不同贮藏温度下稻花鸡肉优势腐败菌变化及Arrhenius货架期预测模型的建立

为获得稻花鸡肉腐败菌的Arrhenius货架期预测模型,采用培养基初步筛选与16S rDNA全基因序列鉴定优势腐败菌,研究不同贮藏温度（25、4、0℃）下优势腐败菌和菌落总数的生长变化,通过化学反应动力学方程构建菌落总数、假单胞菌和沙雷氏菌货架期预测模型并进行验证。结果表明,稻花鸡肉在贮藏过程中逐渐占主导地位的优势腐败菌是假单胞菌属莓实假单胞菌和肠杆菌科沙雷氏菌属液化沙雷氏菌。稻花鸡肉25℃常温贮藏下货架期不超过0.5 d,腐败中后期沙雷氏菌占主导地位,4℃冷藏保鲜货架期不超过4 d,假单胞菌和沙雷氏菌均随贮藏时间的延长呈增长趋势,0℃冰温贮藏货架期不超过10 d,贮藏后期假单胞菌和沙雷氏菌差异性不显著。利用菌落总数、假单胞菌、沙雷氏菌3个指标建立货架期预测模型,3种货架期预测模型预测值与实测值对比,平均相对误差均在允许范围内,预测效果最佳的是假单胞菌货架期预测模型。菌落总数、假单胞菌和沙雷氏菌货架期预测模型均能对稻花鸡肉的货架期进行真实预测。     

冰温贮藏对鸡胸肉品质变化的影响

将新鲜鸡胸肉分别置于4℃和-1℃环境中贮藏,定期取样测定其菌落总数、pH值、挥发性盐基氮(Total volatile base-nitrogen,TVB-N)、失水率、感官性状等指标,比较冰温和冷藏对鸡胸肉保鲜期的影响,为鸡肉的保鲜提供参考。结果表明:冰温保鲜能很好控制鸡胸肉的细菌总数和TVB-N,延缓pH升高。冰温贮藏至18 d时,细菌总数为4.6×10~5 cfu/g,在国家标准(≤10~6 cfu/g)的范围内,TVB-N值为18.95 mg/100 g,符合国家二级鲜肉的标准(≤20 mg/100 g),pH为6.30,符合国家二级鲜肉的标准(6.3~6.6)。-1℃冰温较4℃冷藏能更好地延缓鸡胸肉的腐败变质,可延长保鲜期13 d。     

比较鸡脯肉冷藏与冰温贮藏期间品质的变化

将新鲜鸡脯肉分别置于4℃和﹣1℃环境中贮藏,定期取样测定其菌落总数、pH值、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、感官性状等指标,研究冷藏和冰温贮藏对鸡脯肉保鲜期的影响,以期获得最佳贮藏温度.结果表明:冰温能很好地延缓鸡脯肉的腐败变质,且冰温处理组较冷藏处理组鸡脯肉的保鲜货架期可以延长10d左右.     

冰温贮藏对鸭胸肉品质变化的影响

将新鲜鸭胸肉分别置于4 ℃和－1 ℃环境中贮藏,定期取样测定其菌落总数、pH值、挥发性盐基氮（totalvolatile base-nitrogen,TVB-N）值、失水率、感官性状等指标,研究冷藏和冰温贮藏对鸭胸肉保鲜期的影响,以期获得最佳保鲜工艺。结果表明,冰温保鲜能很好控制鸭胸肉的细菌总数和TVB-N值,延缓pH值升高。冰温贮藏至20 d时,细菌总数为1.7×105 CFU/g,在国家标准（不大于106 CFU/g）的范围内,TVB-N值为18.48 mg/100 g,符合国家二级鲜肉的标准（不大于20 mg/100 g）,pH值为6.05,符合国家一级鲜肉的标准（pH 5.18～6.12）。冰温较冷藏能更好地延缓鸭胸肉的腐败变质,将保鲜期延长15 d。     

冰温保鲜和冷藏保鲜对生食大西洋鲑品质影响的比较研究

目的探讨冰温保鲜和冷藏保鲜对生食大西洋鲑品质变化的影响。方法将大西洋鲑分别置于-1.8℃冰温条件和4.0℃冷藏条件下贮藏,测定菌落总数、pH值、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)值、色差值、K值和感官评分,通过这一系列评价指标,综合分析大西洋鲑在冰温保鲜条件和冷藏保鲜条件下品质变化的不同。结果随着贮藏时间的延长, 2组的菌落总数值、TVB-N值、K值均呈上升趋势, pH值在冰温保鲜条件和冷藏保鲜条件下变化趋势相近,色差值在2个保鲜条件下波动变化没有明显差异,感官评分在2个不同温度条件下总体均呈现下降趋势。在冷藏保鲜条件下,生食大西洋鲑的货架期为2 d;在冰温保鲜条件下,生食大西洋鲑的货架期为5d。结论冰温保鲜方式可将生食大西洋鲑的货架期延长3d,与冷藏保鲜方式相比,冰温保鲜方式在大西洋鲑的贮藏过程中体现了良好的保鲜效果。     

