高压处理对鲜榨苹果汁品质的影响

为探讨高压对鲜榨苹果汁品质的影响,对鲜榨苹果汁进行了100～800 MPa处理及40～60 ℃协同500 MPa处理,并采用HPLC等方法检测了苹果汁中酚类含量等品质指标.果汁中还原型VC的保留率随着处理压力的增大先降后升.200 MPa处理后,果汁中酚类物质含量没有显著变化.400 MPa处理后,果汁中酚类物质相比处理前的有所减少,差异显著(P＜0.05).600 MPa处理后,各种酚类物质略有减少.800 MPa时,各种酚类物质的含量增加.200～600 MPa压力处理后果汁的L值降低,颜色变暗,其中400 MPa处理颜色变化(△E)最大.当压力升高到300 MPa时未检出霉菌和酵母菌,压力升高到400 MPa时未检出细菌.果汁经高压处理后浊度降低,可溶性固形物含量和pH值没有显著变化(P＞0.05).50℃和60℃协同500 MPa处理后,果汁中未检出微生物,果汁的L值显著升高.因此采用超高压技术可以改善鲜榨苹果汁的品质.     

热协同高压处理对鲜榨苹果汁中酚类和VC的影响

探讨热协同高压对鲜榨苹果汁酚类和Vc的影响。结果表明：400MPa时，处理后酚类物质相比处理前的有所减少，差异显著（P〈0．05）。600MPa处理后各种酚类略有减少，但没有显著差异。压力为800MPa时，各种酚类物质的含量增加。40℃协同500MPa的处理后，果汁中酚类物质的含量与处理前相比没有显著差异（P〉0．05），50℃和60℃协同500MPa处理后，除了聚原花色素外、其他酚类比处理前显著增高外，果汁的L值显著升高，果汁色泽改善，但还原型Vc的损失明显大于单独压力处理的。     

高压处理对鲜榨苹果汁中微生物和酚类影响的研究

为探讨高压对鲜榨苹果汁中微生物数目和酚类物质含量的影响,对鲜榨苹果汁产品进行了100～800MPa处理。结果表明:200MPa处理后,果汁中酚类物质含量和处理前没有显著差异(P>0.05)。400MPa时,处理后酚类物质相比处理前的有所减少,差异显著(P<0.05);600MPa处理后,各种酚类略有减少,但没有显著差异;压力为800MPa时,各种酚类物质的含量增加。鲜榨苹果汁中的微生物数目都随着压力的增高而降低,当压力升高到300MPa时检测不到霉菌和酵母菌,压力升高到400MPa时检测不到细菌。     

超高压加工鲜榨苹果汁过程中的主要理化变化

在50℃协同320MPa加工鲜榨苹果汁的过程中,利用果汁的L*值和b*值升高,a*值降低,但幅度均不大。高效液相色谱(HPLC)等方法测定表明:酚类在加工中由于氧化而减少,果汁中单宁、绿原酸、总酚和表儿茶素的保留率(与原料对比)分别为80.2%、82.4%、78.2%和82.6%。还原型V_c和总V_c分别减少43.7%和6.1%。气/质联用(GC-MS)的检测和分析表明:热协同压力处理鲜榨苹果汁后各风味成分变化在0.28%～6.16%,总风味物质压后比压前仅下降0.78%,酯类物质在压后含量增加。50℃协同320MPa加工工艺能较好地保持苹果汁的品质。     

热协同超高压处理对浑浊苹果汁中微生物的影响

为探讨高压对浑浊苹果汁中微生物的影响,对浑浊苹果汁进行200 MPa～600 MPa处理及热协同高压处理,并对50℃协同320 MPa处理的果汁分别在4、22、37℃下贮存了35 d,然后测定残余微生物数目.当压力升高到300 MPa时检测不到霉菌和酵母菌,压力升高到400 MPa时检测不到细菌.50℃协同400 MPa和600 MPa处理后,果汁中检测不到微生物.50℃协同320 MPa保压10 min可以全部杀灭或钝化混浊苹果汁中的微生物,并且在整个储藏期内微生物数目比较稳定.储藏条件并未对超高压处理后果汁中微生物产生明显影响.     

