AA和DHA在婴儿配方奶粉中的应用研究

阐述了配方奶粉中强化AA和DHA对非母乳喂养婴儿营养的重要性,介绍了AA和DHA在婴儿配方奶粉中的应用,评价了AA和DHA添加到婴儿配方奶粉中的稳定性和安全性。     

婴幼儿配方奶粉强化DHA和AA的研究

近年来的研究表明DHA和AA对婴幼儿大脑和视力的正常发育有着重要的生理作用，在婴幼儿，特别是早产儿以及人工喂养的婴幼儿配方食品中添加DHA和AA十分必要。目前，婴幼儿配方奶粉强化DHA和AA已越来越受到世界各国的重视，许多国家已批准强化DHA和AA婴幼儿配方奶粉市场销售。不过，生产和摄取DHA和AA婴幼儿配方奶粉，需要考虑DHA和AA平衡以及摄取量，同时还应注意防止二者的氧化，以确保婴幼儿安全、有效地利用DHA和AA。     

婴幼儿奶粉中脂类成分的调控

母乳是国际公认的婴儿营养的最佳来源,母乳匾乏或不充分,需用其他奶制品补充或替代。本文通过控制生产中的反式脂肪酸含量,调整配方奶粉中的DHA及AA比例,控制EPA的含量,在整个生产过程中通过快速检测及控制,生产出一种适合不超过12个月大的婴幼儿配方奶粉。     

我国母乳脂肪和婴儿配方奶粉油脂研究现状

婴儿最理想的食品是母乳。我国对母乳脂肪的研究主要聚焦于母乳脂肪酸的分析研究,以及关注母乳中长链多不饱和脂肪酸(如AA和DHA)对婴儿健康的影响。国内婴儿配方奶粉油脂目前的设计也限于模仿母乳脂肪酸含量,而没有充分注意到母乳脂肪酸在甘三酯中的位置分布对婴儿消化吸收的重要影响,也没有注意到母乳中含有的脂肪酶能更好地促进消化吸收。综述了近年来国内外母乳脂肪和婴儿配方奶粉油脂研究现状,试图给婴儿配方奶粉企业提供一些参考。     

DHA在婴幼儿奶粉中的应用技术专利分析

DHA(Docosahexaenoic acid)又称二十二碳六烯酸,是母乳中的天然成分,对婴儿的智力发育和视觉功能的完善至关重要。各国研究者将DHA应用于婴幼儿奶粉中以期达到配方奶粉的全营养性,并对此进行了深入广泛的研究,现就DHA在婴幼儿奶粉中的应用技术在全球、国内专利技术的申请情况、分布情况、主要申请人以及专利技术发展情况进行分析。以期为国内研发机构和相关乳品企业对于奶粉产品的开发、专利保护策略以及知识产权布局提供有益的参考和建议。     

乳铁蛋白的功能特性及其在婴儿配方奶粉中的应用

介绍了母乳中乳铁蛋白的功能特性，及其应用在婴儿配方奶粉中对非母乳喂养婴儿营养的重要性，国外有关乳铁蛋白在婴幼儿配方奶粉中的应用情况。探讨了乳铁蛋白在婴儿配方奶粉中应用的研究过程，包括有关配方设计依据、使用的原料、生产工艺流程、检验方法、检验结果等。     

