SPI挂面特性与其蛋白质结构特征的相关性

采用质构分析、核磁共振及傅里叶红外光谱技术研究了不同添加量SPI对挂面的烹调性质、质地特性、水分状态及蛋白质结构特征参数的影响,结果表明:大豆分离蛋白显著影响挂面的烹调性质以及质地性质;添加大豆分离蛋白的挂面的T21增加,T22减小;随大豆分离蛋白含量的增加,挂面中巯基含量波动上升(10.53~14.22μmol/L),二硫键含量整体波动降低(12.26~6.56μmol/L);酰胺I谱带(1700 cm-1~1600 cm-1)中蛋白质二级结构经过去卷积,二阶导数拟合,出现β-折叠片层,延伸及分子内耦合,β-折叠、α-螺旋、β-转角、β-折叠片层、反向平行五个特征峰,且随着SPI添加量增加,蛋白质二级结构的百分含量变化差异显著;SPI挂面的弯曲距离与蛋白质二级结构中β-折叠片层,延伸及分子内耦合和β-折叠结构含量呈极显著正相关,与α-螺旋、β转角以及反向平行结构含量呈极显著负相关。     

不同凝固剂对大豆分离蛋白分子间作用力及蛋白质二级结构的影响

为探究盐类凝固剂和酸类凝固剂在诱导大豆蛋白凝固过程中对分子间作用力和蛋白质二级结构的影响,本文以大豆分离蛋白（SPI）为研究对象,分析了不同凝固剂对大豆蛋白凝固过程中pH、表面疏水作用力、游离巯基（SH）、Zeta电位、α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规卷曲的变化规律。结果表明:盐类凝固剂和酸类凝固剂均能降低SPI溶液的pH,其终点pH分别为6.08~6.14和5.25~5.58。与仅热处理的SPI溶液相比,加入凝固剂会导致SPI溶液中蛋白质表面疏水作用力和游离SH含量的增加,Zeta电位降低。在加入凝固剂后的0~45 min内,SPI的表面疏水作用力呈现先增加后降低的趋势,游离SH含量逐渐降低;酸浆处理的SPI溶液Zeta电位显著高于其他凝固剂（P<0.05）,为9.19~9.90 mV。此外,盐类凝固剂会导致SPI的α-螺旋和β-转角转变为β-折叠,酸类凝固剂则会破坏SPI中β-折叠。特别地,添加酸浆的SPI的α-螺旋比例介于乳酸和盐类凝固剂之间,而β-转角比例介于乳酸和醋酸之间。     

卵白蛋白和大豆分离蛋白相互作用对凝胶结构及性质的影响

为了提高大豆分离蛋白(SPI)的凝胶性,通过在大豆分离蛋白中添加卵白蛋白(OVA)测定复合凝胶(OVA-SPI凝胶)的分子相互作用,研究其结构与性质.研究结果表明,与 SPI溶液相比,OVA-SPI溶液(复合蛋白质溶液)的游离巯基质量摩尔浓度增加;复合凝胶的分子间二硫键增加,α-螺旋与β-折叠结构的比例最低,表面疏水性...     

大豆分离蛋白组成及二级结构对表面疏水性的影响

测定不同品种大豆分离蛋白(SPI)的表面疏水性和游离巯基含量,同时采用SDS-PAGE法和圆二色谱法分析SPI的蛋白质组成及二级结构,探讨它们对SPI表面疏水性的影响。SPI表面疏水性随着游离巯基含量的增加而增大,这与蛋白分子的解折叠和疏水性残基的暴露有关。品种差异对SPI的蛋白质组成和表面疏水性有一定影响,7S/11S比值越大,表面疏水性越高。不同品种SPI的二级结构含量存在差异,当蛋白质分子中α-螺旋含量较低,β-折叠及无规卷曲含量较高时,蛋白质分子的无序性增加,分子结构趋于暴露式,使埋藏在内部的疏水性残基更多地暴露在蛋白质分子表面,导致表面疏水性的增加。     