超高压处理对梨汁中多酚氧化酶活性的影响

目的研究鲜榨梨汁中多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性受高压和热协同处理的影响。方法使用超高压技术单独或协同加热处理加或不加维生素C的鲜榨梨汁,测定其中PPO活性和果汁颜色。结果200～600MPa的压力处理对果汁中PPO活性影响不大,400MPa的压力对PPO有激活作用;高于600MPa的压力使PPO显著失活。维生素C在500MPa以下对果汁中PPO有激活作用,在600MPa以上或热处理结合高压时有钝化PPO的作用。随着保压时间延长和温度升高,梨汁中PPO相对活性逐渐降低。500MPa60℃或750MPa50℃以上的处理条件可使鲜榨梨汁中的PPO失去60%以上的活性,750MPa50℃的处理条件下果汁颜色变化不显著。结论梨的PPO是耐高压的酶。     

热协同高压处理对鲜榨桃汁品质影响的研究

为了探讨高压对鲜榨桃汁品质的影响,对鲜榨桃汁产品进行了100～800Mpa处理及40～60℃协同500Mpa处理,然后测定桃汁品质指标。热协同高压处理后,果汁的L值显著升高,果汁色泽得以改善。热协同高压处理前后鲜榨桃汁的浊度、可溶性固形物含量和pH值没有显著差异(P>0.05)。     

超高压处理压力对鲜榨番茄汁品质的影响

研究超高压处理压力对鲜榨番茄汁品质的影响。研究以热处理(100℃处理5 min)作为对照,评价超高压处理200、400、600 MPa压力在25℃处理20 min对鲜榨番茄汁品质的影响。结果显示,超高压处理可以将鲜榨番茄汁中的菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌数量控制在国家食品标准限量限以内。与热处理相比,当超高压处理压力为400、600 MPa时,可以维持鲜榨番茄汁中总酚含量和Vc含量,降低其颜色变化,并且钝化影响果汁营养和颜色的多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶,为提高果汁贮藏稳定性奠定基础。因此,超高压处理(压力≥400 MPa)可以有效维持鲜榨番茄汁的品质。     

中温协同超高压处理对草莓汁贮藏品质的影响

研究中温协同超高压(45℃、400 MPa、15 min)技术对鲜榨草莓汁在4℃贮藏条件下的微生物、流体特性、组织和色泽稳定性的影响。结果表明:与单纯超高压技术相比,中温协同超高压处理能达到较好的杀菌效果且在贮藏期间无微生物增值(对数值小于1),霉菌、酵母菌均无检出;鲜榨草莓汁的流变学特性更偏向于假塑性流体、黏度增大;组织中果胶含量升高、悬浮稳定性增强;色泽稳定性方面亮度增加,而红色度减弱(a*减小)、黄色度增加(b*增大),△E变化较大,浊度与褐变度无明显差异(P0.05)。经中温协同超高压处理后,4℃贮藏期间鲜榨草莓汁的各项品质的稳定性均优于单纯超高压。     

脉冲电场和热处理对鲜榨苹果汁贮藏期品质的影响

研究高压脉冲电场处理 (PEF)和热处理对鲜榨苹果汁贮藏期的品质影响。研究发现 ,4℃贮藏 3 0d ,PEF( 2 5kV/cm ,1 0 3 5个脉冲 )和热处理 ( 72℃、1 5s和 90℃、60s)可以降低果汁中微生物数量 ,而且对苹果汁的电导率、Brix和 pH值的影响不显著 (P >0 0 5 )。但是热处理对果汁的浊度有显著影响 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而PEF处理差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 )。PEF处理苹果汁的L值和色值均优于热处理 ,感官评价中风味和色泽比热处理的苹果汁更接近对照的风味和色泽。     

