pH和多聚磷酸盐对不同类型鸡肉热诱导凝胶保水性的影响

主要研究了多聚磷酸盐及pH对鸡肉盐溶蛋白质热诱导凝胶保水性的影响。结果表明,形成胸肉、腿肉良好凝胶的pH分别为6.5、6.9;影响胸肉凝胶保水性因素的主次顺序为焦磷酸钠(SP)>三聚磷酸钠(STP)>六偏磷酸钠(HMP),影响腿肉凝胶保水性因素的主次顺序为六偏磷酸钠(HMP)>焦磷酸钠(SP)>三聚磷酸钠(STP)。胸肉和腿肉在不同的条件下形成凝胶的保水性各异,胸肉的最大保水性为98%,腿肉的最大保水性为90%。     

复合磷酸盐食品添加剂对猪肉丸保水效果影响的研究

为了提高猪肉丸的含水量,将淀粉、卡拉胶、大豆分离蛋白、三聚磷酸钠(STP)、焦磷酸钠(SAP)和六偏磷酸钠(HMP)不同功能的食品添加剂进行复配添加到猪肉丸中。结果表明:当淀粉、卡拉胶、大豆分离蛋白、复合磷酸盐的添加量分别为6%、0.4%、6%,0.2%,复合磷酸盐(STP∶SAP∶HMP)的最佳配比为0.75∶1∶1时,达到提高肉丸含水量的作用;三种磷酸盐中影响肉丸保水效果的因素主次关系为STP>SAP>HMP,且STP对肉丸的保水效果有显著影响。     

复合磷酸盐对鸡肉制品质构特性的影响研究

主要研究了焦磷酸钠(SAP)、三聚磷酸钠(STP)、六偏磷酸钠(HMP)三种盐复合后对鸡肉制品质构特性及蒸煮得率和色泽的影响。结果表明:当复合磷酸盐的配比为2:3:1(SAP:STP:HMP),添加量为0.30%时,鸡肉制品的硬度、弹性、粘着性、咀嚼性、回复性、蒸煮得率及颜色亮度(L*)值均较好。影响鸡肉制品质构特性的主次顺序为STPSAPHMP。     

超高压处理对低磷酸盐鸡胸肉盐溶蛋白凝胶的影响

采用混料回归试验设计方法,对300MPa、25℃、10min超高压处理鸡胸肉盐溶蛋白所添加的低含量复合磷酸盐的配比情况进行研究。结果表明:为达到良好的保水性能,未经超高压处理样品的最佳复合磷酸盐配比为m(焦磷酸钠(DSPP)):m(三聚磷酸钠(STPP)):m(六偏磷酸钠(HMP))=41:42.3:16.7,高压处理样品的最佳复合磷酸盐配比为m(DSPP):m(STPP):m(HMP)=38.9:44.4:16.7。超高压处理过的鸡胸肉盐溶蛋白凝胶的保水性比未经高压处理组样品显著提高。对照组DSPP、STPP以及DSPP、HMP的协同作用对保水性的影响较大,高压组则为DSPP、HMP以及STPP、HMP的协同作用对保水性影响比较大。在100MPa时,质量分数0.15%复合磷酸盐添加的鸡肉糜制品可以达到与质量分数0.30%复合磷酸盐添加的鸡肉糜制品的保水性相似的效果,初步说明可以在生产中使用超高压处理以达到减少复合磷酸盐的添加量而不显著影响制品保水性的效果。     

多聚磷酸盐对兔肉腰大肌和后腿肉盐溶蛋白凝胶特性的影响

用不同的多聚磷酸盐配比，即酸性焦磷酸钠(APP)、三聚磷酸钠(STP)、六偏磷酸钠(HMP)分别对兔肉的腰大肌和后腿肉提取盐溶蛋白，制备热诱导凝胶，通过保水性和组织状态来评价其作用效果。结果显示，腰大肌的保水性好于后腿肉的保水性，且二者的最佳磷酸盐配比也不一致。     

罗非鱼盐溶蛋白提取条件的响应面优化及其热诱导凝胶持水性的研究

运用响应曲面分析法对罗非鱼鱼肉盐溶蛋白提取条件进行优化,并研究不同磷酸盐对其盐溶蛋白热诱导凝胶持水性的影响。研究结果表明:罗非鱼鱼肉盐溶蛋白的最佳提取条件是:盐浓度0.63mol/L,pH7.3,提取时间15.9h,固液比1∶20,此时提取的盐溶蛋白含量为24.35mg/g;不同磷酸盐对热诱导凝胶的持水作用不同,当3种磷酸盐添加量分别为焦磷酸钠(SAP)0.15%、三聚磷酸钠(STP)0.2%、六偏磷酸钠(HMP)0.10%时,对热诱导凝胶的持水作用最强,持水率为80.47%。     