DHA藻油毒理学研究进展

DHA藻油是以裂壶藻（Schizochytrium sp.）或者吾肯氏壶藻（Ulkenia amoeboida）或者寇氏隐甲藻（Crypthecodinium cohnii）等藻种为原料,经生物发酵、提取、冬化、精制、脱色、除臭等过程制得富含DHA的油脂。DHA对人类智力和视力发育至关重要。由于人体不能直接合成,需要通过摄入鱼油或藻油进行获取。DHA藻油相对于鱼油具有DHA含量更高、无重金属污染、EPA含量较低、安全易吸收等优点,目前被广泛应用于配方乳粉、保健食品等产品中,但其加工过程涉及藻类自然发酵过程,这一过程产生了DHA、DPA等重要营养物质,也增加了一定的安全风险。因此开展DHA藻油的毒理学评价以及确定其最高每日安全使用剂量的研究十分必要。本文对目前研究DHA藻油急性、亚急性、亚慢性、慢性、生殖、临床毒理学的文献进行总结和评价,大量临床前动物和临床人体毒理实验发现裂壶藻、吾肯氏壶藻、寇氏隐甲藻三种藻源发酵来源的DHA藻油在最高20700 mg/kg/bw剂量范围内均未表现出相应的毒性,DHA藻油在最高6000 mg/d的给药剂量下,对人体无不良反应,添加DHA藻油后的婴儿配方乳粉不会显著影响婴儿的生长。DHA藻油作为食品原料使用时,在储运贮藏过程中,应注意增加适量的抗氧化剂（抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯和维生素E）以保证原料的功能性和安全性。本文梳理的DHA藻油最高给药剂量结果可为监管部门、相应生产企业制定和推荐DHA藻油的每日安全使用剂量提供数据支撑。     

仿母乳奶油粉的营养功能特性和婴儿配方奶粉干法生产

按母乳脂肪酸组成将玉米油、豆油、茶油、棕榈油进行调配，使亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸接近母乳脂肪；添加婴儿成长发育需要的DHA(二十二碳六烯酸)、AA酸(花生四烯酸)后利用微胶囊技术，采用乳糖(或D90脱盐乳清粉)或糊精、酪蛋白等壁材，经过乳化、均质、喷雾造粒干燥生产婴儿配方奶粉专用仿母乳奶油粉。结果表明，仿母乳奶油粉与牛奶粉和其他营养组分均匀混合(干法)生产婴儿配方奶粉，营养成分及性能与母乳接近，弥补了牛奶粉营养成分的某些不足。仿母乳奶油粉油脂富含亚油酸，赋予了产品更好的流动、乳化和溶解性。     

乳脂肪球膜的特性、开发及在模拟母乳脂肪球结构中的应用

乳脂肪球膜（milk fat globule membrane,MFGM）是包裹在天然乳脂肪球外部的3 层膜状结构,然而牛乳基和大豆基婴儿配方奶粉缺少MFGM,脂肪球结构与母乳存在较大差异,因此添加外源MFGM以及制备与母乳脂肪球结构接近的婴儿配方奶粉成为了近期的研究焦点。本文综述了MFGM的相关特性和生产开发途径,以及牛乳MFGM在仿母乳脂肪球结构乳液和婴儿配方奶粉中的应用。体外模拟婴儿胃肠道消化实验以及啮齿动物体内实验结果表明,仿母乳脂肪球结构乳液和婴儿配方奶粉能够促进婴儿脂肪消化并且改善脂质代谢过程。     

乳铁蛋白的功能特性及其在婴儿配方奶粉中的应用

介绍了母乳中乳铁蛋白的功能特性,及其应用在婴儿配方奶粉中对非母乳喂养婴儿的重要性,以及国内外有关乳铁蛋白在婴儿配方奶粉中的应用情况。并重点探讨了乳铁蛋白在婴儿配方奶粉中应用的研究过程,包括配方设计依据、使用的原料、生产工艺流程和检验结果等。     

泌乳期母乳脂肪酸变化及其多不饱和脂肪酸影响因素

采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定不同泌乳期母乳中脂肪酸的动态变化,并分析乳母血型、生育年龄、孕周、孕前身体质量指数（body mass index,BMI）、分娩方式和婴儿性别、胎次对成熟母乳中与婴儿生长发育直接相关的重要多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）,亚油酸（linoleic acid,LA）、α-亚麻酸（α-linolenic acid,ALA）、花生四烯酸（arachidonic acid,AA）,二十碳五烯酸（eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA）、二十二碳六烯酸（docosahexaenoic acid,DHA）相对含量的影响。结果显示,饱和脂肪酸（saturated fatty acid,SFA）含量在初乳和成熟乳间差异显著（P＜0.05）,单不饱和脂肪酸（monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA）含量随着泌乳期的延长逐渐降低,但差异不显著（P＞0.05）,PUFA含量在各泌乳期无显著差异（P＞0.05）,AA、DHA含量随着泌乳期的延长逐渐降低,在初乳、过渡乳中含量差异均不显著（P＞0.05）,但均显著高于成熟乳中含量（P＜0.05）;母乳中LA含量与婴儿性别有关,ALA含量与乳母孕前BMI有关,母乳中AA、EPA含量与乳母血型有关,DHA含量与乳母孕前BMI、乳母血型有关,均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。     

