超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定豆芽中4-氯苯氧乙酸钠残留量的不确定度评定

目的评定超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定豆芽中4-氯苯氧乙酸钠残留量的不确定度。方法通过构建不确定度评定的数学模型,分析不确定度分量的来源,对试样称量、前处理过程、标准物质配制、标准工作曲线拟合及实验重复性、回收率等各分量加以量化和合成。结果豆芽中4-氯苯氧乙酸钠含量为59.44μg/kg,其测量扩展不确定度为3.6μg/kg (k=2),其中影响测量不确定度的主要因素是标准溶液配制和标准曲线拟合所引入的不确定度。结论在检测过程中应使用纯度较高的标准溶液,提高标准溶液配制的准确性,保证标准曲线的相关性符合规定。     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定豆芽中6-苄基腺嘌呤和4-氯苯氧乙酸的含量

目的建立QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定豆芽中6-苄基腺嘌呤和4-氯苯氧乙酸含量的分析方法。方法样品以乙腈为提取溶剂,加入氯化钠盐析分层,经C_(18)填料萃取净化,采用电喷雾负离子扫描模式,多反应监测,外标法定量。结果 6-苄基腺嘌呤和4-氯苯氧乙酸在1～150μg/L范围内有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999, 6-苄基腺嘌呤方法检出限为1μg/kg, 4-氯苯氧乙酸方法检出限为0.5μg/kg。平均回收率为95.4%～104.1%,相对标准偏差为1.7%～8.2%。结论本方法灵敏度高,准确度和重复性好,适用于豆芽中违法添加6-苄基腺嘌呤和4-氯苯氧乙酸的检测。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定豆芽中植物生长调节剂残留量的不确定度评定

对超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定豆芽中3 种植物生长调节剂残留量进行不确定度分析评定。根据JJF1059.1—2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》中有关规定,构建不确定度评定的数学模型,深度剖析不确定度的来源,并对各分量加以量化和合成。评定结果表明,标准溶液配制和标准曲线拟合所产生的不确定度分量最大;当豆芽中多效唑含量为5.9 μg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.6 μg/kg（k＝2）;吲哚乙酸含量为15.5 μg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为2.3 μg/kg（k＝2）;吲哚丁酸含量为16.0 μg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为2.3 μg/kg（k＝2）。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定猪肉中β-受体激动剂残留量的不确定度分析

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对猪肉中沙丁胺醇、盐酸克伦特罗和莱克多巴胺含量的不确定度进行评估。根据JJF 1135—2005《化学分析测量不确定度评定》和JJF 1059.1—2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》中的有关规定,建立测定猪肉中3种β-受体激动剂残留量不确定度的数学模型,逐层对不确定度来源进行分析。通过对不确定度分量进行量化和合成,得出当猪肉中沙丁胺醇含量为1.99μg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.25μg/kg(k=2);当猪肉中盐酸克伦特罗含量为2.04μg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.24μg/kg(k=2);当猪肉中莱克多巴胺含量为1.97μg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.24μg/kg(k=2)。评定结果表明,影响检测结果的主要因素为标准溶液配制、标准曲线拟合和测量重复性等。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鲫鱼中孔雀石绿的不确定度评定

目的评定高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鲫鱼中孔雀石绿的不确定度。方法参考GB/T19857-2005《水产品中孔雀石绿和结晶紫残留量的测定》和JJF1059.1-2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》中的规定和要求,分析孔雀石绿在测定过程中的各种不确定度的来源。结果在95%的置信区间下,当鲫鱼中孔雀石绿和隐色孔雀石绿之和的含量为7.852μg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.726μg/kg(k=2)。结论不确定度的影响因素主要是样品前处理过程。     

高效液相色谱法测定酱腌菜中脱氢乙酸含量的不确定度评定

目的 对酱腌菜中的脱氢乙酸含量进行测定并进行不确定度评定。方法 根据GB 5009.121-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脱氢乙酸的测定》中第二法液相色谱法,通过通过建立数学模型,识别测量过程中的各个不确定度来源,并对其进行分析和评定。结果 当添加水平为50 μg/mL时,酱腌菜中脱氢乙酸含量的测定结果为0.523 g/kg,在95%的置信区间下,其扩展不确定度为0.098 g/kg（k=2）。结论 对于高效液相色谱法测定酱腌菜中脱氢乙酸含量,其不确定度主要由配制标准溶液与拟合标准曲线构成。     

高效液相色谱法测定食品中脱氢乙酸的不确定度评定

目的评定高效液相色谱法测定食品中脱氢乙酸测定的不确定度。方法依据JJF1059.1-2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》及新版国标方法 GB 5009.121-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中脱氢乙酸的测定》,建立评定脱氢乙酸不确定度的模型,对检测过程中各分量因素进行不确定度的分析评定。结果当样品中脱氢乙酸的含量为0.243 g/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.070 g/kg, k=2。结论在整个实验过程中,标准品的配制及高效液相色谱仪的稳定性是影响实验结果的最主要因素,需严格把控。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱同位素内标法检测蜂蜜中诺氟沙星残留量的不确定度评定

目的评定超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蜂蜜中诺氟沙星残留量的不确定度。方法以GB/T23412-2009《蜂蜜中19种喹诺酮类药物残留量的测定方法》为基础,结合CNAS-GL006《化学分析中的不确定度评估指南》,建立数学模型,分析不确定度来源并计算各不确定度分量得到合成标准不确定度。结果当样品中诺氟沙星含量为5.438μg/kg时,得到扩展不确定度为0.915μg/kg (k=2)。故试样中诺氟沙星含量结果报告可表示为:(5.438±0.915)μg/kg (k=2)。结论标准物质及稀释过程、仪器校准对不确定度影响较大。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定果汁中毒死蜱残留量的不确定度评定

目的评定气相色谱-串联质谱法测定果汁中毒死蜱残留量的不确定度。方法依据国家计量技术规范JJF 1059.1-2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》对毒死蜱测定中的不确定度来源进行分析,通过建立数学模型量化不确定度分量,计算合成不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果本方法的不确定度主要来源于标准曲线的配制和样品的稀释过程。当果汁中毒死蜱残留量为41.1μg/kg,扩展不确定度为9.8μg/kg,毒死蜱残留量表示为(41.1±9.8)μg/kg(k=2)。结论该评定方法可用于气相色谱-串联质谱法对果汁中毒死蜱残留量的不确定分析。     

Oasis MCX柱-高效液相色谱/三重四极杆质谱联用法测定火锅底料中罂粟壳不确定度评定

目的 评定Oasis MCX柱-高效液相色谱/三重四极杆质谱联用法测定火锅底料中罂粟壳不确定度。方法 用Oasis MCX柱法做前处理,高效液相色谱/三重四极杆质谱联用法进行分析,测定火锅底料中可待因,蒂巴因,吗啡,那可丁含量,并根据建立的数学模型对各分量进行不确定度评定。结果 当火锅底料中可待因含量为43.1 μg/kg时,扩展不确定度为2.2μg/kg（k=2）;蒂巴因含量为46.3μg/kg时,扩展不确定度为1.3μg/kg（k=2）;吗啡含量为42.0μg/kg时,扩展不确定度为1.4μg/kg（k=2）;那可丁含量为48.3μg/kg时,扩展不确定度为2.1μg/kg（k=2）。结论 曲线拟合是标准不确定度的最大来源,其次为重复性实验 。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.