低场NMR结合响应面法优化复合磷酸盐保水剂配比

采用低场核磁共振技术研究焦磷酸钠(TSPP)、三聚磷酸钠(STPP)、六偏磷酸钠(HMP)对鲈鱼肌肉持水特性的影响.以可移动水的积分峰面积为指标,在单因素试验基础上,采用响应曲面法(response surface methodology,RSM)优化复合磷酸盐的配比.经多聚磷酸盐溶液浸渍,继而蒸煮处理后的鲈鱼肌肉的低场NMR谱拟合后得到的水有4个峰,合并为对应水的3种状态,即不可移动水、可移动水和自由水,这3种水分别对应的横向驰豫时间是T21、T22、T23.影响鱼肉保水性因素的主次顺序为TSPP＞STPP＞HMP,且TSPP对鱼肉保水效果具有显著影响,复合磷酸盐(焦磷酸钠-多聚磷酸钠-六偏磷酸钠)的优化配方为:焦磷酸钠溶液1.74%、三聚磷酸钠溶液3.03%、六偏磷酸钠溶液0.92%.低场核磁共振谱能很好地表征肌内组织内部水分的状态以及复合磷酸盐配比对鲈鱼肌肉保水性的影响,可用于对复合磷酸盐配比的筛选.本研究结果可为磷酸盐在水产品中的加工与应用提供一定的理论依据.     

磷酸盐混合物对鸡胸肉盐溶蛋白凝胶特性的影响

本试验以艾维茵肉鸡鸡胸肉为试材,采用混料回归试验设计,在特定的条件下加入不同配比的磷酸盐TSPP、STPP、HMP,提取盐溶蛋白,制备热诱导凝胶。通过蛋白含量及其组分、凝胶保水性、流变性的测定,筛选最适磷酸盐混合物。结果表明,不同磷酸盐混合物改善凝胶特性的程度不同。在0.01mol/LMgCl2、0.6mol/LNaCl和pH7.0条件下,改善鸡胸肉盐溶蛋白凝胶特性的最佳磷酸盐配比为TSPP:STPP:HMP=1/3:5/12:1/4。当这种磷酸盐混合物的添加量为3g/kg时,可使鸡胸肉盐溶蛋白凝胶保水性和流变特性保持较高水平。     

复合磷酸盐对建昌鸭肉脯出品率和品质的影响

研究焦磷酸钠(SPP)、三聚磷酸钠(STP)和六偏磷酸钠(SHMP)的添加量对鸭肉脯出品率和品质的影响,通过单因素试验和三元二次正交旋转试验,确定3种磷酸盐复合的最佳搭配比例和最适添加量.结果显示:SPP、STP、SHMP均能提高肉脯的出品率,但不同种类磷酸盐对肉脯的作用效果存在差异性,其作用效果由大到小的顺序依次为STP＞SPP＞SHMP;当磷酸盐添加配比为STP 0.10％、SPP 0.18％、SHMP 0.05％时,肉脯的出品率最高.     

磷酸盐对肌球蛋白热凝胶硬度、保水性和超微结构的影响

本文研究了焦磷酸钠(SPP)、三聚磷酸钠(TPP)和六偏磷酸钠(HMP)对肌球蛋白热诱导凝胶硬度、保水性和超微结构的影响。结果显示：SPP和TPP使凝胶硬度下降，HMP则相反：SPP和TPP可降低PM和提高SMp凝胶的保水性，而HMP可增大两者保水性；扫描电子显微镜观察凝胶超微结构发现，SPP、TPP使得蛋白凝胶网络中交联轴变长，孔洞直径变大，HMP的影响程度要小于前两者。     

响应面法优化复合食品添加剂对猪肉蒸煮出品率工艺研究

为了提高猪肉的蒸煮出品率,首先将三聚磷酸钠∶焦磷酸钠∶六偏磷酸钠按4∶3∶2比例复配成复合磷酸盐添加剂。以猪肉蒸煮出品率为评价指标,在单因素工艺试验的基础上,应用响应面分析法对复合磷酸盐、谷氨酰胺转胺酶、大豆分离蛋白、卡拉胶添加量进行优化,结果表明,最佳添加量为复合磷酸盐0.36%、TG酶0.60%、卡拉胶0.20%、大豆分离蛋白0.41%,在此条件下,猪肉蒸煮出品率可达到89.5311%。验证试验猪肉蒸煮出品率为(89.1±0.4)%,表明实验结果与软件优化结果相符。     

