为4.95,显著低于对照组和单一组(P<0.05);pH值下降改变了蛋白质与水分结合能力、促使香肠Aw随之降低,使得混合组Aw低于单一组和对照组;相比香肠色泽,3组差异不显著(P>0.05)。成熟后期混合组尸胺和组胺检出量均低于单一组和对照组。由研究结果可知添加复合发酵剂有助于提高香肠安全性、缩短发酵成熟周期。     

低盐发酵香肠用优良菌株的分离筛选及鉴定

从10 种我国自然发酵制品中分离纯化得到52 株乳酸菌及56 株过氧化氢酶阳性球菌,首先通过菌株耐受性、发酵特性等指标对菌株进行初步筛选,然后利用抑菌特性和风味特性对菌株进行复筛,选择可能改善低盐发酵香肠安全性和风味的优良菌株,最终筛选得到3 株葡萄球菌Z9、L2和R2,以及4 株乳酸菌P6、P12、X和SN1-3。经由形态学特征、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析对筛选得到的菌株进行鉴定,结果表明,葡萄球菌菌株Z9、L2为腐生葡萄球菌,R2为肉葡萄球菌;乳酸菌菌株P6、P12均为植物乳杆菌,X为干酪乳杆菌,SN1-3为戊糖片球菌。最后测定菌株的生长特性及产酸能力,研究菌株间的拮抗特性,最终筛选得到戊糖片球菌SN1-3与肉葡萄球菌R2作为制作发酵香肠的复配菌株。