胆盐水解酶降胆固醇的研究进展

体内胆固醇水平失衡会引起多种疾病,威胁人体健康。因此,控制体内胆固醇水平是目前普遍关注的问题。除常见的他汀和依齐麦布药物外,植物乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌等乳酸菌也已被证实可有效降低体内的胆固醇水平。大量研究发现,促使乳酸菌起到降胆固醇作用的主要物质与其在生长过程中产生的一类代谢产物胆盐水解酶（Bile salt hydrolase,BSH）相关。该研究通过对胆盐水解酶特性、功能介绍,总结分析了胆盐水解酶降胆固醇机制,以期为降胆固醇的深入研究提供理论基础,并为益生菌开发应用提供理论依据与指导。     

添加植物乳杆菌的低脂干酪降胆固醇作用

为研究益生菌在干酪中应用的降胆固醇活性,以菌株胆固醇降解率、胆盐水解酶活力及模拟胃肠道耐受性为评价指标,筛选出具有降胆固醇活性的益生菌,并添加到低脂干酪(脂肪含量为1.0%)中,灌胃小鼠35 d,测定小鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量、动脉硬化指数(AI)及肝脏、粪便中TC、TG含量。结果表明,植物乳杆菌KLDS 1.0320降胆固醇特性优于其他菌株,胆固醇降解率达到63.72%,模拟胃肠道消化后存活率为82.21%,胆盐水解酶活力为0.71 U/mL。与高脂模型组相比,灌胃添加植物乳杆菌KLDS 1.0320干酪小鼠的TC、TG、LDL-C及AI分别下降21.23%、19.30%、31.73%和35.05%,肝脏中TC、TG显著降低,粪便中TC、TG显著升高(p<0.05)。实验获得了1株具有降胆固醇能力的植物乳杆菌KLDS 1.0320,以干酪为载体在动物体内仍具有降低血清胆固醇的作用,说明其具有应用于干酪发挥降胆固醇活性的潜力。     

植物乳杆菌耐酸耐胆盐的体外试验及其降胆固醇作用

目的:研究产胆盐水解酶植物乳杆菌H13的耐酸、耐胆盐特性,在此基础上对其可能的降胆固醇作用机理进行体外试验研究.方法:采用MRS培养基,模拟人体胃酸环境(pH=3)和胆盐环境(0.3%),测定H13菌株在酸性及高胆盐环境作用后的存活菌数,并在此胆盐浓度下测定植物乳杆菌H13的胆盐水解酶活力、降解胆盐能力和胆固醇沉淀量.结果:菌体能够耐受pH 3的环境和0.3%的胆盐环境;该菌产生的胆盐水解酶在降低胆固醇方面具有重要作用,酶活性与游离胆酸量、胆固醇沉淀量呈正相关,而且胆盐水解酶对反应底物的特异性不同,以甘氨胆酸钠为佳.结论:植物乳杆菌H13体外降胆固醇作用的机理主要是其产生的胆盐水解酶使胆盐失去共轭作用,在酸性(pH<6.0)条件下,解共轭胆盐与胆固醇形成复合物共同沉淀下来.     

乳杆菌体外降解胆固醇特性研究

以实验室自主分离纯化的鼠李糖乳杆菌zxr01、嗜酸乳杆菌zrx02、植物乳杆菌zrx03, 3株乳杆菌体外降解胆固醇的特性以及不同金属阳离子对其影响进行了研究。嗜酸乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌体外胆固醇降解率分别为28.87%、25.61%、20.39%；当pH为3时，3株乳杆菌耐酸性分别为：52.77%、52.57%、59.82%;牛胆盐浓度为0.3%时胆盐耐受性为28.65%、27.40%、26.04%；嗜酸乳杆菌在氯仿中的疏水性最好，达到了19.88%，静置24 h后，嗜酸乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌的自凝聚力都达到了80%以上且3株乳杆菌产生白色沉淀说明能产生胆盐水解酶，在Ca2+浓度为0.02 N时，嗜酸乳杆菌的胆固醇降解率为35.4%和降解效果65.43μg/u。结果显示3株乳杆菌均能在体外降解胆固醇，嗜酸乳杆菌的降解胆固醇的能力要优于其它两株乳杆菌，添加浓度为0.02 N的Ca2+可以促进嗜酸乳杆菌胆固醇降解率和降解效力。本研究结果可为进一步研究胆固醇降解提供了试验依据，为开发降胆固醇食品提供材料。     

