未漂洗鱼糜冻藏过程中晚期糖化终末产物形成及机制

为探讨未漂洗鱼糜冻藏过程中晚期糖化终末产物(AGEs)的形成规律,将鱼糜样品在不同温度(-18 ℃和-60 ℃)下冻藏,于第0,15,30,45,60 天测定其AGEs含量及脂肪氧化指标(TBA值)、蛋白质氧化指标(羰基含量、活性和总巯基含量、Ca2+-ATPase活性),分析其变化规律和相关性。结果表明:鱼糜样品在-18 ℃冻藏60 d,其Nε-羧甲基赖氨酸(CML)和Nε-羧乙基赖氨酸(CEL)含量分别较第0天增加了71.67%和88.24%,而在-60 ℃冻藏60 d仅增加了59.62%和62.11%,表明超低温(-60 ℃)冻藏有利于抑制AGEs形成;加热后,鱼糜样品AGEs(CML和CEL)含量增加了约1.05~1.23倍。冻藏过程中样品的TBA值呈先增后降趋势;蛋白质羰基和活性巯基含量逐渐上升,总巯基含量和Ca2+-ATPase活性逐渐降低,且与AGEs含量显著相关(P＜0.05)。相对于-18 ℃冻藏组,-60 ℃冻藏抑制上述脂质和蛋白质氧化指标的变化,与抑制AGEs形成的趋势一致。说明冻藏温度和时间均对未漂洗鱼糜AGEs的形成有重要影响,而冻藏过程中脂肪和蛋白质氧化是AGEs形成的重要原因。     

鱼糜冻藏过程中的品质变化动力学研究

以白鲢(Hypophthalmichthys mollitrix)鱼糜为对象,研究其在不同冻藏温度下凝胶特性、Ca2+-ATPase活性、溶解性随冻藏时间和温度的变化规律,建立品质变化动力学模型,以预测和控制冷冻鱼糜的冻藏品质。结果表明,在冻藏过程中,鱼糜的凝胶特性、Ca2+-ATPase活性、溶解性都随冻藏时间的延长而下降。降低冻藏温度,可显著降低鱼糜凝胶性能、Ca2+-ATPase活性和溶解性下降的速率常数,且添加抗冻剂的效果更加明显。低的冻藏温度有利于保持鱼糜品质。     

冻藏温度对海鲈鱼鱼糜蛋白生化指标及其凝胶特性的影响

为了研究不同冻藏温度下鱼糜品质的变化,以无添加剂的海鲈鱼鱼糜为原料,研究3种不同冻藏温度在6周时间内对鱼糜的理化特性和流变特性的影响。结果表明:随着冻藏时间延长,鱼糜的盐溶蛋白含量、Ca2+-ATPase活性、总巯基含量、保水性、白度值和凝胶强度均呈下降趋势,而挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)含量呈上升趋势,各指标数值在4周以后进入稳定期,变化减少。在不同冻藏温度下的鲈鱼蛋白变性速率差异显著(p0.01),冻藏温度越低,蛋白变性速率越慢,并对鱼糜的微观结构进行观察,阐释其机理。鱼糜在-24℃以下冻藏效果较好,冻藏6周后鱼糜还处于一般鲜度以上。鱼糜的机械模量(G’和G’’)随冻藏时间延长而下降,且随冻藏温度的升高其变化也越明显。无添加剂的海鲈鱼鱼糜在-24℃以下储藏6周之内可有效延缓其品质的劣变。     

虾夷扇贝贝糜冻藏过程中部分理化性质的变化

研究虾夷扇贝贝糜在不同温度冻藏过程中(－18℃和－35℃)肌动球蛋白的盐溶性、Ca2+-ATPase和Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase活性及活性巯基与总巯基含量的变化。结果显示：－18℃条件下冻藏5个月时,贝糜蛋白已严重变性,其各指标值分别降至新鲜样品的11.28%、20.31%、30.36%、68.49%和83.67%。－35℃条件下冻藏10个月时,相应指标分别降至新鲜样品的60.01%、45.25%、48.17%、82.80%和88.71%。两种冻藏温度条件下,贝糜的各个指标均随冻藏时间的延长而呈下降趋势,且－35℃冻藏时,各指标值相对于－18℃冻藏时下降幅度较小,表明－35℃冻藏效果优于－18℃冻藏。     

鲢鱼鱼糜在冻藏过程中理化特性的变化

研究了鲢鱼鱼糜在-10℃与-20℃冻藏过程中盐溶性蛋白含量、Ca2+-ATPase活性及保水性的变化。结果表明,三项指标在冻藏过程中都显著下降,且呈现二段下降规律;三项指标的变化之间呈现一定的相关性;SDS-PAGE电泳显示,鲢鱼鱼糜蛋白在冻藏过程中形成了二硫键。     

