响应面法优化复合食品添加剂对猪肉蒸煮出品率的研究

为了提高猪肉的保水性,以猪肉蒸煮出品率为评价指标,首先将三聚磷酸钠、焦磷酸钠、六偏磷酸钠按4∶3∶2比例复配成复合磷酸盐添加到猪肉中,猪肉的蒸煮出品率为85.47%。在单因素工艺实验的基础上,应用响应面分析法对复合磷酸盐、谷氨酰胺转氨酶、大豆分离蛋白、卡拉胶添加量进行优化,结果表明,最佳添加量为复合磷酸盐0.36%、TG酶0.60%、卡拉胶0.20%、大豆分离蛋白0.41%,在此条件下,猪肉蒸煮出品率可达到89.5311%。验证实验猪肉蒸煮出品率为89.1%±0.4%,表明实验结果与软件优化结果相符。     

复合磷酸盐对猪肉丸质构的影响

磷酸盐是目前世界各国应用最广泛的食品品质改良剂,在食品生产的各个领域,对食品品质的提高和改善有着不可替代的作用,尤其在肉类工业中能显著提高肉品品质。本实验以猪肉为原料,研究复合磷酸盐的添加量对猪肉肉丸质构特性的影响,在单因素实验确定因素水平的基础上,以肉丸的质构特性、物性学检验为评价指标,对猪肉肉丸质构特性(TPA)进行测定。通过实验确定了淀粉、卡拉胶、大豆分离蛋白的适合添加量,通过单因素和正交试验,确定了三种磷酸盐的添加量,确定了淀粉的添加量为6%、卡拉胶的添加量为0.4%、大豆分离蛋白的添加量为4%、三种磷酸盐的总添加量为0.3%(其中三聚磷酸钠∶焦磷酸钠∶六偏磷酸钠=1∶1∶0.75)时,能显著改善肉丸的质构特性。     

复合保水剂及异抗坏血酸钠对乳化肠乳化性的影响

研究复合保水剂芋头、卡拉胶、大豆分离蛋白和异抗坏血酸钠对乳化肠保水性与保油性的影响,以总压出汁液率、蒸煮损失、保油性和感官评定为指标,通过单因素试验和中心组合试验,运用响应面法优化工艺参数,建立多元二次回归方程,优选出乳化肠的保水性与保油性的最佳工艺参数。结果表明芋头添加量7.02%、卡拉胶添加量0.51%、大豆分离蛋白添加量5.13%、异抗坏血酸钠添加量0.06%时,与预测值基本一致。     

速冻奥尔良鸡腿排保水剂配方的研究

为提高速冻奥尔良鸡腿排的出品率和多汁性,增加产品竞争力,对速冻奥尔良鸡腿排的保水剂最佳使用方案进行了研究。以复合磷酸盐、卡拉胶、玉米淀粉、木薯淀粉和大豆分离蛋白为速冻奥尔良鸡腿排保水性的影响因素,以出品率和感官评分为评价指标,应用单因素和正交试验,确定保水剂的最佳使用配方。结果表明:复合磷酸盐为0.45%、玉米淀粉5%、卡拉胶为0.35%、大豆分离蛋白1.5%、及木薯淀粉4%。在此条件下产品的出品率达到104.67%。     

食品添加剂对反复冻融猪肉蒸煮损失率的影响

为了提高猪肉反复冻融后的保水性,以猪肉蒸煮损失率为评价指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面分析法对大豆蛋白、复合磷酸盐、黄原胶添加量进行优化。结果表明,大豆蛋白、复合磷酸盐、黄原胶的最佳添加量分别为0.39%、0.31%、0.38%。在此条件下,猪肉的蒸煮损失率为25.4288%,验证试验得猪肉蒸煮损失率为25.88%,试验结果与优化结果相符。     