不同热处理条件下大豆蛋白体外模拟消化产物结构和分子质量分布

采用胃蛋白酶对热处理后的大豆分离蛋白(SPI)进行体外模拟消化,对消化产物的亚基组成、蛋白质二级结构和分子质量分布进行研究。随着热处理温度和时间的增加,水解度先升高后降低,说明适当的热处理条件促进胃蛋白酶对SPI的消化降解。热处理能够改变SPI体外消化模式,使11S亚基消化程度降低,同时使不易消化降解的7S亚基组分被消化降解,形成分子质量低于17 ku或更低分子质量的组分。热处理主要使消化产物二级结构中α-螺旋含量增加,β-折叠含量降低,且SPI消化产物的分子质量分布也发生改变。随着热处理温度的升高,α-螺旋含量先增加后降低,β-折叠含量先降低后增加,而热处理时间对二级结构无显著影响。高温或长时间热处理使SPI消化产物在分子质量大于100 ku和3~10 ku范围内分布增多,在分子质量10~100 ku和小于3 ku范围内分布减少。     

霉变和辐照对大豆蛋白质理化性质和结构的影响

以新鲜大豆为原料制备了不同霉变程度的大豆,利用60Co-γ射线对大豆进行了辐照处理,采用胃蛋白酶体外消化率、氨基酸组分测定、SDS-PAGE电泳和傅里叶红外变换光谱(FT-IR)研究了霉变和辐照对大豆中蛋白质体外消化率以及蛋白质组成和结构的影响。研究表明:大豆培养30 d后,霉变导致大豆胃蛋白酶消化率降低23.74%,氨基酸总量减少2.07%,大豆蛋白质二级结构中的β-转角和无规卷曲分别增加了2.67%和4.17%,而α-螺旋和β-折叠相应减少3.62%和3.21%。在所考察的剂量范围内(10~30 k Gy),辐照对新鲜大豆的胃蛋白酶体外消化率、氨基酸组成、蛋白质亚基组成没有显著影响(P0.05),但对蛋白质二级结构中的α-螺旋与β-折叠具有显著影响(P0.05)。霉变大豆经过γ射线辐照处理后,氨基酸总量降低,蛋白质二级结构中的α-螺旋与β-折叠减少,无规则卷曲增加。     

使用圆二色性光谱分析二级结构对大豆分离蛋白表面疏水性的影响

旨在采用圆二色性光谱手段研究二级结构对我国六种经常使用的大豆品种制备而成的分离蛋白的表面疏水性的影响。实验先是对六个品种的大豆进行分离蛋白的提取,并对其性质进行测定,包括溶解度和表面疏水性;再对六种大豆分离蛋白的二级结构进行测定和分析;通过SPSS软件对六种大豆分离蛋白的表面疏水性和二级结构的数值进行线性相关性分析,探究二者之间的构效关系。研究中发现六个品种的大豆分离蛋白的二级结构、溶解性、表面疏水性都差异显著(p0.05),表面疏水性的大小随着α-螺旋含量升高而减小,随着无规则卷曲和β-折叠含量增大而提高,因β-转角含量变化的影响不明显。SPSS线性相关性分析表明品种间的表面疏水性与β-转角含量线性关系不显著,与无规则卷曲、β-折叠含量呈正向相关,与α-螺旋含量呈负向相关。     

玉米粉对面条的蛋白质二级结构及微观结构的影响

研究玉米粉及谷朊粉对面条品质的影响,并通过傅立叶变换红外光谱和扫描电镜研究玉米粉及谷朊粉对面条蛋白质二级结构和微观结构的影响。结果表明:随着玉米粉的添加,面条的质构及感官品质明显下降,添加一定量的谷朊粉后,玉米面条质量得到明显的改善;红外光谱结果发现,随着玉米粉的添加,面条的β-折叠片层、β-折叠、α-螺旋及β-转角逐渐降低,且差异性显著,玉米粉添加量大于60%时,无序结构显著增大;添加谷朊粉,β-折叠片层、β-折叠结构增加,且在6%~8%存在显著性差异,α-螺旋、β-转角、分子间非平面弱氢键呈降低趋势,且α-螺旋存在显著性差异;扫描电镜结果发现,添加玉米粉后,面筋网络遭到破坏,颗粒之间缝隙较大,连接不紧密;添加谷朊粉改良后,面筋蛋白含量有所增加,颗粒之间愈发紧密,面筋网络逐渐形成。     

体外模拟消化对大豆蛋白组成及二级结构的影响

采用胃蛋白酶在37℃和pH 1.2条件下对大豆分离蛋白(SPI)进行体外模拟消化,探究体外模拟消化对SPI组成及二级结构的影响。随着消化时间的延长,蛋白质的消化程度逐渐增大,当消化反应超过2 h后,蛋白质的消化速率减慢。在整个消化过程中,SPI的不同亚基受胃蛋白酶的消化或降解行为的影响存在明显的差异。7S比11S更难被胃蛋白酶消化降解,11S蛋白中B亚基较A亚基更难且更慢被消化,这与亚基的空间结构紧密度及疏水基团的暴露有关。红外光谱中酰胺I带处具有强吸收峰,对酰胺I带的拟合分析表明,经胃蛋白酶的消化后,SPI的二级结构发生显著改变。总体上看,随着消化时间的延长,α-螺旋含量增加,β-折叠和β-转角含量下降,而无规卷曲含量先增加后降低,且有部分平行式β-折叠结构向反平行式β-折叠结构转变。     