饲料中适宜含量铁对建鲤鱼糜冻藏品质变化及组织蛋白酶B/L的影响

对经过不同铁含量的饲料(缺乏组53.9 mg/kg,适宜组146.1 mg/kg)饲喂90 d后的建鲤,取鱼肉加工为鱼糜,于-20℃条件下进行冻藏实验,取样点为0、1、2、4、6周,测定鱼糜冻藏品质指标的变化,包括Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性、总巯基、二硫键、表面疏水性、TBA值;鱼糜冻藏期间组织蛋白酶B、组织蛋白酶L活性采用荧光合成肽底物法进行测定。结果表明,适宜含量铁能极显著提高鱼糜肌动球蛋白初始Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性、总巯基含量(p0.01),降低二硫键含量(0.01p0.05)、表面疏水性(p0.01)及TBA值(p0.01),且可延缓冻藏期间Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性、总巯基含量的下降,以及表面疏水性、二硫键含量的增大;冻藏6周后,缺乏组和适宜组TBA值分别上升264%、143%;适宜组组织蛋白酶B/L活性均低于缺乏组,且对组织蛋白酶L活性下降有一定促进作用,而对组织蛋白酶B作用不明显。综上所述,饲料中添加适宜含量铁能够减缓冻藏期间建鲤鱼糜蛋白质的变性,降低组织蛋白酶B/L活性残留,对提高鱼糜冻藏品质稳定性具有潜在的促进作用。     

冻藏过程中文昌鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白变化规律研究

为了探讨冻藏过程中文昌鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白变化规律,以肌原纤维蛋白盐溶性,Ca2+-ATPase活性,巯基含量以及质构分析为指标,研究了肌原纤维蛋白在-18、-30、-78℃下冻藏时的变性情况。结果表明,冻藏温度越低,冻藏时间越短,肌原纤维蛋白质的生化特性越稳定。冻藏前10d,肌原纤维蛋白盐溶性显著降低,-18、-30和-78℃条件下分别降低了41.7%、39.9%和33.3%;Ca2+-ATPase活性随冻藏时间的延长而降低,第40d时,-18、-30、-78℃条件下分别降低了46.15%、44.62%、41.54%;巯基含量在0~30d内逐渐降低,31~40d内变化不明显,第30d时,-18、-30、-78℃条件下分别降低了41.27%、37.81%、34.29%;另外,鸡肉的硬度、弹性、内聚性随着冻藏时间的延长都有不同程度的降低,且经Pearson相关系数分析发现,Ca2+-ATPase活性、巯基含量与质构参数之间呈现出较好的相关性。     

两种抗冻剂对罗非鱼鱼糜的凝胶性及抗冻性的影响

以凝胶性能、盐溶性蛋白含量及肌原纤维蛋白Ca2+-ATPase活性的变化为指标,研究了商业抗冻剂(蔗糖/山梨醇)和海藻糖在罗非鱼鱼糜冻藏过程中对蛋白质变性的影响。结果表明,冷藏20周后,添加8%商业抗冻剂和8%海藻糖组鱼糜的破断强度分别比对照高出39.14%和601.11%,凹陷强度分别比对照高出34.14%和39.85%,凝胶强度分别比对照高出36.03%和41.05%,盐溶性蛋白含量分别比对照高出30.00%和38.86%,肌原纤维蛋白Ca2+-ATPase活性分别为下降了67.12%和57.89%,而对照的肌原纤维蛋白Ca2+-ATPase没有活性。结论:添加8%海藻糖比8%商业抗冻剂更能有效抑制罗非鱼鱼糜在冻藏过程中的蛋白质变性,减缓凝胶强度的降低,提高鱼糜制品的质量。     

冻藏温度对鱿鱼品质的影响

以鱿鱼持水力(water holding capacity,WHC)、p H值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(tiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS)、甲醛(formaldehyde,FA)、盐溶性蛋白含量(salt soluble protein,SSP)、活性巯基含量、Ca2+-ATPase活性为指标,探讨了在不同冻藏温度下(-10、-20、-30和-40℃)鱿鱼的品质变化。实验结果表明:鱿鱼不同冻藏温度下p H值在6.4~7.0,各温度之间无显著差异(P0.05),不同冻藏温度对鱿鱼的p H没有显著影响(P0.05);WHC、FA和TBARS分别与冻藏时间有显著相关性(r=0.951、r=0.953和r=0.955),随着冻藏时间的延长,鱿鱼失水率、FA、TBARS均呈上升趋势,其中-10℃的TBARS增加量明显高于其他3组(P0.01),冻藏初期各组FA由2 mg/kg左右快速上升到4 mg/kg左右,随后甲醛含量仍然呈上升趋势,但上升速度减缓;鱿鱼SSP、活性巯基含量和Ca2+-ATPase活性随着冻藏时间的延长,均呈下降趋势,相同冻藏时间内,-10℃下降最多,依次为-20、-30、-40℃,鱿鱼蛋白质指标的变性速度在不同冻藏温度下的差异是显著的(P0.05)。冻藏温度越低,鱿鱼品质越好。     

菊粉对冻藏鲢鱼鱼糜肌原纤维蛋白抗冻性的影响

研究菊粉对冻藏鲢鱼鱼糜肌原纤维蛋白抗冻性的影响,对鲢鱼鱼糜盐溶性蛋白含量、肌原纤维蛋白的Ca2＋-ATPase活性、总巯基含量、活性巯基含量、表面疏水性进行分析。结果表明,在－18 ℃条件下冻藏5 周后,菊粉可以抑制鲢鱼糜肌原纤维蛋白的冷冻变性,盐溶性蛋白含量、肌原纤维蛋白的Ca2＋-ATPase活性、总巯基含量、活性巯基含量的下降趋势和表面疏水性的增加趋势均得到抑制,其中1.5%菊粉的抗冻效果优于其他实验组且与商业抗冻剂接近。研究结果为开发热量和甜度较低的抗冻剂提供一定的理论依据。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.