复合磷酸盐、谷氨酰胺转氨酶、大豆分离蛋白对新型鸭肉火腿保水特性和感官品质的影响

为研究复合磷酸盐、谷氨酰胺转氨酶、大豆分离蛋白对新型鸭肉火腿保水特性和感官品质的影响,通过单因素和L9（34）正交试验,以蒸煮损失、低场核磁共振自旋-自弛豫时间（T2）和感官品质为参考指标,确定最适添加量。结果表明：单独添加复合磷酸盐或大豆分离蛋白可以显著改善新型鸭肉火腿的蒸煮损失（P＜0.05）,添加大于0.5%的谷氨酰胺转氨酶会显著降低鸭肉火腿的保水性（P＜0.05）。通过正交试验优化得出的最佳添加量为：复合磷酸盐0.3%、谷氨酰胺转氨酶0.4%、大豆分离蛋白4%。应用此工艺,能够明显改善鸭肉火腿的保水特性和感官品质。     

鸡肉丸辅料成分对产品质量的影响

本文研究了低成本鸡肉丸生产中,主要辅料成分食盐、卡拉胶、大豆分离蛋白、碳酸氢钠、淀粉、复合磷酸盐、水对成品的弹性、保水率和感官的影响。结果表明主要辅料最佳添加量为:食盐2%、卡拉胶0.35%、大豆分离蛋白1.0%、碳酸氢钠0.13%、淀粉15%、复合磷酸盐0.25%、水30%。     

复合磷酸盐食品添加剂对猪肉丸保水效果影响的研究

为了提高猪肉丸的含水量,将淀粉、卡拉胶、大豆分离蛋白、三聚磷酸钠(STP)、焦磷酸钠(SAP)和六偏磷酸钠(HMP)不同功能的食品添加剂进行复配添加到猪肉丸中。结果表明:当淀粉、卡拉胶、大豆分离蛋白、复合磷酸盐的添加量分别为6%、0.4%、6%,0.2%,复合磷酸盐(STP∶SAP∶HMP)的最佳配比为0.75∶1∶1时,达到提高肉丸含水量的作用;三种磷酸盐中影响肉丸保水效果的因素主次关系为STP>SAP>HMP,且STP对肉丸的保水效果有显著影响。     

品质改良剂对猪肉丸品质的影响

研究复合磷酸盐、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)、转谷氨酰胺酶(TG酶)、卡拉胶在单独添加及复配添加的情况下对猪肉丸品质的影响。利用质构仪测定指标参数,经数据分析处理后确定主要影响因素以及复配最优组合。结果表明:复合磷酸盐、CMC-Na、TG酶、卡拉胶单一添加都对猪肉丸的感官、质构和蒸煮损失率有影响;在复配中,复合磷酸盐和TG酶为主要影响因素,其次是卡拉胶、CMC-Na。最优配方为复合磷酸盐添加量0.25%、CMC-Na添加量0.35%、TG酶添加量0.30%、卡拉胶添加量0.25%。     

无磷保水剂在甜玉米成型鸡块中的应用

为增加甜玉米成型鸡块的保水性和安全性,选用食盐、淀粉、大豆分离蛋白以及卡拉胶作为混合磷酸盐的替代物。以油炸损失率和感官评分为指标,通过单因素和正交试验优化了无磷保水剂的最佳配比。结果表明:与其他种类淀粉相比,玉米变性淀粉可以较好的降低成型鸡块的油炸损失率和提高鸡块的感官品质。无磷保水剂对油炸损失率影响的大小依次为大豆分离蛋白、食盐、卡拉胶、玉米变性淀粉最小。四种配料的最佳配比是食盐添加量为1.5%,大豆分离蛋白添加量为9%,玉米变性淀粉添加量为7%,卡拉胶添加量为0.4%。     

复合磷酸盐对鸡肉制品质构特性的影响研究

主要研究了焦磷酸钠(SAP)、三聚磷酸钠(STP)、六偏磷酸钠(HMP)三种盐复合后对鸡肉制品质构特性及蒸煮得率和色泽的影响。结果表明:当复合磷酸盐的配比为2:3:1(SAP:STP:HMP),添加量为0.30%时,鸡肉制品的硬度、弹性、粘着性、咀嚼性、回复性、蒸煮得率及颜色亮度(L*)值均较好。影响鸡肉制品质构特性的主次顺序为STPSAPHMP。     

复合磷酸盐对鲜切猪里脊肉肌球蛋白凝胶保水性的影响研究

本文研究了焦磷酸钠(SAP)、三聚磷酸钠(STP)、六偏磷酸钠(HMP)及复合磷酸盐对猪肉肌球蛋白凝胶保水性的影响.结果显示:当复合磷酸盐的配比为2:1:1(SAP:STP:HMP),添加量为0.2%时,可获得最佳的感官品质和较好凝胶保水性,影响凝胶保水性因素的主次顺序为SAP＞HMP＞STP,且SAP和HMP对凝胶保水效果具有显著影响.     