GC-MS法测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中DHA和亚油酸含量

建立一种气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和亚油酸含量的方法。乙酰氯-甲醇将样品中DHA和亚油酸甲酯化,用甲苯提取,经GC-MS法测定及确证,外标法定量。结果表明,添加回收率范围为96%～110%,精密度高。该方法简便,测定结果准确可靠,完全适合婴幼儿配方奶粉中DHA和亚油酸的分析检测。     

花生四烯酸油脂的产业化生产和工艺改进

花生四烯酸（AA）作为一种新型营养强化剂在婴幼儿配方食品中使用越来越多，它对于婴幼儿的健康发育特别是脑神经发育和视神经发育起着重要作用，同时花生四烯酸（AA）还具有一系列的保健作用，对人们的健康有着重要意义。本文简单介绍了AA的发酵工艺和部分工艺改进。     

花生四烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸 在炎症中的作用概述

心脑血管疾病、肿瘤、糖尿病、神经系统疾病、自身免疫等疾病严重危害着人类的生命和健康,并消耗着大量医疗资源。事实上,很多疾病发生和发展的背后都伴随着炎症反应,炎症是众多疾病的病理基础,甚至是导致这些疾病的诱因。炎症本身是机体的防御性反应,但过度的炎症反应和长期慢性炎症会损害机体的稳态。炎症的调节和控制由炎症介质介导,花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)等长链多不饱和脂肪酸(10ng-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,LC-PUFAs)的衍生物是一类重要的调控炎症的介质。炎性细胞间的交流和细胞内信号传递与LC-PUFAs有关。AA经环氧酶和脂氧合酶合成的类二十烷酸主要起促炎作用,但有的也有抗炎作用。DHA和EPA在体内起抗炎作用,由它们合成的消退素(resolvins,Rvs)和保护素(protectin,PD)是重要的抗炎活性物质。DHA和EPA还可以干扰炎性细胞内信号传导途径来抑制炎症反应。本文从炎症与疾病的关系、LC-PUFAs的衍生物及其促炎和抗炎机制等方面综述了AA、DHA和EPA在炎症中的作用。     

市售婴幼儿配方乳粉中脂肪酸组成分析

对市售的10种不同品牌婴幼儿配方乳粉中脂肪酸组成进行了检测及分析。结果表明:共检出脂肪酸24种,不同品牌乳粉的脂肪酸组成及含量差别很大,棕榈酸含量介于14. 77%与35. 72%之间,亚油酸含量最高达27. 07%,最低仅有4. 68%,7种产品可检出DHA、AA,均未检出EPA;除了1种产品的亚油酸及α-亚麻酸含量偏低,其余脂肪酸含量均符合国家标准,检测结果与母乳之间仍存有差异。婴幼儿配方乳粉的脂肪酸仍需要进行优化以接近母乳来满足婴幼儿的营养需求。     

Cell transformation activities of abietic acid and dehydroabietic acid: safety assessment of possible contaminants in paper and paperboard for food contact use

Abietic acid (AA) and dehydroabietic acid (DHA) have been detected in virgin paper products and recycled paper products used for food packaging. In order to evaluate the cell transformation activities of AA and DHA, the Bhas 42 cell-transformation assay for initiation and promotion was carried out. Tested in the initiation stage, AA and DHA did not significantly increase transformation frequencies. On the other hand, both chemicals induced transformed foci dose dependently at the promotion stage. The highest transformed foci density induced by AA was about 13 foci/well at 60 nmol ml^?1, and that of DHA was about 16 foci/well at 40 nmol ml^?1 (solvent control = 2.3 ± 1.4 foci/well). The present results suggest that AA and DHA may have tumour-promoting potential.     

