国内外主要粮油产品中真菌毒素限量、检测标准及风险评估现状分析

粮油食品以及动物源食品(奶、蛋、肉)在生产和储藏过程中易被真菌毒素污染,主要涉及毒素为黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、赭曲霉毒素A、伏马毒素和T2毒素等,这些毒素经食品流入食物链,会造成人体脏器损伤、生殖异常、免疫抑制、畸变和癌变等不良影响。因此,国内外针对性开展了风险评估工作,并建立了相关限量及检测技术标准。本文对主要粮油产品中常见真菌毒素的毒性进行了综述,比较分析了近年来国内外相关限量及检测标准的制定修订现状与进展,并对世界范围内相关风险评估工作进展进行了总结,以期为粮油产品的质量安全风险评估工作及有效应对国外贸易壁垒提供综合性的参考。     

伏马毒素在食品检测中的研究新进展

伏马毒素通过抑制神经酰胺合成酶的活性,发挥其毒性作用,并可经食物链传播,严重危害畜禽和人类的健康。文章通过归纳总结了最近几年最常用的伏马毒素检测方法,为伏马毒素在食品检测方面的研究提供参考。     

CAC、欧盟、美国与中国粮食中真菌毒素限量标准的差异分析

真菌毒素是真菌产生的毒性次级代谢产物,危害较大的有黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素A、单端孢霉烯族毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素和麦角类生物碱等。制定真菌毒素的限量标准是真菌毒素一级预防的主要措施。通过对CAC、欧盟、美国和中国粮食中真菌毒素限量标准的对比分析,找出我国现行食品安全国家标准中有关粮食真菌毒素污染控制指标存在的差异,对修订我国粮食中真菌毒素含量的限量标准提供参考和借鉴。     

粮油食品中黄曲霉毒素检测方法综述

简要介绍了黄曲霉毒素的分子结构、理化性质、对人体健康的危害及食品污染情况和限量标准,综述了目前粮油食品中黄曲霉毒素分析检测方法的现状、特点及存在问题,指出了黄曲霉毒素分析测定方法的发展方向.     

动物可食组织中霉菌毒素的残留及检测方法研究进展

霉菌毒素可在畜禽体内各脏器组织残留,为动物源性的食品安全带来隐患。随着对霉菌毒素危害认识的深入,对食品中的各类霉菌毒素限量标准的要求也在不断地提高,相应的检测技术和检测限也有了很大的发展。本文对动物可食组织中霉菌毒素的残留及检测方法研究进展进行综述,以期为制定动物性食品可食组织中的霉菌毒素的残留及检测标准提供一定的依据。     

谷物类食品中赭曲霉毒素A分析方法的研究进展

赭曲霉毒素A是由真菌产生的次级代谢产物,由于其具有极强的肾脏毒性、致癌性、致畸性,且对食品污染的范围广泛,许多国家对其制定了严格的限量标准。目前对谷物中赭曲霉毒素A的检测方法主要有薄层色谱分析法、高效液相色谱法、酶联免疫吸附法、毛细管电泳法和胶体金试纸条法等。随着检测水平的提高,对食品中的赭曲霉毒素A限量标准的要求也在不断地提高。建立安全、准确、灵敏度高、重现性好的检测体系将成为今后研究的重点。     

黄曲霉毒素B1检测方法的研究分析

黄曲霉毒素B1是黄曲霉毒素中毒性最强、危害最大的一种。由于国内外限量标准的不统一,在出口食品中由于黄曲霉毒素不合格而被通报的食品占了相当大的比例。这也对我国检测黄曲霉毒素B1的技术提出了更高的要求,在众多检测方法中酶联免疫法也因其快速、方便等特点,逐渐被认可,成为了黄曲霉毒素B1检测工作初筛的工具。     

食品中蜡样芽孢杆菌的研究进展

蜡样芽孢杆菌是常见食品污染菌,其产生的毒素可引起食物中毒.文中概述了蜡样芽孢杆菌的生物学特性、致病性、安全性、检测方法、食品中的限量标准及其控制方法.有效地控制该菌在食品中的污染,保护公众健康.     