改性大豆蛋白二级结构变化对其粘接强度的影响

采用不同浓度的尿素（1、3、5、8mol／L）对大豆分离蛋白进行改性,使其二级结构发生变化。测定了大豆蛋白α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲含量,并对二级结构含量与尿素改性大豆蛋白对木材粘接强度的关系进行了研究。结果表明,SPI对木材的粘接特性影响是十分复杂的,并不能简单地用蛋白质二级结构的含量多少来表示,同时改性SPI的抗水性也很难用其二级结构的含量来解释。因此,关于改性大豆蛋白对木材的粘接性能及其抗水性机理需要深入研究。     

大豆蛋白溶解性研究

该文概述大豆蛋白溶解特性及其与一般物质溶解差异,介绍提高大豆蛋白溶解性改性方法及研究现状,对比不同改性增溶方法优、缺点,并提出今后大豆蛋白改性研究方向。     

Co-precipitation of whey and pea protein – indication of interactions

The aim was to optimise the yield of co-precipitation of whey protein isolate (WPI) and pea protein isolate (PPI) and compare co-precipitates and protein blends with respect to solubility. The yield of co-precipitates was tested with different protein ratios of WPI and PPI in combination with different temperatures and acid precipitation (pH 4.6). The highest precipitation yield was obtained at protein ratios WPI < PPI, high temperature and alkaline protein solvation. The solubility was measured by an instability index and absorption spectroscopy of re-suspended precipitated proteins at pH 3, 7 and 11.5. Co-precipitates had significantly lower solubility than protein blends. Protein ratios WPI > PPI, low precipitation temperature and high pH showed the highest solubility. Differences in protein composition between co-precipitates and protein blends were observed with SDS-PAGE and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight, and indicated different protein–protein interaction in samples, which needs further investigations.     

Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Soy Protein Substrates Modified by Low Levels of Protease Hydrolysis

ABSTRACT: Endo-protease treatments achieving low degrees of hydrolysis (DH 2% and 4%) were used to improve functional properties of hexane-extracted soy flour (HESF), extruded-expelled partially defatted soy flour (EESF), ethanol-washed soy protein concentrate (SPC), and soy protein isolate (SPI). These substrates had protein dispersibility indices ranging from 11% to 89%. Functional properties, including solubility profile (pH 3 to 7), emul-sification capacity and stability, foaming capacity and stability, and apparent viscosity were determined and related to surface hydrophobicity and peptide profiles of the hydrolysates. Protein solubilities of all substrates increased as DH increased. Emulsification capacity and hydrophobicity values of the enzyme-modified HESF and EESF decreased after hydrolysis, whereas these values increased for SPC and SPI. Emulsion stability was improved for all 4% DH hydrolysates. Hydrolyzed SPC had lower foaming capacity and stability. For substrates other than SPC, foaming properties were different depending on DH. Hydrolysis significantly decreased the apparent viscosities regardless of substrate. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicated differences in the molecular weight profiles of the hydrolysates. HESF and EESF, which had high proportions of native-state proteins, showed minor changes in the peptide profile due to hydrolysis compared with SPC and SPI.     

细菌中蛋白质样品制备方法研究进展

细菌在生长繁殖时,细菌蛋白的表达受到环境影响而存在较大差异,使得细菌蛋白表达具有复杂性。在食品生产加工过程中可能会受到致病菌污染,细菌产生的内毒素和外毒素均会对人体健康构成威胁,因此需要高灵敏度和高特异性的检测方法来定量分析和鉴定食品中的细菌毒素。蛋白组学方法可以揭示细菌蛋白组成及其潜在的生物学功能,感染过程中菌体蛋白表达变化和致病机制理。其中,细菌蛋白样品的前处理作为细菌蛋白组学研究的关键步骤,直接影响鉴定的细菌蛋白质量。本文主要阐述目前细菌蛋白组学研究中菌体蛋白和胞外蛋白样品制备方法及其对蛋白鉴定和定量的影响,将为更深入的开展细菌蛋白组学研究提供参考。     