Stability during storage of LC-PUFA-supplemented infant formula containing single cell oil or egg yolk

The medical community recommends that infant formulae should mimic human milk as far as possible, particularly in regards to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). These include arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), both of which provide biochemical and functional benefits to neonates. However, LC-PUFAs are highly susceptible to oxidation and the composition of formulae must be carefully controlled. In this study, the stability of two types of LC-PUFA-supplemented milk-based powdered infant formula was evaluated over the course of 18 months storage at 25 °C and 40 °C. One contained egg yolk phospholipids (IF-EPL) and the other contained triacylglycerides (DHA and AA) synthesized by single cell oils (IF-SCO). The following parameters were monitored: peroxide values, volatile content (propanal, pentanal and hexanal), fatty acid profiles, and potential and free furfural content (5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde). In addition, these formulae were subjected to sensory evaluations by a panel of experts. The parameters studied revealed acceptable lipid stability in both types of formula, with better results for IF-EPL. At the end of the study period, significant deficits (p < 0.05) in linoleic acid were noted in both formulae. However, no significant decreases were observed in the other fatty acids, including AA and DHA. In regards to furfural content, both formulae exhibited a similar increase, indicative of the typical Maillard reaction characteristic of products stored for long periods.     

True ileal amino acid digestibility of goat and cow milk infant formulas

Goat milk is used as an alternative to cow milk for the production of infant formulas. However, little is known about the protein quality and, specifically, about the digestible AA pattern of goat milk formulas compared with their cow milk counterparts. In this study, the true ileal AA digestibility of a goat milk infant formula was compared with a premium cow milk infant formula. The 3-wk-old piglet was used as a model for the 3-mo-old infant. Both milk formulas were prepared as described by the manufacturer, with titanium dioxide added as an indigestible marker. The formulas were fed to the piglets over a 2-wk trial period. Digesta from the terminal ileum were collected post euthanasia and analyzed for AA content, along with samples of the formulas. True AA digestibility was determined after correcting for endogenous AA loss at the terminal ileum of pigs fed an enzyme-hydrolyzed casein-based diet, followed by ultrafiltration (5,000 Da) of the digesta. Total urine and feces collection was also undertaken to determine the nitrogen retention from the diets. The true ileal AA digestibility was similar between the goat and cow milk infant formulas for all AA except Gly and Trp. There was no significant difference in the nitrogen retention of piglets fed the two different formulas. The goat milk infant formula and the premium cow milk infant formula were similar in terms of protein quality.     

An improved sample preparation method for quantification of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid by HPLC

Ascorbic acid (AA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) are reduced and oxidized forms of vitamin C, which are ubiquitously found in various fruits and vegetables. The present study has evaluated and optimized various factors responsible for AA and DHA stability in grapefruit samples. Furthermore, the optimized method was used to quantify these compounds in different fruits and vegetables. The AA stability in the samples was evaluated by extracting grapefruit juice using 1, 3 and 5 g/100 mL metaphosphoric acid (MPA) and trichloro acetic acid (TCA). The AA levels were stable in grapefruit samples extracted with 1, 3 and 5 g/100 mL MPA, whereas TCA extracts showed degradation in 48 h. Among the three reducing agents studied, tris(2-carboxy ethyl) phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP) has efficiently converted DHA at all concentrations and the samples were stable for 48 h at 2.5 mmol/L TCEP. Lower pH favored complete conversion of DHA by TCEP than dithiothreitol. Among various fruits and vegetables analyzed, the highest levels of AA (260.1 mg/100 g) were observed in guava and DHA (58.6 mg/100 g) in parsley samples. The current optimized method prevents the degradation of AA and DHA from fruit and vegetable samples stored at room temperature for two days.