分离自Kefir的植物乳杆菌体外降胆固醇作用的研究

对分离Kefir中的植物乳杆菌体外降胆固醇作用进行了研究。结果表明，植物乳杆菌在含胆盐的培养基中具有良好的降胆固醇能力，24h后培养基中的胆固醇可降低60％(0．18g／L)；该菌体外降胆固醇作用的机理主要是其产生的胆盐水解酶水解胆盐变为游离态的胆酸，与胆固醇形成复合物，在酸性pH值条件下发生共沉淀。同时，也发现该菌产生的胆盐水解酶对反应底物(各种胆盐)的特异性不同，以脱氧牛磺胆酸最佳。     

植物乳杆菌中胆盐水解酶的研究现状及展望

益生菌的降胆固醇作用与它们所产的胆盐水解酶(bile salt hydrolase,BSH)有关,这使得胆盐水解酶成为近年来研究的热点之一。文中主要对植物乳杆菌中胆盐水解酶的克隆表达、生化特性以及降胆固醇作用等方面的研究现状进行了综述,并展望了它未来的发展方向。以期对植物乳杆菌胆盐水解酶的研究及其相关制品的开发利用提供一定的指导意义。     

内蒙古传统酸奶乳酸菌的筛选及体外益生效果评价

对内蒙古传统酸奶中分离出的8株乳酸菌菌株进行形态学及16S rDNA鉴定,确定其中包括鼠李糖乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌。然后进一步对菌株的酸、胆盐、人工胃肠液耐受性、胆固醇降解能力及自由基清除能力进行体外益生效果评价。结果表明,鼠李糖乳杆菌217-3对pH=1.5的强酸和人工胃肠液有较高的耐受性,同时还能耐受1.5%的胆盐。此外,其胆固醇降解和自由基清除能力也具有较高的水平。综上所述,鼠李糖乳杆菌217-3具有显著的益生性能,为高活性乳酸菌菌剂及相关发酵产品的开发奠定了一定的理论基础。     

降胆固醇乳酸菌的益生特性及其作用机理

考察了具有降胆固醇乳酸菌(乳酸乳球菌L14-3、鼠李糖乳杆菌118-1、粪肠球菌M53-2、植物乳杆菌117-1、植物乳杆菌23-1)的益生特性,且初探乳酸菌降胆固醇的作用机理。通过模拟胃液、胰液进行乳酸菌的耐酸耐胆盐测定,并评价了乳酸菌对抗生素的抗性。通过胆固醇、胆盐的共沉淀作用和菌体细胞吸收两种方式去除发酵液中的胆固醇,利用邻苯二甲醛法测定胆固醇的含量,确定胆固醇的去除率。结果表明:通过共沉淀作用和菌体吸收,乳酸乳球菌L14-3和鼠李糖乳杆菌118-1分别去除胆固醇的比例最高。在pH=2.0的人工胃液中,粪肠球菌M53-2和乳酸乳球菌L14-3的活菌数显著高于其他3株菌(P0.05)。粪肠球菌M53-2对pH 3.0的人工胃液有较好的耐受性,存活率显著高于其他4株菌(P0.05)。在pH=8.0人工胰液中,鼠李糖乳杆菌118-1和植物乳杆菌117-1的存活率显著高于其他菌株(P0.05)。植物乳杆菌117-1耐药性最好。因此,研究具有降胆固醇的益生菌具有广阔应用前景。     