大豆分离蛋白改性对其功能性质影响

大豆分离蛋白是大豆蛋白最为精制形式,广泛应用于食品工业,并在不同产品中表现出不同功能。该文综述近年来大豆分离蛋白物理、化学、酶法及基因工程改性对其功能性质影响,经不同方式改性可产生合适功能性质,从而拓宽大豆分离蛋白在食品工业中应用。     

几种新型花生蛋白产品的生产

本文从花生蛋白质利用的角度介绍了几种新型花生蛋白产品的加工工艺，针对我国人民膳食结构中蛋白质的摄入水平较低的实际情况，论述了花生蛋白开发利用的必要性，展望了花生蛋白开发利用的广阔前景。     

大豆蛋白生产与应用现状

该文综述大豆蛋白制品—大豆蛋白粉、大豆分离蛋白、大豆浓缩蛋白、大豆组织蛋白生产现状、存在问题及大豆蛋白在面制品、肉制品、乳制品、饮料制品等中应用现状。     

Effects of silage protein degradability and fermentation acids on metabolizable protein concentration: A meta-analysis of dairy cow production experiments

A meta-analysis was conducted using data from dairy cow production studies to evaluate silage metabolizable protein (MP) concentrations. The data consisted of 397 treatment means in 130 comparisons, in which the effects of silage factors (e.g., date of harvest, wilting, silage additives) were investigated. Within a comparison, a fixed amount of the same concentrate was fed. A prerequisite of data to be included in the analysis was that silage dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ammonia N, lactic acid (LA), and total acid (TA) concentrations and digestibility were determined. A smaller data set (n = 248) comprised studies in which silage water-soluble N concentration was also analyzed. The supply of MP was estimated as amino acids absorbed from the small intestine using a model with constant values for ruminal effective protein degradability (EPD) and intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein. Microbial protein was calculated on the basis of digestible carbohydrates and rumen degradable protein (RDP). Alternative models were used to estimate microbial protein formation, assuming the energy values of RDP and TA to be equivalent to 1.00, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, and 0 times that of digestible carbohydrates. Because EPD values are seldom determined in production trials, they were derived using empirical models that estimate them from other feed components. The goodness of fit of models was compared on the basis of root mean squared error (RMSE) of milk protein yield (MPY) predicted from MP supply (adjusted for random study effect) and Akaike's information criterion. Metabolizable protein supply calculated from basal assumptions predicted MPY precisely within a study (RMSE = 16.2 g/d). Variable contribution of RDP to the energy supply for microbial synthesis influenced the precision of MPY prediction very little, but RMSE for MPY increased markedly when the energy supply of rumen microbes was corrected for TA concentration. Using predicted rather than constant EPD values also increased RMSE of MPY prediction. These observations do not mean that the supply of MP from undegraded feed protein is constant. However, it suggests that our current methods overestimate the range in EPD values and that the techniques have so many inherent technical problems that they can mask the true differences between the feeds. Including new elements in feed protein evaluation models may not improve the precision of production response predictions unless the consequent effects on the supply of other nutrients are taken into account.     

中国植物油料蛋白生产现状与发展趋势

对中国主要植物油料蛋白--大豆蛋白、花生蛋白、棉籽蛋白、菜籽蛋白工业的生产现状与发展趋势进行了论述,同时对这4种蛋白的氨基酸组成、营养效价和生物价进行了比较.结果表明,菜籽蛋白的生物价和营养效价最高,其次为大豆蛋白,再次为棉籽蛋白,最后为花生蛋白.目前我国对大豆蛋白开发利用最多,而对于菜籽蛋白和棉籽蛋白,由于脱毒技术等原因,开发利用不足.随着人民生活水平的提高、技术的成熟,这些油料蛋白将得到进一步的开发、利用,市场潜力巨大.     

The structures and functions of ice crystal-controlling proteins from bacteria

Many organisms have evolved into unique mechanisms which minimize freezing injury due to extracellular ice formation. Specifically, certain bacteria have produced a few proteins each with different functions. For example, the ice nucleation protein acts as a template for ice formation, which is responsible for imparting ice nucleating activity. The anti-nucleating protein inhibits the fluctuation of ice nucleus formation by a foreign particle in the water drop. Also, the antifreeze proteins depress the freezing temperature, modify or suppress ice crystal growth, inhibit ice recrystallization, and protect the cell membrane from cold-induced damage. In this article, a review on the current knowledge of the structure and the function of these three types of proteins, which are capable of interacting with ice itself or its nuclei from bacteria.