Effects of Different End‐Point Cooking Temperatures on the Efficiency of Encapsulated Phosphates on Lipid Oxidation Inhibition in Ground Meat

Effects of 0.5% encapsulated (e) phosphates (sodium tripolyphosphate, STP; sodium hexametaphosphate, HMP; sodium pyrophosphate, SPP) on lipid oxidation during storage (0, 1, and 7 d) of ground meat (chicken, beef) after being cooked to 3 end‐point cooking temperatures (EPCT; 71, 74, and 77 °C) were evaluated. The use of STP or eSTP resulted in lower (P < 0.05) cooking loss (CL) compared to encapsulated or unencapsulated forms of HMP and SPP. Increasing EPCT led to a significant increase in CL (P < 0.05). Both STP and eSTP increased pH, whereas SPP and eSPP decreased pH (P < 0.05). The higher orthophosphate (OP) was obtained with STP or SPP compared to their encapsulated counterparts (P < 0.05). The lowest OP was determined in samples with HMP or eHMP (P < 0.05). A 77 °C EPCT resulted in lower OP in chicken compared to 74 and 71 °C (P < 0.05), dissimilar to beef, where EPCT did not affect OP. In encapsulated or unencapsulated form, using STP and SPP enhanced reduction in TBARS and lipid hydroperoxides (LPO) compared with HMP (P < 0.05). Regardless of the phosphate type, more effective lipid oxidation inhibition was achieved by the use of encapsulated forms (P < 0.05). Increasing EPCT resulted in lower TBARS in beef and higher LPO values in both beef and chicken samples (P < 0.05). Findings suggest that encapsulated phosphates can be a strategy to inhibit lipid oxidation for meat industry and the efficiency of encapsulated phosphates on lipid oxidation inhibition can be enhanced by lowering EPCT.     

虾蛄肌原纤维蛋白磷酸化工艺及其在虾蛄肉制品中的应用

研究多聚磷酸盐磷酸化虾蛄肌原纤维蛋白的最佳工艺条件,并探究复合磷酸盐在虾蛄肉制品中的应用。采用三聚磷酸钠(STP)、焦磷酸钠(SPP)、三偏磷酸钠(STMP)分别对虾蛄肌原纤维蛋白进行磷酸化改性,在单因素实验的基础上,利用响应面法优化虾蛄肌原纤维蛋白磷酸化条件,结果表明:STP最佳工艺条件为:反应pH8.0、STP添加量4%、反应时间2.0 h,所得磷酸化程度为102.87 mg/g;SPP最佳磷酸化条件为:反应pH7.5、SPP添加量2%、反应时间2.0 h,所得磷酸化程度为96.41 mg/g;STMP最佳磷酸化条件为:反应pH8.0、STMP添加量4%、反应时间2.5 h,所得磷酸化程度为76.53 mg/g。在此基础上,探究4组不同比例复合磷酸盐对新型果蔬虾饼品质的影响,结果表明:复合磷酸盐可显著降低虾饼的蒸煮损失和在加工过程中抗坏血酸含量的损失(p<0.05),并提高其质构特性;当STP:SPP:STMP比例为2:1:2时,能显著改善虾蛄肉制品的品质(p<0.05),证实了磷酸化改性的可行性。     

Processing Ingredients Affecting Oxidative and Textural Stability of Restructured Beef Roasts

Restructured beef roasts containing 0.3% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) and 1% soy protein isolate (SPI); or STP only; or SPI only; or no STP or SPI were cooked at 70 or 100°C to an internal temperature of 65°C, then stored at 4°C for 0 and 3 days. In control roasts, the higher cooking temperature resulted in higher (p ≤ 0.05) TBA values. STP and SPI inhibited oxidation but the effect was not detected sensorially. Significant interactions (p ≤ 0.05) indicated that STP was more effective at higher cooking temperatures and SPI at lower temperatures. Total moisture of the cooked product was significantly greater with STP but no differences in juiciness and tenderness were detected sensorially.     

