烹饪方法对大蒜素含量的影响研究

在空白试验的基础上,利用定硫法测定经过不同烹饪方法加工后,大蒜中大蒜素的含量.结果表明:大蒜油炸后大蒜辣素含量0.0677%,蒸制后大蒜辣素含量0.0684%,水煮后大蒜辣素含量0.0845%,微波加热后大蒜辣素含量0.1914%.破坏大蒜素最小的烹饪方法是微波加热法,破坏最大的是油炸烹调法.     

大蒜辣素的微波辅助提取

研究了应用微波辅助提取技术从经过破碎酶解的新鲜大蒜中提取大蒜辣素(allicin)的效果,以水为溶剂,采用分光光度法对提取液中大蒜辣素含量进行检测。考察了微波强度、微波作用时间、液料比3个单因素对提取率的影响,用正交试验设计对提取条件进行了优化,得到的优化条件:微波强度1、微波作用时间5min、液料比40∶1。在此优化的条件下,提取率为1000.5mg/100g新鲜大蒜。同时与溶剂提取方法和超声辅助提取方法进行了比较,结果表明微波辅助提取法提取率比溶剂提取法(324.9mg/100g新鲜大蒜)和超声辅助提取法(316.4mg/100g新鲜大蒜)的提取率高。     

影响蒜素提取率的因素研究

大蒜中含有人体所必须的多种营养物质,其主要活性成分是大蒜辣素、蒜氨酸、大蒜新素等化合物,主要的风味成分是蒜辣素。为了避免食用调和蒜油产品中的有机溶剂残留和有效成分的损失,本研究直接采用一级菜籽油常温浸提蒜素等成分,由于大蒜中蒜辣素的含量高低及稳定性直接影响蒜油的质量。因此考察了大蒜与提取油质量比、提取时间和大蒜破碎度等因素对蒜素含量及提取工艺的影响,结果表明当蒜油质量比为1.2∶1,浸提时间12 h,大蒜打浆时间为1.5 min时,蒜辣素含量最高,达到0.2813 g/dL。     

不同地理居群大蒜药用活性成分含量差异明显

大蒜是一种重要的药食两用植物,蒜氨酸是大蒜功效成分大蒜素的前体。新鲜大蒜经过捣碎、压碎或咀嚼并放置适当时间,可使其中的蒜氨酸经蒜酶催化裂解产生大蒜辣素。新疆师范大学化学化工学院等专家以新疆及其他部     

浅谈大蒜系列产品的开发现状

大蒜古名葫,又名葫蒜、独蒜,为百合科葱属植物蒜(AlliumSativumL.)的鳞茎,是香辛类蔬菜之一。大蒜中的有效成分有大蒜辣素、大蒜新素及多种烯丙基硫醚化合物,总称为大蒜素或大蒜精油。它含有大量对人体有益的蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素、脂肪、糖类、尼克酸、核黄素、微量元素及硫化物等,尤以微量元素硒含量较高。1990年8月在美国召开的关于大蒜保健意义及其成分的首届会议证实了大蒜能在不同程度上防治结肠癌、膀胱癌、皮肤癌和肝癌。目前,大蒜制剂如大蒜注射液、大蒜素、大蒜新素等已用于医学临床中。因此大蒜系列产品开发前景将十分广阔。…     

丙酮酸差量法测定大蒜中大蒜辣素含量方法的建立

通过测定经酶促反应后大蒜鳞茎中的丙酮酸含量,以灭酶组大蒜鳞茎中丙酮酸含量为本底,应用丙酮酸差量法计算得出大蒜鳞茎中大蒜辣素含量,并对测定条件进行优化。结果表明:大蒜本底灭酶条件为100℃水浴加热30 min,酶促反应温度为30℃,酶促反应时间为10 min,在520 nm下测定吸光度值,丙酮酸含量浓度在10~50μg/m L内与吸光度呈良好的线性关系,大蒜辣素测定精密度相对标准偏差为0.88%,重现性相对标准偏差为1.05%。该方法操作简单、稳定、重复性好,对于测定大蒜中大蒜辣素切实可行。     