植物乳杆菌C8的耐受性和体外降胆固醇活性研究

对一株分离自内蒙古奶豆腐中的植物乳杆菌C8进行了酸和胆汁盐耐受实验,抗生素敏感性试验以及体外胆固醇降解实验,并分析了其降胆固醇的作用机理.结果表明,C8能够耐受pH 3和高浓度胆盐(30g/L)环境;对所选10种抗生素均表现出一定的耐药性;该菌具有良好的降胆固醇活性,产生的游离胆酸的量与胆固醇移除能力呈正相关,且以在甘氨胆酸钠存在条件下最佳(5.39mmol/L).植物乳杆菌c8降胆固醇的作用机理主要是菌体细胞的表面吸附作用和胆固醇与胆盐的共沉淀作用.     

两株乳酸菌对高脂模型大鼠的益生作用

为探究两株筛选自青藏高原传统发酵牦牛酸奶乳酸菌高脂模型大鼠体内的益生作用。通过前期体外实验发现,菌株BX-1是一株产胆盐水解酶的瑞士乳杆菌,而BX56是一株不产胆盐水解酶的罗伊氏乳杆菌。大鼠体内灌胃实验结果显示,灌胃瑞士乳杆菌BX-1能够显著降低大鼠血清和肝脏胆固醇及甘油三酯水平(P0.05),同时能够减少脂类物质在大鼠肝脏组织内的沉积,促进体内脂质的排泄,而灌胃罗伊氏乳杆菌BX56在大鼠体内降血脂的效果并不明显。结果表明瑞士乳杆菌BX-1具有良好降胆固醇效果,具有潜在的治疗高脂血症的作用。     

Measurement of bile salt hydrolase activity from Lactobacillus acidophilus based on disappearance of conjugated bile salts

Bile salt hydrolase activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus was measured based on the disappearance of sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate from the reaction mixture using HPLC. The amount of sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate that disappeared was proportional to the amount of sodium cholate that appeared in the mixture as detected by HPLC. Sodium glycocholate did not precipitate at the enzyme reaction conditions (37 degrees C and pH 5.4) for determining bile salt hydrolase activity. The bile salt hydrolase assay was insensitive to low oxidation-reduction potential when measuring bile salt hydrolase from L. acidophilus, an intestinal microorganism. However, EDTA and freezing temperatures were necessary to maintain stability of the partially purified enzyme during storage.     

Screening of lactic acid bacteria for bile salt hydrolase activity

Bile salt hydrolysis is an important metabolic reaction in the bile salt metabolism of mammals. This reaction has a facilitating effect for bile salt excretion but can also be involved in various illnesses. In recent years interest has increased to use bile salt hydrolysis to influence the cholesterol metabolism of humans and farm animals. To understand the distribution and range of bile salt hydrolase activity in lactic acid bacteria, we screened more than 300 strains of the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and the species Lactococcus lactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Streptococcus thermophilus. Results obtained for 273 strains showed that bile salt hydrolase activity is common in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus but absent in L. lactis, Leu. mesenteroides, and S. thermophilus. Nearly all bifidobacteria species and strains have bile salt hydrolase activity, whereas this activity can only be found in selected species of lactobacilli. A strong correlation can be observed between the habitat of a genus or species and the presence of bile salt hydrolase activity. Most often bile salt hydrolase activity is found in strains that have been isolated from the intestines or from feces from mammals--an environment rich in conjugated and unconjugated bile acids. Strains and species from other habitats like milk or vegetables--environments from which bile salts are absent--do normally not have bile salt hydrolase activity. In two independent assays, we established that bile salt hydrolase activity in bifidobacteria is, in general, much higher than in lactobacilli.     

