精白保胚米发芽过程中淀粉酶及相关营养成分的变化

研究精白保胚米发芽过程中α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和葡聚糖内切酶活力的变化,同时测定其中还原糖、总糖、淀粉及热水溶性直链淀粉的含量变化,并以发芽糙米作为对照。结果表明:精白保胚米和糙米发芽过程中α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶的活性先由低变高,再由高变低,精白保胚米在发芽16h时淀粉酶的活性最高,而糙米在发芽时淀粉酶活性达到最高点时间较长;葡聚糖内切酶活力随发芽时间的增加活性逐渐升高,糙米在发芽过程中葡聚糖内切酶活力高于精白保胚米。还原糖、总糖的含量随着时间的增加而升高,在20～24h后逐渐降低,精白保胚米在发芽过程中还原糖的含量高于糙米。淀粉含量随发芽时间的延长而逐渐降低,热水溶性直链淀粉的含量则不断增加。     

精白保胚发芽米食用品质

以糙米、发芽糙米、精白保胚米及精白保胚发芽米为研究对象,对其食用品质的主要方面,即炊饭方法、蒸煮特性、糊化特性、质构特性及感官分析进行对比评价。结果表明：精白保胚发芽米的吸水率和膨胀率均低于其他3 种大米,而米汤固体溶出物和碘蓝值均高于糙米和发芽糙米;糊化特性分析中,精白保胚发芽米与大米食用品质相关的崩解值降低,消减值升高;质构分析表明精白保胚发芽米具有最低的硬度;感官分析结果表明,精白保胚发芽米在色泽、香气、口感、滋味方面都优于未发芽米。     

发芽糙米淀粉糊化特性变化研究

研究了糙米发芽前后的主要成分、发芽糙米粉糊化后的透光率、凝沉特性、冻融稳定性及黏度等特性.结果表明:糙米发芽后,直链淀粉含量降低了24.92%,发芽糙米粉糊的透光率升高了21.28%,冻融稳定性提高,凝沉特性得到改善;发芽糙米粉糊的黏度随浓度的升高而升高,随温度和转速的升高而降低;添加NaCl能使发芽糙米粉糊黏度下降,蔗糖能使发芽糙米粉糊黏度上升.     

发芽糙米淀粉理化特性研究

采用富集γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的优选糙米发芽工艺条件,通过碱酶两步法提取糙米淀粉,研究发芽对糙米淀粉结构和理化特性的影响。结果表明:糙米发芽后,淀粉膨胀度增大,且随温度升高而提高;透明度升高了57.14%;峰值黏度基本不变;冻融稳定性提高,凝沉特性得到改善;淀粉凝胶的凝胶粘性有所提高,硬度和胶凝性有所降低;碘兰值减小,说明糙米发芽后其直链淀粉含量降低或聚合度减小;电镜分析结果显示,发芽后糙米淀粉颗粒变得圆滑,棱角较发芽前不明显。综上得出,发芽对糙米淀粉的理化特性具有一定的改善作用。     

发芽对糙米理化特性的影响

采用富集γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的优化糙米发芽工艺条件,研究糙米发芽前后内部结构和理化特性的变化,主要包括膨胀度、透明度、冻融稳定性、凝沉特性、糊化特性及质构特性等。结果表明:糙米发芽后,膨胀度增大,且随温度的升高而提高;透光率比发芽前升高了20%;冻融稳定性提高,凝沉特性得到改善,这说明发芽使糙米不易老化,有助于食品货架期的延长;峰值黏度降低,糊化温度基本不变;糙米发芽后凝胶黏性有所提高,硬度和胶凝性均降低;电镜分析结果显示,发芽后整个米粒结构变得较疏松。通过对糙米淀粉酶活力的测定,表明发芽后糙米淀粉酶活力上升。综上得出,发芽对糙米的理化特性有一定的改善作用。     

发芽对精白保胚米淀粉分子结构的影响

目的：研究发芽对精白保胚米淀粉分子结构的影响。方法：采用扫描电子显微镜、高效液相色谱、X射线衍射仪及傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)分析精白保胚发芽米淀粉颗粒的表面结构、相对分子质量分布、结晶度和特征结构的变化。结果： 精白保胚米发芽之后淀粉颗粒表面结构变化不明显,但淀粉的相对分子质量、结晶度降低;发芽后精白保胚米淀粉的红外透光率降低,O－H键、C－H键和C－O键的伸缩振动均增强。结论：发芽过程中直链淀粉和支链淀粉降解,使精白保胚米淀粉分子结构发生明显变化。     