Effect of High Hydrostatic Pressure on Cashew Apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) Juice Preservation

ABSTRACT:  High hydrostatic pressure is an alternative to thermal processing to inactivate spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Cashew apple juice has a pleasant flavor and is rich in vitamin C. Studies to determine the effect of high pressure on microorganisms in cashew apple juice are still lacking. In this study, the inactivation of natural micropopulation and inoculated Escherichia coli by high pressure was evaluated in fresh cashew apple juice. The microbiological stability of pressure-treated juice was also evaluated. The applied high pressure levels ranged from 250 to 400 MPa for periods of 3 to 7 min. Treatments with 350 MPa for 7 min and 400 MPa for either 3 or 7 min reduced the aerobic mesophilic bacteria count to a level below the detection limit. Pressure treatments were also efficient in inactivating yeast and filamentous fungi. The inoculated E. coli (10⁶ CFU/mL) was reduced to below 10 CFU/mL after a pressure treatment of 400 MPa for 3 min. The inactivation of this microorganism followed a 1st-order reaction kinetics. The decimal reduction time ( D- value) ranged from 1.21 to 16.43 min, while pressure resistance value ( z -value) was 123.46 MPa. Neither natural micropopulation growth nor E. coli repair was observed in postprocessed (400 MPa for 3 min) cashew apple juice kept under refrigerated storage (at 4 °C) during 8 wk. The results of this study demonstrated the efficacy of high-pressure treatment for preserving cashew apple juice.     

Evaluation of microbial inactivation and physicochemical properties of pressurized tomato juice during refrigerated storage

Effects of high pressure processing (300-500 MPa/25 °C/10 min) on microbial inactivation and processing qualities of tomato juices during refrigerated storage at 4 °C for 28 days were investigated to compare with those of conventionally thermal processing. Conventionally, thermal processing almost inactivated all the microorganisms and pectolytic enzymes and produced microbially and consistency stable tomato juices; however, they also reduced the color, extractable carotenoids and lycopene and vitamin C compared with fresh juice. During storage, all the pressure processing could improve the extractable carotenoids and lycopene contents compared with fresh juice, and they also retained more vitamin C contents than thermal processing. Although 300- and 400-MPa processing could retain a/b values of tomato juices as fresh juice during storage for 21 and 28 days, 500-MPa processing could improve the color of juices even after storage. Syneresis occurred in the 300- and 400-MPa processing juices by storing for 7 and 14 days; however, viscosity stable juice was produced by 500-MPa processing. Moreover, 400- and 500-MPa processing significantly inactivated microorganisms and the juices were microbially stable during storage. This study demonstrated that 500-MPa processing would be an alternative for conventionally thermal processing for tomato juice with improvement of some processing quality attributes.     

Defining the stability interfaces of apple juice: Implications on the optimisation and design of High Hydrostatic Pressure treatment

In this article an experimental approach is applied to determine the impact of High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) processing (350 to 550 MPa at 20 °C and for 1 to 25 min of holding time) on the survival of Issatchenkia orientalis and the spoilage of apple juice (with 300 ppm added ascorbic acid) during different storage conditions, i.e., 4 to 12 °C and 0 to 36 days of storage. Probabilistic modelling approaches based on logistic regression models were developed in order to describe quantitatively the spoilage/no spoilage and survival/death interfaces. For a microbially stable processed apple juice treated at 400 MPa, 10 °C and a holding time of 15 min the degradation kinetics of vitamin C were described quantitatively during subsequent storage at 4, 8, 12 °C. The rate of vitamin losses were highly reduced after the first 13 days of storage. The stability of the apple juice with respect to browning and cloudiness was evaluated by studying qualitatively the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and pectin methyl esterase (PME) enzymes at combined treatments of HHP and temperature (10 to 50 °C, HHP at 750 MPa and holding time from 1 to 25 min). The highest achieved reduction of PPO and PME was 51.47% and PME 81.44%, respectively.