大米中16种真菌毒素同时检测分析

目的建立大米中黄曲霉毒素、伏马毒素、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇类毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素A、T-2毒素、HT-2毒素以及杂色曲霉毒素等16种真菌毒素便捷准确的液相色谱-串联质谱法。方法大米样品经粉碎均质后采用70%甲醇水溶液浸泡提取,通过PriboFastRM226多功能净化柱净化,利用液相色谱串联质谱的多反应监测模式进行测定分析,采用内标法定量。结果 16种真菌毒素均具有良好的线性关系(r0.99),3个加标水平回收率为85.2%～102.8%,相对标准偏差范围为2.05%～4.75%。在61件大米检测中,共有5件样品检出真菌毒素,检测到的真菌毒素有5种,其中雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、伏马毒素B_1、伏马毒素B_2、15-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇各有1件样品检出,黄曲霉毒素B_1有3件检出,检出率为8.33%,检出的5种真菌毒素含量在0.69～71.47μg/kg,均未超过国家食品安全标准规定的真菌毒素限量标准。结论大米中真菌毒素的检出率低,含量符合国家标准要求,该检测方法准确、可靠、便捷,可适用于大米中多种真菌毒素的检测。     

光化学衍生-高效液相色谱法测定 粮谷类样品中黄曲霉毒素

目的建立光化学衍生-高效液相色谱荧光法测定粮谷类样品中的黄曲霉毒素(AFT)含量。方法样品经Romer Labs免疫亲和柱净化,经SW-3光化学柱后衍生,经高效液相色谱分离和荧光检测器测定,分析其中黄曲霉毒素B_1、B_2、G_1、G_2的含量。同时对免疫亲和柱洗脱条件、流动相的洗脱程序进行了优化。结果在0.5~10 ng/mL(AFT B_1,G_1)和0.15~3.0 ng/mL(AFT B_2,G_2)线性范围内,所得回归方程的相关系数均大于0.999。黄曲霉毒素B_1、G_1方法检出限为0.15 ng/g,黄曲霉毒素B_2、G_2方法检出限为0.05 ng/g,加标回收率为89.5%~107%,精密度为1.4%~7.2%。采集粮谷类样品222件,其中有5件样品检出AFT,但均未超过国家限值标准。结论该方法灵敏度和准确度较高,可适用于粮谷类食品中黄曲霉毒素的检测。     

实时荧光PCR法测定婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中麸质过敏原成分

目的建立实时荧光PCR法检测婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中麸质过敏原成分的含量。方法样品加入淀粉酶液化后,采用试剂盒方法提取样品DNA,考察大麦Hordein基因、小麦Gliadin基因、黑麦Secl基因和燕麦Avenin基因检测方法的特异性、灵敏度和检出限,幵应用于检测实际样品。结果确定了实时荧光PCR反应体系条件,各个基因的检测方法具有特异性强且灵敏度高,检出限为0.1%。结论该方法操作简便,准确率高,适用于婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中麸质成分的检测。     

Fumonisins in Brazilian corn-based foods for infant consumption.

A survey of 196 samples of corn-based infant foods from 13 cities of Sao Paulo State, Brazil, was carried out to investigate the fumonisin contamination in the products. Based on their ingredients, the products were divided into seven groups: infant cereal designated as types A-D, corn meal, corn starch and instant cereal baby food. Although certain infant food samples were free of fumonisin contamination (<20 microg kg(-1); corn starch and infant cereals of type A, B and D), contamination levels in the other products (corn meal, instant corn-based baby food and cereal type C) were of concern, particularly those in corn meal. All samples in these categories contained fumonisins. The mean level for total fumonisins (FB1 + FB2 + FB3) in corn meal was 2242 microg kg(-1) (maximum 8039 microg kg(-1)), in instant corn-based baby food was 437 (maximum 1096) microg kg(-1) and in infant cereal type C was 664 (maximum 1753) microg kg(-1).     