基于主成分分析的大蒜药用质量评价

通过比较分析大蒜的药用品质,建立大蒜药用质量评价体系。以水分、灰分、水溶性浸出物、大蒜素含量、蒜氨酸含量、大蒜辣素含量和蒜酶活力为指标,分析甘肃民乐、江苏邳州、山东金乡、河南郑州、重庆巫溪和新疆且末、拜城、种马场、虎头镇、大有镇、新地乡等11个产地大蒜的药用品质特征及差异,并通过相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析对大蒜质量进行综合评价。结果表明,不同产地大蒜的上述指标都具有显著性差异。相关性分析表明,蒜酶活力与水分呈极显著正相关性（P<0.01）,蒜氨酸含量与灰分和大蒜辣素含量呈显著正相关性（P<0.05）。利用主成分分析可筛选出3个累计贡献率达到81.134%的主成分,在贡献率最大的第1主成分中,蒜氨酸对大蒜药用品质影响最大,其次为大蒜辣素和蒜酶活力。对11个产地大蒜进行综合评价,甘肃民乐大蒜的主成分综合评分得分最高为1.44,其余4个得分大于零的皆为新疆大蒜。系统聚类分析可将大蒜聚为四类,其中郑州大蒜单独为一类,金乡、巫溪和种马场大蒜聚为一类,新地、大有和民乐大蒜聚为一类,其余三地聚为一类。蒜氨酸、大蒜辣素和蒜酶活力可用于体现不同产地大蒜药用品质间的差距,利用综合评分可筛...     

超声辅助三相分配法同步提取大蒜中大蒜辣素和多糖的工艺优化

为了优化超声辅助三相分配法同步提取大蒜中大蒜辣素和多糖工艺。以大蒜为原料,分别考察聚乙二醇质量分数、硫酸铵质量分数、超声温度和超声时间对大蒜辣素和多糖提取量的影响,并根据Box-Behnken试验设计优化大蒜辣素和多糖同步提取工艺条件。结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为:聚乙二醇质量分数为24%,超声温度为34 ℃,超声时间为50 min,此条件下大蒜辣素和多糖的提取量（按干燥品计算）可达3.564、43.86 mg/g。优化后的提取工艺可高效同步提取大蒜中大蒜辣素和多糖,可为天然大蒜功能性产品的深度研究、开发与应用奠定一定的基础。     

无臭大蒜素的提取及其系列产品研制

一、前言: 大蒜为百合科葱属植物蒜(Allium Sativuml)的鳞茎。大蒜中的有效成分有大蒜辣素、大蒜新素及多种烯丙基硫醚化合物,总称为大蒜素或大蒜精油。 每100克新鲜大蒜鳞茎中含水分70克、蛋白质4.4克、脂肪0.2克,碳水化合物23克、粗纤维0.7克、灰分1.3克、钙5毫克、铁0.4毫克、硫胺素0.24毫克、核黄素0.03毫克、     

金乡鲜蒜与黑蒜营养活性成分的含量比较

采用国标法和大型仪器(AFS、HPLC)检测方法,探讨金乡多瓣蒜与独头蒜的营养活性物质的含量差异,以及发酵成黑蒜后其含量的变化。结果表明:可溶性糖的含量由高到低依次为多瓣黑蒜42.96±0.04g/100g,独头黑蒜41.25±0.02 g/100g,多瓣鲜蒜2.90±0.08 g/100g,独头鲜蒜2.61±0.04 g/100g。微量元素硒的含量由高到低依次为多瓣黑蒜65.94±4.98μg/kg,独头黑蒜53.81±0.45μg/kg,多瓣鲜蒜59.14±1.87μg/kg,独头鲜蒜50.97±0.57μg/kg。大蒜素的含量由高到低依次为独头鲜蒜407.35±11.46 mg/kg,多瓣鲜蒜275.44±15.97mg/kg,两种黑蒜中则均未检出大蒜素。通过鲜蒜与黑蒜的对比研究表明,各营养物质含量品种间差异小,但加工成黑蒜后可溶性糖含量增加20倍,大蒜素降至零。     

Comparative evaluation of conventional and advanced frying methods on hydroxymethylfurfural and acrylamide formation in French fries

In this study, deep fat frying, microwave frying, air frying, and vacuum frying processes were used to mitigate acrylamide (AA) and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) formation during the frying of French fries. The highest reduction of AA and HMF range was found in vacuum frying (61.42–81.14%), followed by air frying (59.2–78.7%), as compared to deep fat frying and microwave frying. Both these method samples also showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower browning index (BI) and CIE a* values. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to visualize the effects of the different frying methods on AA and HMF content. Vacuum frying and air frying were found to be alternative frying technologies to minimize AA and HMF content in French fries.     

Comparative studies of different heat treatments on quality of fried shallots and their frying oils

The objectives of this study were to compare the quality of shallot-flavoured frying oil from microwave heat treatment with that from gas heat treatment. Frying of shallot pieces by the microwave treatment required shorter heating time to obtain the same colour quality as through gas treatment. The amount of total volatile compounds of shallot-flavoured frying oil obtained from microwave treatment was greater than that from gas treatment. Oil-frying of shallots by microwave heating showed better oil quality, with lower acid and peroxide values than after frying by gas heating. In storage tests these two differently treated oils at 25°C, the acid value (AV) showed no significant increase during storage for 80 days. However, the peroxide value (PV) of these two oils increased in parallel as storage time increased. The effect of moisture content, of the shallots, on the quality of resultant shallot-flavoured frying oil was studied. Slight moisture reduction of shallot pieces from 72 to 63%, by a toasting pretreatment gave the highest amount of total volatile compounds of the shallot-flavoured frying oil. However, this total volatile compounds decreased if the moisture content of shallot pieces was less than 63%.     