冰温贮藏对黄羽肉鸡肌肉感官品质和游离氨基酸变化的影响

目的 探讨冰温贮藏对黄羽肉鸡肌肉品质及主要呈味物质的影响。方法 以80 d龄黄羽肉鸡为试验材料, 将其分为–1.5 ℃冰温及４ ℃冷藏2个组, 研究挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N)和感官评价指标变化, 根据GB 2707得出鸡肉的货架期。在货架期内, 通过氨基酸自动分析法, 检测16种游离氨基酸(free amino acid, FAA)含量。结果 随着贮藏时间的延长, 黄羽肉鸡肌肉的TVB-N值呈现上升的趋势, 而感官评分呈现降低的趋势, 且冰温贮藏比冷藏下降缓慢。在货架期内, 冰温贮藏条件下总游离氨基酸含量比冷藏增加了49.53%; 必需游离氨基酸含量增加了42.05%, 呈味游离氨基酸含量增加了80.52%。结论 与冷藏相比, 冰温贮藏能很好控制黄羽肉鸡肌肉TVB-N值的升高, 延缓肌肉褐变, 明显增加了鸡肉的滋味和适口性。     

不同贮藏条件下鸡胸肉特征腐败菌分析

以宁都黄鸡新鲜鸡胸肉为对象,对4℃真空贮藏、4℃托盘贮藏和25℃托盘贮藏3种方式下生鲜鸡肉菌落总数变化、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值变化和鸡肉表面细菌多样性变化进行了分析。结果显示,4℃托盘贮藏方式下的鸡胸肉理化指标在第7天超过标准要求,4℃真空贮藏方式下的鸡胸肉理化指标在11d的试验期内均在标准要求范围内,25℃托盘贮藏方式下的鸡胸肉理化指标第2天就超过标准要求。细菌多样性分析结果显示,4℃托盘贮藏7d时,鸡胸肉表面细菌以假单胞菌(99.45%)为主;4℃真空贮藏11d时,鸡胸肉表面细菌以假单胞菌(81.08%)和乳酸菌(6.93%)为主;25℃托盘贮藏3d时,鸡胸肉表面细菌以假单胞菌(60.23%)和肠杆菌(28.54%)为主。结合理化特征和表面细菌多样性变化规律分析,确定4℃托盘贮藏和4℃真空贮藏鸡肉中的特征腐败菌均为嗜冷细菌假单胞菌,25℃托盘贮藏的特征腐败菌包括肠杆菌、芽孢杆菌、梭菌和肠球菌。     

冰温保鲜过程中鸡肉品质及微观结构的变化

为探寻鸡肉合适保鲜方法,以4℃对照,研究20 d内,-1.5℃冰温贮藏对鸡肉品质及微观结构影响。结果表明,在4℃与-1.5℃贮藏条件下,随贮藏时间延长,鸡肉L~*、a~*、b~*值均先升高后下降,持水性、硬度、弹性总体下降,TBA值、TVB-N值总体上升,但-1.5℃贮藏鸡肉各项品质指标均明显优于4℃贮藏鸡肉。2种贮藏条件下鸡肉的T_(2b)、T_(21)、T_(22)出峰值均向较长时间方向移动,P_(21)持续下降,P_(22)持续上升;4℃贮藏6 d、-1.5℃贮藏18 d时鸡肉细胞结缔组织开始降解劣化。4℃贮藏4 d与-1.5℃贮藏16 d时,菌落总数分别为7×10~4、3.8×10~5CFU/g(符合国家标准规定限值1×10~6CFU/g),TVB-N值分别为16.55、20.32 mg/100 g(符合国家二级鲜肉标准),冰温贮藏可使鸡肉保鲜期延长12 d。实验结果可为提高鸡肉品质,延长其货架期提供科学依据。     

工厂实测冷鲜鸡冷却贮藏过程品质的变化

探讨冷鲜鸡在冷却加工及贮藏过程中的品质变化情况。检测指标包括:p H、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、菌落总数、尸胺含量、蒸煮损失率、质构指标(TPA),测试时间点为工厂环境下鸡刚宰杀、冷却排酸结束、冷藏1 d、冷藏2 d及冷藏6 d。研究表明:冷藏2 d时,鸡腿肉及鸡胸肉蒸煮损失率分别为11.86%、16.80%,为整个加工冷藏过程的最低值,且维持较好质构特性。随冷藏时间延长,鸡肉TVB-N值、菌落总数、尸胺含量均不同程度增加。冷藏6 d时,鸡腿肉TVB-N值趋近15 mg/100 g,菌落总数已略微超过一级鲜肉菌落总数值(106CFU/g),尸胺含量也达到1.820 mg/kg;而鸡胸肉TVB-N值与菌落总数均低于一级鲜肉标准值,尸胺含量为1.585 mg/kg。研究所得结论是:冷藏1 d内冷鲜鸡处于僵直期,鸡肉尚未成熟,理想食用阶段在冷藏2 d左右,且冷鲜鸡货架期不宜超过6 d。     

冰温技术结合生物保鲜剂对中国对虾品质的影响

利用冰温结合生物保鲜剂涂膜中国对虾,以菌落总数(TVC)、pH、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)、挥发性盐基氮含量(TVB-N)、感官评价、肌动球蛋白盐溶性及质构特性为指标,研究冰温结合生物保鲜剂涂膜对中国对虾贮藏品质的影响。结果表明:中国对虾冰温带为-2.2~0 ℃;冰温技术结合复合生物保鲜剂涂膜的中国对虾相比于冷藏空白组、冰温其他组,TVC、pH、TBA、TVB-N、肌动球蛋白盐溶性上升缓慢;感官品质得到更有效保持。同时,质构分析也表明冰温结合复合生物保鲜剂涂膜对中国对虾的保鲜效果优于其他组别,效果最佳。各指标说明冰温结合复合生物保鲜剂能有效抑制中国对虾的细菌生长,并有效减缓脂肪等氧化变质;通过对各指标进行分析,冰温结合复合生物保鲜剂组相比冷藏(4±1)℃处理组货架期延长6~8 d,相比冰温空白组延长4~6 d。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.