挤压膨化对发芽糙米理化性质的影响

以发芽糙米为原料,分析了发芽糙米经过挤压膨化前后的淀粉、蛋白质和氨基酸组成等营养成分含量的变化,研究了挤压膨化对发芽糙米理化性质的影响。结果表明:挤压膨化后发芽糙米中的淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪含量弱有减少,还原糖含量增加,氨基酸含量和组成变化不明显。挤压膨化后,发芽糙米的吸水性和水溶性都分别比未膨化的高出1.28和0.78倍;容重明显降低,糊化度大幅提高;挤压膨化发芽糙米的RVA谱特征值中,热浆黏度、最终黏度和峰值时间较发芽糙米的升高,其他特征值均有所下降;发芽糙米经挤压膨化后变为网状多孔的结构。     

超高压处理对发芽糙米淀粉凝胶特性的影响

糙米发芽过程中,淀粉理化特性发生改变,该研究采用超高压技术处理发芽糙米淀粉,考察处理压力,保压时间及pH值对发芽糙米淀粉凝胶质构特性、糊化特性及冻融稳定性的影响。结果表明,不同压力、保压时间、pH处理对淀粉凝胶的弹性、黏着性、胶黏性、回弹性、咀嚼性有不同程度的改善。RVA结果显示,当保压时间为20 min时,峰值黏度由404.83 m Pa·s增至595.75 m Pa·s,同时热糊黏度、最终黏度、回生值、衰减值也呈现上升趋势,出峰时间减小,糊化温度降低;超高压处理压力和pH对淀粉的糊化特性的影响较小,说明超高压处理的淀粉对压力和pH有较好的稳定性。超高压处理后淀粉的冻融稳定性显著提高,在200 MPa时达到最大;随保压时间延长,淀粉糊析水率呈先下降后上升趋势,保压时间为10 min时,淀粉糊的析水率达到最小值;当pH为5或8时析水率与对照相比没有显著变化(p0.05)。     

板栗淀粉与板栗变性淀粉性质的比较

比较了板栗淀粉,板栗氧化淀粉,板栗羟丙基淀粉,板栗磷酸酯淀粉的主要物理性质并测定了板栗淀粉及其3种变性淀粉的冻融稳定性、透光率、溶解性和膨胀度、糊化特性等性质。结果表明:板栗淀粉经过变性后,3种变性淀粉的冻融稳定性和透光率上升,溶解度变大;氧化淀粉和羟丙基淀粉的膨胀度小于板栗淀粉,磷酸酯淀粉的膨胀度大于板栗淀粉;板栗淀粉糊的糊化温度,峰值黏度、95℃的黏度与50℃的黏度以及在二者温度保温1 h的黏度值均低于板栗淀粉;板栗变性淀粉糊的热黏度稳定性和冷黏度稳定性与板栗淀粉相比变化较大;板栗变性淀粉的凝胶性和凝沉性均低于板栗淀粉,抗老化能力强于板栗淀粉。     

橡子淀粉制备及其理化性质研究

以橡子粉为原料,制备橡子淀粉以及研究橡子淀粉的理化性质。采用热水脱单宁、H2O2脱色制备橡子淀粉,运用理化检测方法对橡子淀粉的理化性质进行研究。研究表明,橡子粉中淀粉含量为63.58%;橡子淀粉的溶解度和膨胀度都不大,膨胀度随温度的上升出现初始膨胀阶段和迅速膨胀阶段,属限制型膨胀淀粉;橡子淀粉糊的透光率和冻融稳定性相对较好,淀粉糊的透光率为35.9%,析水率为34.69%;橡子淀粉糊具有很强的凝沉稳定性,但凝沉速度较快,易老化;橡子淀粉的黏度随浓度的增加而增加,出现跃变的浓度为25%。     