Characterization of Lactobacillus plantarum PH04, a potential probiotic bacterium with cholesterol-lowering effects

The bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum PH04 was isolated from infant feces and tested positive for bile/acid tolerance and bile salt hydrolase activity. It was evaluated as a potential probiotic with cholesterol-lowering effect. Bile salt hydrolase activity was nine times greater in stationary phase than in exponential phase cells and increased when the cells were exposed to conjugated bile salts. L. plantarum PH04 was resistant to seven of nine antibiotics tested and did not produce beta-glucuronidase. L. plantarum PH04 was fed to hypercholesterolemic mice at numbers of 10(7) CFU per mouse per day for 14 days. Compared with a control group, the serum cholesterol and triglycerides were respectively 7 and 10% lower in the group fed L. plantarum PH04, and fecal lactic acid bacteria increased while no any significant differences (P<0.05) in body weight, visceral weigh index or bacteria translocation between two groups were observed. The results indicated that L. plantarum PH04 might be effective as a probiotic with cholesterol-lowering activities.     

All 4 bile salt hydrolase proteins are responsible for the hydrolysis activity in Lactobacillus plantarum ST-III

In vertebrates, bile salt hydrolysis plays an essential role in fat metabolism. Bile salts are synthesized in the liver. And in the small intestine glycine and taurine are de-conjugated from bile salts by the enzyme bile salt hydrolase (BSH) from intestinal microbes. However, the mechanism of bile salt hydrolysis in Lactobacillus plantarum is still ambiguous. Four predicted bile salt hydrolase (bsh) genes from L. plantarum ST-III were cloned into Escherichia coli. The function of these genes was explored by overexpression. All 4 proteins that were studied showed activity against glycine- or taurine-conjugated bile salts. Substrate preference was also observed in BSH proteins, especially for the enzyme BSH1, which had high hydrolysis activity for glycodeoxycholic acid. These results suggest that all 4 bile salt hydrolases may be responsible for the bile salt hydrolysis activity in L. plantarum ST-III. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Hypercholesterolemia is considered one of the major risk factors for coronary heart disease. More interest has focused on intestinal microbes because of their role in the decrease of serum cholesterol. BSH proteins play an important role in the reduction of cholesterol. This paper adds to a better understanding of BSH proteins of intestinal microbes. It gives a great hint that probiotics can be used to solve hypercholesterolemia one day.     

益生菌中胆盐水解酶作用机理研究现状

对乳酸菌中胆盐水解酶研究现状进行分析,从编码基因、蛋白氨基酸结构以及酶与肠道间密切关系等方面入手,阐述了肠道益生菌通过胆盐水解酶对胆盐的水解,可以达到耐受肠道胆盐压力,增强细菌表面对体内免疫系统的抵抗能力建立长期感染,促进在高等动物肠道内细菌的定殖,降低血清胆固醇水平等作用,为最终治愈高胆固醇血症提供了良好的解决方案。     

产胆盐水解酶乳酸菌的分离、鉴定及降解胆固醇机理的初步研究

本文从开菲尔粒中分离出15株能降低胆固醇的菌,通过生理生化反应以及其他指标对这15株菌株进行鉴定,其中7株为球菌,8株为杆菌。对这15株菌进行复筛,最终筛选出一株能产胆盐水解酶的菌株,用全自动生化鉴定仪对这株菌做进一步的鉴定,其鉴定结果为干酪乳杆菌。     

The inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus helveticus on Bacillus species isolated from raw milk in various salt concentrations

Nineteen strains of Bacillus were isolated and identified from 111 samples of raw milk. The inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus helveticus on strains of Bacillus were studied. The inhibitory effects were evaluated (using the well diffusion method) on nutrient agar, with NaCl added at concentrations of 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 and 65 g/L. Lactobacillus casei inhibited 16 strains of Bacillus on nutrient agar without salt, and 18 strains in the presence of salt. When the salt concentration was 6.5%, the inhibitory effect decreased, and L. casei inhibited only eight strains of Bacillus ( Bacillus cereus , Bacillus sphaericus , Bacillus licheniformis , Bacillus macerans , Bacillus firmus , Bacillus coagulans , Bacillus polymyxa and Bacillus stearothermophilus ). Lactobacillus helveticus formed the inhibitory zones against five strains of Bacillus on nutrient agar without salt, but with 4% NaCl concentration, it showed an inhibitory effect on 13 strains; a further two strains were inhibited in the presence of 4.5 and 5.0% salt. In 5.5% NaCl, the same 15 strains were inhibited by L. helveticus, whilst in 6 and 6.5% salt, the inhibitory effect decreased and only six and seven strains were affected, respectively. The maximum inhibitory effect with both L. casei and L. helveticus was observed in the presence of 4.5–5.5% salt.     

