酒精阳性水牛乳乳成分及理化性质的研究

本研究连续一年观测了摩拉水牛、尼里-拉菲水牛、一代杂水牛和三品杂水牛4个种水牛乳64%的不同季节的酒精阳性发生率、乳成分、理化性质,并比较了酒精阳性乳、阴性乳与乳样总体的差异。结果表明,纯种河流型水牛(摩拉水牛、尼里-拉菲水牛)乳酒精阳性率低于两个杂交水牛(三品杂水牛、一代杂水牛),各品种水牛乳均以2~4月和8~10月的阳性率为最高。低酸度酒精阳性乳(12~18oT)占据了酒精阳性乳的52.9%~64.1%。酒精阳性乳的乳蛋白、乳固体、非脂乳固体、酸度均显著高于阴性乳和乳样总体平均值,但冰点低于乳样总体平均值。可见不同品种水牛乳不能用同一酒精浓度进行检验;酒精阳性率可反映水牛应激或营养状况;较高的乳蛋白、非脂乳固体、总乳固体、酸度以及较低的冰点是酒精阳性水牛乳的特征;酸度和冰点是品种间酒精阳性率差异的主要因素。     

牛奶蛋白质酒精试验稳定性方法的研究

针对乳品厂酒精试验存在的一些问题,对酒精试验检测方法进行改进,以提高酒精试验的精确度、准确度。分别采用牛奶与酒精1：1和1：2的两种方法检测,在20℃下检测奶样（原料乳和成品）,测定不同pH值下酒精试验敏感性和稳定性的变化（用酒精度表示）。结果表明,无论是对于原料乳还是成品其酒精稳定性均随pH值的增加而增大,所以欲判断乳样新鲜程度应是由该乳样的pH值和酒精度两项指标所共同决定,而不是由酒精度这一项单一指标所决定：无论是对于原料乳还是成品其牛奶与酒精1：2的变异系数都明显小于牛奶与酒精1：1的变异系数,从而看出牛奶与酒精1：2大大提高了酒精试验的精确度、准确度。     

锅底添加酒精串蒸工艺的探讨

粮食白酒生产中，在锅底添加高浓度的酒精，以提高蒸馏过程中酒精浓度，能将存于酒尾和蒸酒后醅子中的酯，醛，酸等成分更加有效地提取到成品酒中，减少了酒尾的量，达到了增己降乳且已乳比更为理想的效果，提高了原酒的产量和质量。     

乳铁蛋白的开发现状与前景

乳铁蛋白是天然存在于人乳或牛奶中的一种含铁糖蛋白。据测定，人乳中乳铁蛋白的含量约为同量牛奶的10倍!营养学界认为，乳铁蛋白的主要作用是抗菌、抗病毒、消炎及增强机体免疫力等。这就是母乳喂养的婴儿不易生病的原因，母乳中含有的乳铁蛋白是优异的“天然抗菌蛋白”。早在20世纪40年代，西方研究人员在分离牛奶中的蛋白质类成分时，发现有一种浅红色的物质，     

巴氏杀菌乳中糠醛类化合物质量分数研究

采用高效液相色谱法针对不同品牌巴氏杀菌乳中的糠醛类化合物质量分数展开研究，结果显示大部分巴氏杀菌乳中羟甲基糠醛质量分数在10μg/100 g牛奶以下，少部分品牌在15～30μg/100 g之间，糠醛质量分数均在3μg/100 g以下，未检测到2-呋喃甲基酮和甲基糠醛。进而选择3个巴氏杀菌乳产品，对其保质期内糠醛类化合物质量分数变化展开研究。随着储存时间的延长，巴氏杀菌乳中的糠醛类化合物质量分数整体呈现下降趋势。     

纤维素酶法测定巴氏杀菌乳中微晶纤维素的研究

应用透析处理、纤维素酶水解与还原糖测定的流程对巴氏杀菌乳中的微晶纤维素进行检测。结果表明,纤维素酶在巴氏杀菌乳中活性稳定,可有效地水解牛奶中的MCC产生还原糖,MCC的检测限达到0.5 mg/mL以下。本研究提供了牛奶中MCC检测的新方法,为乳制品质量控制探索了新的途径。     

乳中碱性磷酸酶活性测定方法研究进展

碱性磷酸酶(ALP,EC 3.1.3.1)是乳中天然存在的一种酶,该酶作为一种热处理强度指指标被广泛应用于评价牛奶巴氏杀菌是否彻底或巴氏杀菌后是否污染有生鲜乳.关于乳中ALP活性的测定不断有新的方法提出,本文对乳中ALP活性的测定方法进行了综述.     

原料乳不良风味的形成及其控制

牛奶的风味是评价牛奶品质的一项重要的感官指标。要获得风味纯正的原料乳，必须从牛奶的饲养、挤奶、贮运到乳品加工的各个环节加以管理控制。本文主要分析了原料乳不良风味的形成因素，并提出相应的控制措施，为牛场及乳品厂生产风味纯正的乳制品提供参考。原料乳正常风味形成机理     

牛奶过敏原PCR检测方法的建立

牛奶是主要的食品过敏原之一,其中β-乳球蛋白是引起牛奶过敏的主要成分。基于牛奶β-乳球蛋白基因序列设计一对PCR引物,经过反应条件的优化,建立了适合检测牛奶β-乳球蛋白过敏原的PCR方法。实验结果表明,当PCR反应体系中模板DNA量为25ng,引物浓度为4mmol/L时,检测效果最佳。所建立的方法不仅可用于不同保质期、不同来源牛奶β-乳球蛋白过敏原的测定,亦可用于牛、羊奶不同比例混合物中β-乳球蛋白过敏原的检测。     

生乳中血乳的定性检测方法的研究

牛奶中混有血液和血红蛋白时,在临床上称为血乳。临床乳房炎发病比较急,主要以红肿热痛、机能障碍为特征,乳汁有明显的变化,奶量急剧下降、有絮状物、乳凝块、脓汁等,乳汁变稀,重者呈水样、甚至呈血样,机体伴有发烧、精神沉郁等,从而产生大量异常乳,如血乳。为了确保牛奶质量,有必要在原料乳收购过程中,进行血乳项目的检测,特别是乳房炎病等多发季节。本文对原方法中试剂配置方法进行改进研究,提高了检验效率,并降低了剧毒药品对试验人员的人身危害。本方法检出限为0．05mg／kg。     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发，介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

天然香精香料与生物技术

天然香精香料是高价值的精细化工产品和食品添加剂,但原料来源有限且提取成本高。利用生物技术生产这类产品具有广阔的前景。简述了发酵工程、酶工程、细胞工程和基因工程在香精香料中的应用,并探讨了生物技术在香精香料中的应用前景。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.     

酚类物质的结构与性质及其与葡萄及葡萄酒的关系

酚类物质是一类大而复杂的化合物。葡萄与葡萄酒中常见的酚类物质可分为类黄酮和非类黄酮两大类，它们是葡萄中重要的次生代谢产物，与葡萄的抗病性、采后生理、贮存、保鲜等密切相关。葡萄酒中的酚类物质来自于葡萄果实、果梗、酵母代谢以及橡木桶，参与形成葡萄酒的味道、骨架、结构和颜色等，对红葡萄酒的特征和质量尤其重要。