以短生育期籼稻为原料的鲜湿米粉食用品质与消化特性研究

以早、晚季种植的短生育期籼米品种(CPPC16、CPPC18、CPPC38、CPPC52)为对象,对大米淀粉物化特性进行比较;并对8种短生育期大米加工的鲜湿米粉的食用品质和消化特性进行探究。结果表明：早季稻与晚季稻相比较,早季稻的直链淀粉含量、回生值与糊化温度高于同品种的晚季稻。大米淀粉特性与鲜湿米粉质构特性相关性分析中,直链淀粉含量、回生值与最终黏度、水溶性与质构指标呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著正相关(P<0.01),膨胀力与质构指标呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。对比两种鲜湿米粉加工专用米种,短生育期品种中以早季18号的综合评分最高(0.93),略低于桂朝米的1.07,高于阳春米的0.87。     

Physicochemical Properties of Ginkgo Kernal Starch

Native starch was isolated from ginkgo kernels, its physicochemical properties were investigated using some physical methods. Ginkgo starch granules were mostly oval in shape with a central Maltese cross and average long axis of 11 μm. Ginkgo starch contained 29.9% amylose content and exhibited an A-type crystallinity with 27.2% crystalline degree. Ginkgo starch had significantly higher gelatinization conclusion temperature, temperature range, and enthalpy than potato and rice starches. Ginkgo starch showed lower hot viscosity and higher breakdown viscosity than potato and rice starches. Ginkgo starch possessed markedly higher swelling power and resistance to α-amylase and amyloglucosidase hydrolysis than rice starch.     

Physicochemical and Gelatinization Properties of Starches Separated from Various Rice Cultivars

Morphological, viscoelastic, hydration, pasting, and thermal properties of starches separated from 10 different rice cultivars were investigated. Upon gelatinization, the G′ values of the rice starch pastes ranged from 37.4 to 2057 Pa at 25 °C, and remarkably, the magnitude depended on the starch varieties. The rheological behavior during gelatinization upon heating brought out differences in onset in G′ and degree of steepness. The cultivar with high amylose content (Goami) showed the lowest critical strain (γ_c), whereas the cultivars with low amylose content (Boseokchal and Shinseonchal) possessed the highest γ_c. The amylose content in rice starches affected their pasting properties; the sample possessing the highest amylose content showed the highest final viscosity and setback value, whereas waxy starch samples displayed low final viscosity and setback value. The onset gelatinization temperatures of the starches from 10 rice cultivars ranged between 57.9 and 64.4 °C. The amylose content was fairly correlated to hydration and pasting properties of rice starches but did not correlate well with viscoelastic and thermal characteristics. The combined analysis of hydration, pasting, viscoelastic, and thermal data of the rice starches is useful in fully understanding their behavior and in addressing the processability for food applications.     

粳米与籼米组合对婴幼儿米粉食用品质的影响

研究了粳米和籼米不同搭配组合的基本理化指标、蒸煮特性、糊化特性和质构特性。结果表明,直链淀粉含量对食用品质具有重要影响。蒸煮特性上,直链淀粉含量越低,吸水率及膨胀体积越小,米汤pH、碘显色值和干物质含量越高,蒸煮及冲调性越好;糊化特性上,直链淀粉含量越低,峰值黏度和崩解值越高,回复值及衰减值越低,口感越好;质构特性上,直链淀粉含量越低,硬度和胶黏性越低,凝聚性、回复性及弹性越高,食用品质越高。因此,在不考虑其他辅料的影响下,只使用东北珍珠米可以使婴幼儿米粉获得更好的口感和食用品质。     

Microstructural and physicochemical properties of heat-moisture treated waxy and normal starches

Starches from normal rice (21.72% amylose), waxy rice (1.64% amylose), normal corn (25.19% amylose), waxy corn (2.06% amylose), normal potato (28.97% amylose) and waxy potato (3.92% amylose) were heat-treated at 100 °C for 16 h at a moisture content of 25%. The effect of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) on morphology, structure, and physicochemical properties of those starches was investigated. The HMT did not change the size, shape, and surface characteristics of corn and potato starch granules, while surface change/partial gelatinization was found on the granules of rice starches. The X-ray diffraction pattern of normal and waxy potato starches was shifted from B- to C-type by HMT. The crystallinity of the starch samples, except waxy potato starch decreased on HMT. The viscosity profiles changed significantly with HMT. The treated starches, except the waxy potato starch, had higher pasting temperature and lower viscosity. The differences in viscosity values before and after HMT were more pronounced in normal starches than in waxy starches, whereas changes in the pasting temperature showed the reverse (waxy > normal). Shifts of the gelatinization temperature to higher values and gelatinization enthalpy to lower values as well as biphasic endotherms were found in treated starches. HMT increased enzyme digestibility of treated starches (except waxy corn starch); i.e., rapidly and slowly digestible starches increased, but resistant starch decreased. Although there was no absolute consistency on the data obtained from the three pairs of waxy and normal starches, in most cases the effects of HMT on normal starches were more pronounced than the corresponding waxy starches.     