Effect of α-Tocopherol, β-Carotene, and Sodium Tripolyphosphate on Lipid Oxidation of Refrigerated, Cooked Ground Turkey and Ground Pork

ABSTRACT α-Tocopherol and β-carotene at 0.03% levels and sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) at 0.2% and 0.3% levels, alone and in combination, were added to ground turkey and ground pork. Hexanal was measured after cooking and storage at 4 °C for 2, 4, or 6 d. α-Tocopherol alone significantly reduced hexanal of stored, cooked, turkey but had no effect in pork. STP was more effective than α-tocopherol and a combination of α-tocopherol with STP resulted in enhanced antioxidant activity. Hexanal of pork with 0.03%α-tocopherol plus 0.3% STP did not increase significantly during storage, and that of turkey increased only slightly. β-Carotene and salt (1% NaCl) had no effect on hexanal.     

Use of Soy Protein and Microbial Transglutaminase as a Binder in Low-sodium Restructured Meats

ABSTRACT: Pork sticks were prepared by mixing pork chucks with various amounts of bisulfite-treated soy protein and microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) to evaluate the potential of using soy protein as meat binders. According to tensile strength, the favorable conditions for binding the restructured pork chunks were 5% soy protein containing 0.2% NaHSO₃ and 20 unit MTGase/g, and the setting condition was 60 min at 40°C. The tensile strength and cooking yield of restructured pork sticks made with bisulfite-treated soy protein and MTGase were much higher than those of using salt, suggesting the high potential of using soy protein and MTGase as binders in products where NaCl reduction is desired.     

响应面法优化水酶法结合磷酸化提取大豆蛋白的生产工艺

为了提高大豆水酶法的总蛋白提取率,在酶解过程中利用三聚磷酸钠(STP)进行磷酸化改性。通过研究加酶量、料液比、STP添加量、酶解时间和改性时间对总蛋白提取率的影响,并利用响应面分析优化出了最佳改性工艺参数:5000U·g-1底物,料液比为1∶8(w/v),STP添加量为4%(w/w),酶解时间为3.37h,改性时间为35.68min,此时总蛋白提取率为94.05%左右。     

磷酸盐和转谷氨酰胺酶对鸡肉肠出品率和硬度的影响

本文主要研究了焦磷酸钠(SPP)、三聚磷酸钠(STP)和六偏磷酸钠(SHMP)对鸡肉肠出品率的影响,并采用L9(34)正交试验设计确定了鸡肉肠中添加复合磷酸盐的最佳配比;通过复合磷酸盐(0.2%、0.3%、0.4%)与转谷氨酰胺酶(0.4%、0.6%、0.8%)析因实验,分析了复合磷酸盐与转谷氨酰胺酶对鸡肉肠质构特性的影响。结果显示,复合磷酸盐的最优配比为STP:SPP:SHMP为4:2:3;复合磷酸盐能显著提高鸡肉肠出品率;转谷氨酰胺酶能显著提高鸡肉肠硬度;二者之间对肉制品出品率及硬度均无显著性交互作用。     

Sodium Lactate/Sodium Tripolyphosphate Combination Effects on Aerobic Plate Counts, pH and Color of Fresh Pork Longissimus Muscle

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium lactate/sodium tripolyphosphate pump combinations on the characteristics of pork loins. The product was manufactured to simulate fresh pumped pork loins currently available in the retail market. Paired fresh pork loins (longissimus muscle), pumped to contain 0, 1 or 2% sodium lactate (SL) and/or 0, 0·2 or 0·4% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) were vacuum packaged and stored at 4°C for 28 days. In pork containing 0·4% STP, samples with 1 or 2% SL had lower pH values than those with 0% SL. Pork containing 1 or 2% SL generally had lower aerobic plate counts than those with 0% SL. Pork with 0·4% STP was darker (lower L* value) and redder (higher a* value) than that with 0 or 0·2% STP. When aerobic plate counts and color characteristics are used as the criteria, the optimum SL/STP combination for solutions used to pump fresh pork loins that are vacuum packaged and held under refrigeration was 1% SL with 0·2% STP.