油炸方式对高白鲑肌肉食用品质的影响

探究采用空气油炸锅获得传统油炸效果的途径,并比较2 种油炸方式下获得高白鲑肌肉食用品质的差异。通过对熟化后的鱼块进行肌肉损失率、质构、色泽测定,筛选出传统油炸工艺参数为170 ℃-100 s和180 ℃-80 s,空气油炸工艺参数为170 ℃-12 min和180 ℃-10 min。比较2 种油炸方式下高白鲑鱼块的肌肉基本营养成分差异,在获得相似感官品质条件下,空气油炸鱼块脂肪质量分数为16.21%～17.54%,低于传统油炸鱼块脂肪质量分数18.68%～20.33%。对加工后鱼块取肉进行风味物质检测和感官评定发现2 种油炸方式处理的鱼肉挥发性风味物质、游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸和感官评分具有相似性。综上可知,空气油炸的高白鲑鱼块在外观、质构、营养成分、呈味物质及感官方面能与传统油炸达到类似效果并减少油脂的使用。     

Effect of osmotic pretreatment and microwave frying on acrylamide formation in potato strips

BACKGROUND: The presence of acrylamide, a probable carcinogen, is currently a major concern relating to the consumption of fried products. Therefore, recent frying studies have focused on ways of reducing the acrylamide content. The main objective of the present study was to determine the effects of microwave frying and osmotic treatment prior to frying on acrylamide formation in potato strips. RESULTS: Potatoes fried using 400 W microwave power for 1.0 min had an 87.85% lower acrylamide content than potatoes fried conventionally for 4.5 min (i.e. an 81.82% reduction in frying time) but a comparable moisture content. The acrylamide content of fried potatoes treated osmotically prior to both microwave and conventional frying was found to be lower than that of fried potatoes not pretreated osmotically. However, the reduction in acrylamide content was lower when osmotic treatment was applied before microwave frying. CONCLUSION: As a result of this study, it was concluded that microwave frying can be an alternative to conventional frying. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of Various Cooking Methods on the Concentrations of Volatile N‐Nitrosamines and Biogenic Amines in Dry‐Cured Sausages

Abstract: N‐nitrosamines, biogenic amines, and residual nitrites are harmful substances and are often present in cured meats. The effects of different cooking methods (boiling, pan‐frying, deep‐frying, and microwave) were investigated on their contents in dry‐cured sausage. The various N‐nitrosamines were isolated by a steam distillation method and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The biogenic amines were determined after extraction with perchloric acid as dansyl derivatives by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The results showed that initial dry‐cured raw sausage contained 5.31 μg/kg of total N‐nitrosamines. Cooking by deep‐frying or pan‐frying resulted in products having the highest (P < 0.05) contents, compared with boiling or microwave treatments, which were not different from the raw. Although frying increased the content of N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N‐nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), and N‐nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), it decreased the contents of histamine and cadaverine. Boiling and microwave treatments decreased the total biogenic amines significantly (P < 0.05). Residual nitrite was significantly reduced by cooking treatments. The results suggest that boiling and microwave treatments were more suitable methods for cured meat. Practical Application: N‐nitrosamines and biogenic amines are considered potentially harmful substances to humans and often present in dry‐cured sausage. Different cooking methods may effect the content of these harmful substances. However, little information exists on the different cooking methods on dry‐cured meats.     

Effect of Microwave Frying on Acrylamide Generation,Mass Transfer,Color, and Texture in French Fries

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of microwave power on acrylamide generation, as well as moisture and oil fluxes and quality attributes of microwave-fried potatoes. Concretely, 25 g of potato strips, in 250 mL of fresh oil (at room temperature), were subjected to three different microwave powers (315, 430, and 600 W) in a conventional microwave oven. Microwave frying resulted in an acrylamide reduction ranged from 37 to 83% compared to deep-oil frying. Microwave-fried French fries presented lower moisture and higher fat content than deep-oil fried potatoes. Concretely, microwave-fried potatoes presented values of moisture and texture more similar to potato chips than French fries, nonetheless with lower fat levels (less than 20 g/100 g wb) and acrylamide content (lower than 100 μg/kg wb) at the reference time. This study presents an alternative way of frying to address the production of healthier potato chips.     