Occurrence and preventive strategies to control mycotoxins in cereal‐based food

Mycotoxins contamination in cereal‐based food is ubiquitous according to systematic review of the scientific documentation of worldwide mycotoxin contamination in cereal and their products between 2008 and 2018, thus representing food safety issue especially in developing tropical countries. Food processing plays a vital role to prevent mycotoxin contamination in food. Therefore, it is with great urgency to develop strategies to inhibit fungi growth and mycotoxin production during food processing. This review begins by discussing physicochemical properties of five most common mycotoxins (aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone) found in cereal grains, regulation for mycotoxins in food, and their potential negative impact on human health. The fate of mycotoxins during major cereal‐based food processing including milling, breadmaking, extrusion, malting, and brewing was then summarized. In the end, traditional mitigation strategies including physical and chemical and potential application of biocontrol agent and essential oil nanoemulsions that can be applied during food processing were discussed. It indicated that no single method is currently available to completely prevent mycotoxin contamination in cereal foods.     

抗真菌性乳酸菌生物保护剂的研究进展

霉菌和酵母不仅引起果蔬、谷类、乳制品和肉制品等食品及农产品腐败变质,造成巨大的经济损失,而且霉菌还产生有害于人体健康的黄曲霉毒素、伏马菌素、单端孢霉烯、赭曲霉素A和棒曲霉素等真菌毒素,给食用者带来潜在的食品安全隐患。随着消费者对鲜活和微加工食品的需求不断增加,化学防腐剂在食品中应用受到限制,食品生物保护剂研究及应用已成为热点。乳酸菌通过生态位竞争、形成酸性环境和产生各种代谢产物对致病菌和腐败微生物具有较强的拮抗作用,作为一新型生物保护剂已广泛应用于各种食品中。本文对食品中抗真菌性乳酸菌的筛选和应用、乳酸菌产生的抗真菌代谢产物以及发展趋势进行综述,为进一步探究乳酸菌抗菌机理,研发高效食品生物保护剂提供借鉴与参考。     

Effects of thermal food processing on the chemical structure and toxicity of fumonisin mycotoxins

Fumonisins are Fusarium mycotoxins that occur in corn and corn-based foods. They are toxic to animals and at least one analogue, fumonisin B1, is carcinogenic to rodents. Their effect on human health is unclear, however, fumonisins are considered to be risk factors for cancer and possibly neural tube defects in some heavily exposed populations. It is therefore important to minimize exposures in these populations. Cleaning corn to remove damaged or moldy kernels reduces fumonisins in foods while milling increases their concentration in some and reduces their concentration in other products. Fumonisins are water-soluble and nixtamalization (cooking in alkaline water) lowers the fumonisin content of food products if the cooking liquid is discarded. Baking, frying, and extrusion cooking of corn at high temperatures ( > or = 190 degrees C) also reduces fumonisin concentrations in foods, with the amount of reduction achieved depending on cooking time, temperature, recipe, and other factors. However, the chemical fate of fumonisins in baked, fried, and extruded foods is not well understood and it is not known if the reduced concentrations result from thermal decomposition of fumonisins or from their binding to proteins, sugars or other compounds in food matrices. These possibilities might or might not be beneficial depending upon the bioavailability and inherent toxicity of decomposition products or the degree to which bound fumonisins are released in the gastrointestinal tract. In this review the affects of cooking and processing on the concentration and chemical structure of fumonisins as well as the toxicological consequences of known and likely fumonisin reaction products are discussed.     

酒中伏马菌素的研究进展

伏马菌素是近年来发现的一种重要的霉菌毒素,其通过污染多种粮食、水果,继而进入包括酒类产品在内的多种食品中,在动物和人类表现出神经毒害、免疫毒害以及致癌性等,危害很大.该文针对伏马菌素对人畜的危害性、在酒精饮料中伏马菌素的来源、检测方法以及降低其危害的措施等方面,综述了近年来的研究进展,以期引起对伏马菌素的重视,并为深入研究伏马菌素奠定基础.     