Industrial relevance

This paper demonstrates an approach based on quantitative probabilistic and qualitative studies for defining the stability interfaces of apple juice. Its applicability contributes on the design and optimisation of High Hydrostatic Pressure treatments.     

超高压与温度协同处理海鲈鱼鱼肠的工艺优化

本文研究了超高压与温度的协同作用对海鲈鱼鱼肠贮藏期间TPA、挥发性盐基氮、TBA值与微生物的变化,选择400 MPa处理10min的海鲈鱼鱼肠,于30℃、45℃、60℃分别加热10min,与未进行加热处理和只在80℃加热处理的香肠进行比较,在2个月的贮藏期内,得出具有良好质构、稳定性、安全性并且节能的产品为400MPa...     

超高压处理对黑果枸杞汁贮藏及品质特性的影响

为开发黑果枸杞汁加工新技术,采用超高压处理(300、400、500 MPa/10 min)和巴氏杀菌(75℃,15 min)处理,分析处理前后及贮藏期(4和37℃,40 d)的微生物、活性成分、关键内源酶及抗氧化活性等品质的变化。结果表明,200 MPa以上高压处理和巴氏杀菌均能有效杀灭酵母菌和霉菌,300 MPa以上高压处理能使菌落总数降低到1个对数以下;300 MPa高压处理能使过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性减少17.81 U/mL,但不能使多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,PPO)酶活性显著降低;400 MPa以上及巴氏杀菌均能使POD酶和PPO酶活性降低至0.5 U/mL;超高压处理分别为300、400、500 MPa条件下,总酚含量分别为87.10、87.11、86.92 mg/100 g、总多糖含量分别为61.54、61.04、60.97 mg/mL、花青素含量分别为2.62、2.56、2.58 mg/mL;超高压处理的黑果枸杞汁对DPPH自由基清除率分别为86.82%、87.40%、86.60%,均高于巴氏杀菌处理的82.17%;超高压处理组对亚铁离子的还原能力分别为15.74、16.15、15.95 μg/100 mL DW,处理后直至贮藏结束,高压处理各活性物质均高于巴氏处理。超高压处理在有效灭活微生物、钝化酶的同时,极大程度保护活性物质不被破坏并保证了黑果枸杞汁的抗氧化能力,使得黑果枸杞汁得到了良好的贮藏品质。     

Comparing the impact of high pressure,pulsed electric field and thermal pasteurization on quality attributes of cloudy apple juice using targeted and untargeted analyses

The impact of low-oxygen spiral-filter press technology combined with thermal pasteurization (TP), pulsed electric field (PEF) and high pressure processing (HPP) on cloudy apple juice quality was investigated immediately after the treatments and after 3 weeks of storage at 4 °C. Based on equivalent levels of microbial safety and desired shelf-life, low and high processing intensities were selected: TP (72 °C/15 s; 85 °C/30 s), PEF (12.5 kV/cm, 76.4 kJ/L; 12.3 kV/cm, 132.5 kJ/L), and HPP (400 MPa/3 min; 600 MPa/3 min). High intensity thermal treatment resulted in a bright, yellowish color which was maintained during storage. PPO and POD activities were largely reduced by high intensity PEF and TP yet showed high resistance to HPP. The highest vitamin C content was provided by fresh juice followed by PEF-treated juices. Due to oxidative degradation reactions, vitamin C of all treated samples significantly decreased during storage. Immediately after processing, high cloud stability values were obtained in all samples; however, cloud stability decreased during storage particularly for HPP juices with high residual PME. No significant changes were observed in pH, titratable acidity, organic acid and sugar content which also corresponded to sweet and sour taste. Results from untargeted volatile profiles showed that esters increased after PEF and were better retained after HPP. Contrary to TP treatment where ester degradation reactions occurred together with the formation of off-flavors. Most of the volatiles decreased during storage which could be linked to oxidation and ester hydrolysis reactions.Industrial relevanceBeing one of the most popular fruit juices consumed worldwide, cloudy apple juice can still undergo quality changes such as color degradation, cloud loss (fast sedimentation) and flavor changes during processing and storage. This study evaluates the potential of low-oxygen spiral-filter press in combination with different preservation technologies to obtain a maximal quality of cloudy apple juice. Results showed that high intensity thermal pasteurization can effectively inactivate quality-degrading enzymes, therefore it is useful to obtain an optimal cloudy apple juice product in terms of color and cloud stability. Although HPP has minimal impact on aroma of the juice, shelf-life of the juice may be limited due to incomplete enzyme inactivation. In the case of PEF treatment, thermal effects may contribute to maintain apple juice quality.     