TESTO快速检测法在煎炸油质量监控过程中的应用

生产加工与餐饮企业为降低成本需要合理重复使用煎炸油,为保证煎炸食品的安全性,有必要建立快速有效的检测方法,以便于企业对煎炸油品质进行监控。选用目前生产加工及餐饮企业广泛使用的12种煎炸油为监控对象,包括大豆油、棕榈油、高油酸菜籽油等7种单品油和5种不同组成的调和油,煎炸处理薯条、鸡块和鱼排3种常见快餐食品,试验每12 h取样检测煎炸油中的总极性组分含量(TPC),对比研究柱层析法及TESTO 270快速检测法的结果相关性。试验结果表明,使用快速检测仪检测样品TPC,当TPC20%时,其结果与柱层析法具有显著相关性(Pearson系数为0.744~0.984,P0.01),但当TPC20%时,相关性减弱(Pearson系数为0.553~0.929,P0.01),R~2值为0.149 2~0.863 2。当TPC介于20%至27%之间时,TESTO 270快速检测法的结果有3.6%假阳性,TPC大于27%时,假阴性结果比率为10%。本研究为TESTO 270快速检测法在煎炸油质量监控中的应用提供了参考。     

油炸对鹅肉理化性质、质构与微观结构的影响

为选择鹅肉合适的油炸条件,采用常规物化特性测定方法,研究油炸对鹅肉理化性质、质构与微观结构的影响。结果表明,随油炸温度升高、时间延长,油炸损失率逐渐增加,135℃油炸5 min比120℃油炸2.5 min的损失率增加了12.87%(P0.05);p H值与剪切力的变化规律相似,呈现出了总体上升趋势,120℃与135℃油炸5 min时,剪切力值分别为40.432 N与55.783 N(P0.05);油炸后,鹅肉L*值降低,a*值与b*值逐渐增加,135℃油炸5 min的a*值与b*值分别比油炸2.5 min的增加了27.85%与32.95%;油炸后鹅肉硬度、咀嚼性总体变大,弹性、凝聚力、黏性及恢复性总体变小。120℃油炸3.5 min时,肌束膜内出现少许颗粒,125℃油炸3.5 min时,肌束膜变形严重,部分溶解,至135℃油炸5 min时,肌细胞结构已十分模糊。130℃油炸3 min是鹅肉较好的油炸条件,在此条件下,鹅肉损失率为38.24%、剪切力值为41.897 N、色泽金黄、质构特性良好。     

CORRELATION OF QUALITY OF FRYING OIL AND OIL EXTRACTED FROM POTATO FRITTERS FRIED IN LIQUID AND PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED RAPESEED OILS

The increase in consumption of food fried in the so-called 'deep-frying-oil'entails the necessity of knowledge of both thermooxidative transformation occuring in the frying medium and chemical composition of oil absorbed by the fried product. The aim of this study was to correlate the quality of frying medium and oil extracted from potato fritters fried under rigorously controlled laboratory conditions in liquid and partially hydrogenated rapeseed oils. Oxidation and polymerization reactions predominated during deep frying of potato fritters in both frying media, but hydrolysis occured only to a small degree. The peroxide value was not a suitable quality control indicator for monitoring the thermooxidative transformation during deep frying. The most suitable method for examining such transformations was to study the content and composition of the polar fraction. A correlation existed between the amount of polymers and oxidized triacylglycerols (TAGs) and the amount of polar fraction. Small differences existed in the content of thermooxidative transformation products in the frying medium and the oil extracted from potato fritters. By monitoring anisidine value (AnV), E^1%_1cm and the content and composition of the polar fraction in the frying medium, it was possible to evaluate the quality of the fat in the fritters. Thus, the use of partially hydrogenated compared to liquid rapeseed oil in deep frying process may be preferred because at the same content of polar fraction and its components partially hydrogenated rapeseed oil contained a lesser amount of secondary oxidation products.     

Comparison of Microwave and Conventional Frying on Quality Attributes and Fat Content of Potatoes

A comparative analysis of quality attributes (moisture, fat, color, and relaxation modulus) of French fries was performed between conventional and microwave frying. Experiments were performed in triplicate for both frying operations at temperatures of 177, 185, and 193 °C for frying times of 60, 90, and 120 s. The real‐time pressure and temperature profiles at above conditions indicated that during microwave frying, gage pressure had greater magnitudes that lasted longer, and the temperature increased to boiling point of water faster in comparison to conventional frying. Lower magnitude of negative pressure during microwave frying is expected to have caused lower fat content in fries obtained using this method (0.08 g/g solids less at 185 °C and 0.07 g/g solids less at 193 °C) than conventional frying. The lightness parameter (L^*) decreased to a lesser extent in microwave frying than in conventional frying. The stress relaxation function of the French fries were significantly different between the 2 frying operations. Consumer test confirmed that reduced fat uptake during microwave frying did not compromise with desirable quality attributes of French fries. X‐ray micro‐computed tomography scanning provided complementary understanding about differences in microstructural properties of fries made using microwave and conventional frying.