不同类别大米糊化特性和直链淀粉含量的差异研究

对不同类别的市售大米样品（籼米,粳米,杂交稻米,籼糯米,粳糯米,黑米和香米）的糊化特性和直链淀粉含量进行了测定并进行了比较研究。结果表明,籼型,籼型,粳型和糯型大米的直链淀粉含量和糊化特性贡线及主要特征值（峰值粘度,最终粘度,回生值）均有明显的差异,并与其食用品质有密切相关,糊化特性曲线和相关特征值可用于鉴别市售大米的品质也可用于判别信有直链淀粉含量划分的大米类型。     

Structure-viscosity relationships for starches from different rice varieties during heating

The effects of starch particle size and leached amylose on the viscosity of rice starch dispersions and changes of short-range structure and amylose content in starch granules of different rice varieties during heating were investigated. It was found that starch granule swelling increased rice starch dispersion viscosity during heating. The viscosities of the starch dispersions during heating were principally dependent on granular volume fraction and independent of starch variety. A distinct correlation between the amount of leached amylose and swelling of starch granules was also found. High initial amylose concentrations in starch granules reduced swelling during heating, thereby reducing rice dispersion viscosities. Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy indicated that the loss of short-range order was significant when the temperature reached the pasting onset temperature. The short-range order of waxy and medium grain rice starches was higher than that of long grain rice starches before gelatinization. The loss of order of waxy and medium grain rice starches was greater than that of long grain rice starches during heating, which was due to the presence of amylose, restraining the swelling and disruption of starch granules during heating.     

糙米发芽前后营养成分的变化及其对发芽糙米糊化特性的影响

选用24个糙米品种为原料制备发芽糙米,研究发芽过程中主要营养成分的变化,以及营养成分变化对发芽糙米糊化特性的影响。结果表明,糙米发芽后,总淀粉含量极显著下降(P0.01),可溶性蛋白、纤维素和γ-氨基丁酸的含量极显著上升(P0.01),直链淀粉、总蛋白和粗脂肪含量变化不显著(P0.05)。发芽糙米峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度和回生值与直链淀粉含量呈极显著的正相关(P0.01),与支链淀粉含量、支链淀粉/直链淀粉呈极显著的负相关(P0.01);峰值时间也与直链淀粉含量呈极显著的正相关(P0.01),与支链淀粉、支链淀粉/直链淀粉呈显著负相关(P0.05)。此外,发芽糙米峰值黏度与总蛋白含量呈极显著的负相关(P0.01),最低黏度、最终黏度和回生值也与总蛋白的含量呈显著负相关(P0.05)。     

Characterization of Different Starches Oxidized by Hypochlorite

The effects of starch origin (potato, corn, and rice starches) and hypochlorite level (NaOCl, 0.8% and 2% w/w) on the structures and physicochemical properties of oxidized starches were investigated. Carboxyl and carbonyl group contents of oxidized starches increased with increasing NaOCl level, with potato starch having the highest and corn starch having the lowest carboxyl groups content at both NaOCl levels. Oxidation generally reduced the pasting temperature and viscosity of native starches as demonstrated by using a Rapid Visco Analyser. The peak viscosities of oxidized rice and corn starches were higher than those of their native counterparts at 0.8% NaOCl. The morphology of starches was not altered and X‐ray diffraction patterns of all the starches remained unchanged after oxidation. Oxidized starch batters exhibited greater adhesions than did native starch batters, with rice starch batter exhibiting the greatest adhesion. Carbohydrate profiles by high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography indicated that both amylopectin and amylose were degraded during oxidation. The level of oxidation was largely dependent on the degree of crystallinity of starch and the degree of polymerization of amylose, whereas the adhesion property of oxidized starch was mainly attributed to its granular size and shape.