A Review on Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Malaysia Case Study

Fungi are distributed worldwide and can be found in various foods and feedstuffs from almost every part of the world. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by some fungal species and may impose food safety risks to human health. Among all mycotoxins, aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), trichothecenes, deoxynivalenol (DON and T‐2 toxin), zearalenone (ZEN), and fumonisins (FMN) have received much attention due to high frequency and severe health effects in humans and animals. Malaysia has heavy rainfall throughout the year, high temperatures (28 to 31 °C), and high relative humidity (70% to 80% during wet seasons). Stored crops under such conditions can easily be contaminated by mycotoxin‐producing fungi. The most important mycotoxins in Malaysian foods are AFs, OTA, DON, ZEN, and FMN that can be found in peanuts, cereal grains, cocoa beans, and spices. AFs have been reported to occur in several cereal grains, feeds, nuts, and nut products consumed in Malaysia. Spices, oilseeds, milk, eggs, and herbal medicines have been reported to be contaminated with AFs (lower than the Malaysian acceptable level of 35 ng/g for total AFs). OTA, a possible human carcinogen, was reported in cereal grains, nuts, and spices in Malaysian market. ZEN was detected in Malaysian rice, oat, barley, maize meal, and wheat at different levels. DON contamination, although at low levels, was reported in rice, maize, barley, oat, wheat, and wheat‐based products in Malaysia. FMN was reported in feed and some cereal grains consumed in Malaysia. Since some food commodities are more susceptible than others to fungal growth and mycotoxin contamination, more stringent prevention and control methods are required.     

Fumonisin production in rice cultures of Fusarium verticillioides under different incubation conditions using an optimized analytical method

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) are the main members of a family of mycotoxins produced by various fungal species belonging to the Gibberella fujikuroi complex. The present work shows the results of a comparative study of various clean-up and derivatization procedures for analysis of fumonisins in rice cultures. Fumonisins were extracted from rice with acetonitrile/water (50/50, v/v). For clean-up, three solid-phase extraction procedures were assayed (C18 cartridge, SAX cartridge, and a combination of both). Two reagents (o-phthaldialdehyde and 4-fluoro-7-nitro-benzofurazan) were studied comparatively for formation of fluorescent derivatives. The separation was carried out by LC using a fluorescence detector. The best procedure for analysis of fumonisins in rice involved clean-up with C18 cartridge and derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde. The limit of detection was 0.010 mg kg(-1) for both toxins. In the 10-500 mg kg(-1) spiking level range, the recovery rates for FB1 and FB2 in rice varied from 94.6% to 103.6% and from 96.3% to 101.9%, respectively. The optimized analytical method for determination of fumonisins in rice was applied to the study of FB1 and FB2 production by four isolates of the G. fujikuroi species complex in rice cultures carried out at different temperatures and water activities to establish the influence of strain and environmental conditions on fumonisin production in this cereal. In general, fumonisin production was the highest at 20 degrees C and lowest at 37 degrees C. Four of the five assayed water activity (aw) values (0.97, 0.98, 0.99, and 1.0) did not affect significantly fumonisin accumulation but fumonisins were not detected in cultures when aw was 0.96.     

常见食品中钾、钠测定的方法研究

目的针对现行食品中钾、钠测定的国家标准的局限性,对食品中钾、钠测定的前处理方法和测定方法进行探讨。方法分别采用4种前处理方法和3种测定方法对普通食品和国家标准物质中的钾、钠进行测定,并计算和比较各种方法的检出限、精密度和准确度。结果 4种前处理方法测定钾、钠的平均回收率为84%~112%,精密度为0.4%~3.4%;3种测定方法测定钾、钠的检出限分别为1.79~10.7 mg/kg和3.68~14.2 mg/kg,精密度为0.2%~3.8%。结论 4种前处理方法和3种测定方法均能满足食品中钾、钠的检测要求,且无明显差异。密闭微波消解法和压力罐消解法更适合于钾、钠测定的前处理。在溶液酸度小于5%时,对于低含量的钾、钠,火焰原子吸收光谱法更为合适,而对于高含量的钾、钠,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法更为合适。