淀粉对磷酸化的虾蛄肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响

将马铃薯、木薯和玉米淀粉分别添加到磷酸化的虾蛄肌原纤维蛋白中,探讨在不同淀粉添加量、不同三聚磷酸钠添加量及不同温度下对磷酸化蛋白所形成凝胶特性的影响。结果表明：随着三聚磷酸钠添加量的增加,3 种淀粉形成的复合蛋白凝胶强度和保水性均提高;随着淀粉添加量的增加,马铃薯、木薯淀粉对复合蛋白的凝胶特性有显著影响（P＜0.05）,玉米淀粉对蛋白凝胶特性没有显著影响（P＞0.05）;随着温度的升高,3 种淀粉均能使蛋白的凝胶强度升高,但保水性下降。本研究结果为进一步研究虾蛄中肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性以及淀粉的利用提供了一定的基础。     

磷酸盐和转谷氨酰胺酶对鸡肉肠出品率和硬度的影响

本文主要研究了焦磷酸钠(SPP)、三聚磷酸钠(STP)和六偏磷酸钠(SHMP)对鸡肉肠出品率的影响,并采用L9(34)正交试验设计确定了鸡肉肠中添加复合磷酸盐的最佳配比;通过复合磷酸盐(0.2%、0.3%、0.4%)与转谷氨酰胺酶(0.4%、0.6%、0.8%)析因实验,分析了复合磷酸盐与转谷氨酰胺酶对鸡肉肠质构特性的影响。结果显示,复合磷酸盐的最优配比为STP:SPP:SHMP为4:2:3;复合磷酸盐能显著提高鸡肉肠出品率;转谷氨酰胺酶能显著提高鸡肉肠硬度;二者之间对肉制品出品率及硬度均无显著性交互作用。     

食用胶对虾蛄中磷酸化肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响

将魔芋胶、卡拉胶、黄原胶分别添加到虾蛄磷酸化肌原纤维蛋白中,在不同食用胶、三聚磷酸钠添加量及不同温度下形成凝胶,研究食用胶对磷酸化蛋白凝胶特性的影响。结果表明：随着三聚磷酸钠添加量的增加,3 种食用胶形成的蛋白凝胶强度和保水性均提高;随着食用胶添加量的增加,卡拉胶与黄原胶形成的蛋白凝胶强度和保水性提高,魔芋胶添加量为0.1%时,其蛋白凝胶强度最高;随着温度的升高,魔芋胶与卡拉胶均对蛋白凝胶强度和保水性有显著性影响（P＜0.05）,但黄原胶对凝胶强度和保水性无显著影响（P＞0.05）。     

Effects of Different End‐Point Cooking Temperatures on the Efficiency of Encapsulated Phosphates on Lipid Oxidation Inhibition in Ground Meat

Effects of 0.5% encapsulated (e) phosphates (sodium tripolyphosphate, STP; sodium hexametaphosphate, HMP; sodium pyrophosphate, SPP) on lipid oxidation during storage (0, 1, and 7 d) of ground meat (chicken, beef) after being cooked to 3 end‐point cooking temperatures (EPCT; 71, 74, and 77 °C) were evaluated. The use of STP or eSTP resulted in lower (P < 0.05) cooking loss (CL) compared to encapsulated or unencapsulated forms of HMP and SPP. Increasing EPCT led to a significant increase in CL (P < 0.05). Both STP and eSTP increased pH, whereas SPP and eSPP decreased pH (P < 0.05). The higher orthophosphate (OP) was obtained with STP or SPP compared to their encapsulated counterparts (P < 0.05). The lowest OP was determined in samples with HMP or eHMP (P < 0.05). A 77 °C EPCT resulted in lower OP in chicken compared to 74 and 71 °C (P < 0.05), dissimilar to beef, where EPCT did not affect OP. In encapsulated or unencapsulated form, using STP and SPP enhanced reduction in TBARS and lipid hydroperoxides (LPO) compared with HMP (P < 0.05). Regardless of the phosphate type, more effective lipid oxidation inhibition was achieved by the use of encapsulated forms (P < 0.05). Increasing EPCT resulted in lower TBARS in beef and higher LPO values in both beef and chicken samples (P < 0.05). Findings suggest that encapsulated phosphates can be a strategy to inhibit lipid oxidation for meat industry and the efficiency of encapsulated phosphates on lipid oxidation inhibition can be enhanced by lowering EPCT.     