Hypocholesteremic effect of bile salt hydrolase from Lactobacillus buchneri ATCC 4005

The effect of oral administration of the immobilized bile salt hydrolase enzyme on serum cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein levels and its application in the therapeutic treatment of hypercholesteremia was assessed. Culture conditions were optimized for the production of bile salt hydrolase, which resulted in 2.9-fold enhancement in activity. Bile salt hydrolase (BSH; E.C.3.5.1.24) was isolated from Lactobacillus buchneri ATCC 4005 and immobilized in 0.5% gellan gum gel. The immobilized enzyme was orally delivered in wistar rats, induced with hypercholesteremia by triton X-100. The serum cholesterol and triglycerides were reduced by 50% and 15%, respectively, in the group fed with immobilized enzyme 10 IU/kg dose whereas administration of 20 IU/kg immobilized enzyme resulted in reduction of serum cholesterol by 58% and triglycerides by 45%, respectively. The results indicate that bile salt hydrolase has potential cholesterol lowering property and oral administration of the immobilized enzyme is an alternative pharmacological approach to reduce serum cholesterol levels.     

Bile salt deconjugation ability,bile salt hydrolase activity and cholesterol co-precipitation ability of lactobacilli strains

Eleven strains of lactobacilli were screened for their bile salt deconjugation ability, bile salt hydrolase activity (BSH) and co-precipitation of cholesterol with deconjugated bile. Bile salt deconjugation as determined by the release of cholic acid showed that more cholic acid was liberated from the deconjugation of sodium glycocholate than sodium taurocholate, and Lactobacillus acidophilus strains had higher deconjugation ability than L. casei strains. BSH activity, as quantified by the amount of taurine or glycine liberated from conjugated bile salts, indicated that substrate specificity was more towards glycine-conjugated bile compared to taurine-conjugated bile. Co-precipitation of cholesterol with cholic acid was observed from deconjugation of both conjugated bile, with more cholesterol being precipitated upon deconjugation of sodium glycocholate than upon that of sodium taurocholate. Cholesterol co-precipitation with deconjugated bile increased with decreasing pH. L. acidophilus ATCC 33200, 4356 and 4962 and L. casei ASCC 1521 showed highest deconjugation ability and BSH activity towards bile mixtures that resemble the human bile, and may be promising candidates to exert beneficial bile deconjugation activity in vivo.     

干酪乳杆菌的筛选及其在活性乳酸菌饮料中的应用

目的:为了筛选应用于活性乳酸菌饮料生产的优质益生菌。方法:以云南省各地区发酵样品中分离出的120株干酪乳杆菌为研究对象,筛选具有人工胃液、人工肠液、胆盐耐受性及对肠道致病菌有抑制作用的菌株,同时将筛选出的菌株用于褐色活性乳酸菌饮料的生产发酵实验。结果:筛选出四株干酪乳杆菌L.casei1、L.casei2、L.casei3、L.casei5,有较强的耐酸、耐胆盐及耐受人工消化液的能力;能抑制肠道致病菌:大肠杆菌、福氏志贺氏菌、肠炎沙门氏菌以及革兰氏阳性的金黄色葡萄球菌,所以具有调节人体肠道菌群平衡的益生潜力。在进行200 L发酵罐的生产摸拟实验中干酪乳杆菌L.casei1、L.casei2、L.casei3、L.casei5四株菌的褐色活性乳酸菌饮料成品在口感、稳定性及均能满足生产应用要求,具有很好的研究及应用价值。