高压二氧化碳对鲜榨西瓜汁杀菌效果和风味的影响

为研究高压二氧化碳对鲜榨西瓜汁的杀菌效果及对风味的影响,采用高压二氧化碳(HPCD)技术对鲜榨西瓜汁进行处理。以95℃、1min热处理西瓜汁作为对照,考察30MPa、60min HPCD处理对西瓜汁中菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数及典型风味化合物含量的影响;并探讨两种处理西瓜汁在4℃、30d贮藏过程中上述指标的变化情况。结果表明:95℃、1min热处理的杀菌效果略好于30MPa、60min HPCD处理,采用两种处理西瓜汁的微生物指标均符合《果、蔬汁饮料卫生标准》的要求;并且保质期满足鲜榨西瓜汁的消费要求。30MPa、60min HPCD处理对西瓜汁的典型风味化合物含量影响较小;贮藏过程中风味变化也较小。总体看来,HPCD处理更适合于鲜榨西瓜汁的加工。     

Inactivation kinetics of apple polyphenol oxidase in different pressure–temperature domains

The impact of high hydrostatic pressure and temperature on the stability of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was studied in cloudy apple juice. Application of 200–500 MPa near room temperature or heat treatment at 45–55 °C at ambient pressure caused an increase of PPO activity of up to 65% in freshly squeezed apple juice. Combined pressure–temperature inactivation experiments with fully activated PPO (5 min treatment at 400 MPa and 20 °C) were carried out in the range of 0.1–700 MPa and 20–80 °C. Enzyme inactivation kinetics followed a 2.2 order reaction scheme at all pressure–temperature conditions tested. A polynomial model was successfully applied to describe the rate of PPO inactivation as a function of pressure and temperature and was used to construct a pressure–temperature isokinetic diagram. This diagram clearly showed synergistic effects of pressure and temperature on the inactivation of apple PPO at pressures above 300 MPa and antagonistic effects at lower pressures. Compared to ambient pressure conditions, temperatures required to inactivate PPO in apple juice were increased 10–15 °C at 100–300 MPa.

Industrial relevance

High pressure processing of fresh fruits is gaining popularity in the food industry because of its ability to inactivate microorganisms and some enzymes near room temperature with little impact on flavour or nutritional attributes of the food. However, quantitative data regarding the impact of process parameters on the target reaction are required to economically utilise this technology. This paper provides a mathematical model describing the combined effect of pressure, temperature and treatment time on the inactivation of PPO in cloudy apple juice.     

超高压对鲜榨苹果汁的杀菌效果及动力学分析

研究超高压对鲜榨苹果汁的杀菌效果,考察细菌总数、霉菌、酵母菌数分别在300、400、500、600MPa,保压时间5、10、15、20、25min条件下的变化。结果表明：随着压力的升高和时间的延长,杀菌效果增强;霉菌、酵母对压力较为敏感,500MPa处理5min即可被全部杀死。对不同处理压力下苹果汁杀菌效果进行动力学分析,应用Weibull模型,绘制杀菌曲线,在4个压力水平下,曲线相关系数R2均大于0.900,证明拟合效果良好。模型中,比例参数b值,随压力的增加而升高;形状参数n,在400～600MPa条件下则没有显著变化。