猪肉盐溶蛋白质热诱导凝胶功能特性的研究

以猪背最长肌为材料,采用L9(34)正交设计及混料回归分析研究了猪背最长肌盐溶蛋白质热诱导凝胶保水性和凝胶超微结构。结果表明,猪背最长肌最佳提取条件为MgCl2浓度0.01mol/L、NaCl浓度0.6mol/L、提取液pH7.0,其凝胶的保水性为69.26%。扫描电镜研究结果显示,保水性不同的凝胶,其超微结构表现出很大的差异, 保水性为69.26%,其凝胶的网络比较均匀、细致,蛋白束平滑;保水性为37.81%,其凝胶的网状结构粗糙、疏松、不均匀。     

Encapsulated phosphates reduce lipid oxidation in both ground chicken and ground beef during raw and cooked meat storage with some influence on color,pH, and cooking loss

Effects of encapsulated sodium tripolyphosphate (STP), sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP) and sodium pyrophosphate (SPP) on lipid oxidation in uncooked (0, 2, 24 h) and cooked (0, 1, 7 d) ground chicken and beef during storage were determined. Ten phosphate treatments included a control (no phosphate), three unencapsulated (u) at 0.5% and three encapsulated (e) phosphates (0.5%) each at a low (e-low) and high (e-high) coating level. Two heating rates (slow, fast) were investigated. Cooking loss (CL), pH, color, orthophosphate (OP), TBARS and lipid hydroperoxides (LPO) were determined. A fast heating and uSTP resulted in lower CL (p < 0.05). Orthophosphate increased with phosphate incorporation, slow heating and storage (p < 0.05). Encapsulated phosphates and increased coating level reduced OP (p < 0.05). Unencapsulated STP increased CIE a* and pH, whereas uSPP decreased CIE a* and pH (p < 0.05). Encapsulated phosphates and the greater coating level had no effect on the pH in cooked samples. Not increased coating level but encapsulated phosphates decreased lipid oxidation in cooked samples (p < 0.05).     

磷酸盐-大豆分离蛋白联合处理对草鱼肌原纤维蛋白凝胶化的影响

为探讨磷酸盐(三聚磷酸钠、六偏磷酸钠、焦磷酸钠(tetrasodium pyrophosphate,TSPP))和大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolate,SPI)对草鱼肌原纤维蛋白凝胶化的影响,采用热处理方法,将不同质量浓度的磷酸盐、SPI与草鱼肌原纤维蛋白混合制成凝胶.用黏度、嫩度、持水性、显微结构和粗...     

Nitrite-cured color and phosphate-mediated water binding of pork muscle proteins as affected by calcium in the curing solution

Calcium is a mineral naturally present in water and may be included into meat products during processing thereby influencing meat quality. Phosphates improve myofibril swelling and meat water-holding capacity (WHC) but can be sensitive to calcium precipitation. In this study, pork shoulder meat was used to investigate the impact of calcium at 0, 250, and 500 ppm and phosphate type [sodium pyrophosphate (PP), tripolyphosphate (TPP), and hexametaphopshate (HMP)] at 10 mM on nitrite-cured protein extract color at various pH levels (5.5, 6.0, and 6.5) and crude myofibril WHC at pH 6.0. Neither calcium nor phosphates present in the curing brines significantly affected the cured color. Increasing the pH tended to promote the formation of metmyoglobin instead of nitrosylmyoglobin. The ability of PP to enhance myofibril WHC was hampered (P < 0.05) by increasing the calcium concentration due to PP precipitation. Calcium also decreased the solubility of TPP but did not influence its enhancement of WHC. On the other hand, HMP was more tolerant of calcium but the soluble Ca-HMP complex was less effective than free HMP to promote water binding by myofibrils. The depressed muscle fiber swelling responding to added calcium as evidenced by phase contrast microscopy substantiated, to a certain extent, the deleterious effect of calcium, suggesting that hardness of curing water can significantly affect the quality of cured meat products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Although not affecting nitrite-cured color, calcium hampers the efficacy of phosphates to promote water binding by muscle proteins, underscoring the importance of water quality for brine-enhanced meat products.