一种检测活的非可培养状态空肠弯曲菌的新方法

为提高活的非可培养状态空肠弯曲菌的检出率,建立了一种免疫磁珠捕获-荧光聚合酶链式反应法。该法包括应用免疫磁珠技术制备弯曲菌免疫磁珠,以直接捕获受检样品中的空肠弯曲菌,并设计了检测空肠弯曲菌马尿酸酶(hipO)基因的引物与荧光标记探针。结果表明:磁捕获-荧光聚合酶链式反应法可直接检测空肠弯曲菌,无需增菌培养,具有灵敏度高、选择性好、简便、快速等特点,可在24h内完成样品中活的非可培养状态空肠弯曲菌的检测。     

纳米免疫磁分离-实时荧光聚合酶链式反应快速检测海产品中副溶血性弧菌

采用副溶血性弧菌单克隆抗体、纳米免疫磁分离技术,结合实时荧光聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）检测方法,建立海产品中副溶血性弧菌纳米免疫磁分离-实时荧光PCR检测方法。副溶血性弧菌纳米免疫磁珠在菌体浓度为103 CFU/mL水平时,对副溶血性弧菌的捕获率达到74%。在纯培养、无需增菌情况下,该方法检测灵敏度达到140 CFU/mL;通过134 株副溶血性弧菌和74 株非目标菌的测试,实时荧光PCR技术具有良好的特异性;在食品基质添加实验中,其检测限为2 CFU/25 g样品,增菌时间缩短到8 h。     

磁分离结合qPCR快速检测酱卤肉中的沙门氏菌

验证噬菌体磁分离结合实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应,快速检测方法对食品中沙门氏菌的检测效果。以一株鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的特异性噬菌体T102为分子识别元件,首先将其与羧基化磁珠偶联,制备获得噬菌体磁性颗粒（Phage T102 Magnetic Beads）复合物,利用噬菌体磁性颗粒复合物从食品中特异性分离富集沙门氏菌,然后利用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应检测富集后的沙门氏菌。该沙门氏菌快检方法检出限为100 CFU/mL（0.1 CFU/PCR）,线性范围为1×102~1×109 CFU/mL,变异系数2.1%,特异性强,检测时间为6 h。实验选取300批食品安全抽检样品与GB 4789.4-2016标准《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验沙门氏菌检验》进行比对,均未检出阳性样品,结果一致。该方法可为噬菌体偶联纳米磁珠在食源性致病菌检测领域的应用提供参考依据。     

免疫磁捕获-荧光定量PCR快速检测食品中沙门氏菌

建立了免疫磁珠分离(Immunomagnetic separation,IMS)联合荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)技术准确、快速检测食品中沙门氏菌(Salmonella spp)的方法。采用亲和纯化的羊抗沙门氏菌抗体与Dynabeads M-280磁珠制备沙门氏菌免疫磁珠,优化反应条件,建立免疫磁珠分离方法。同时根据沙门氏菌特异性ttr基因,建立Real-time PCR体系,并检测其特异性及敏感性。结果显示,沙门氏菌可产生荧光信号,而其他细菌均未见明显荧光信号。利用所建立的免疫磁捕获-荧光定量PCR(IMS-real-time PCR)方法可以检测初始含菌量最低为6.5CFU/25g的食品样品,全过程需时约8h。150份实际食品样品中,IMS-real-time PCR方法检出27份阳性样品,免疫磁珠联合XLT4平板培养法检出18份阳性样品,传统国标法检出14份阳性样品。     

免疫磁捕获-实时荧光PCR快速检测鸡肉中沙门氏菌

对免疫磁捕获-实时荧光PCR检测鸡肉中沙门氏菌进行了初步研究。主要包括免疫磁珠制备条件的选择及优化,通过实验最终确定了以6 mg/mL EDC和5 mg/mL NHS活化直径为700 nm的羧基聚苯乙烯磁性微球,与浓度为100μg/mL的沙门氏菌抗体在37℃振荡孵育1.5 h,制备得到抗沙门氏菌免疫磁珠,与市售沙门氏菌免疫磁珠试剂盒(Dynal产品)捕获效率相当。免疫磁捕获-实时荧光PCR检测方法检测限为104 CFU/mL左右,能在16 h内检测出鸡肉中104 CFU/mL的沙门氏菌,可用于食品中沙门氏菌的快速检测。     

免疫磁珠捕获PCR快速检测单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌

利用免疫磁珠富集单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌,采用聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）扩增进行快速检测。所制备的免疫磁珠选取在37 ℃条件下均匀振荡1 h为最佳包被条件,1 mg磁珠偶联抗体的最佳量为100 μg/mg,制备的免疫磁珠捕获率为45%。所建立的免疫磁珠捕获-PCR技术在样品细菌浓度达到104 CFU/mL即可被检出,其灵敏度是直接PCR检测限（105 CFU/mL）的10 倍,可为病原菌的富集和快速检测提供新方法。     

基于免疫磁珠快速分离金黄色葡萄球菌的研究

通过实验优化建立基于免疫磁分离技术对金黄色葡萄球菌的快速分离方法,为后续快速检测提供基础.利用金黄色葡萄球菌多抗制备的免疫磁珠对其捕获.结合平板菌落计数,考察包被磁珠时多抗加入量、免疫磁珠加入量及捕获时间等因素对捕获效率的影响.在单因素实验基础上进行正交实验,并对该方法的灵敏度、特异性及其在食品中的应用效果初步探索.结果表明,最佳捕获条件为抗体加入量30μL,免疫磁珠加入量80μL,捕获时间45min,在此条件下捕获效率均超过30％,该方法捕获限可达到101CFU/mL,特异性良好,并初步用于羊肉卷洗水中金黄色葡萄球菌的快速分离,捕获时间小于1h.免疫磁分离作为一种快速的分离筛选方法,可用于食源性金黄色葡萄球菌的快速分离.     

免疫富集联合MALDI-TOF MS检测奶粉中阪崎克罗诺杆菌的方法建立

目的:制备高效且特异性好的阪崎克罗诺杆菌抗体及其免疫磁珠,建立免疫富集联合基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF MS)检测奶粉中的阪崎克罗诺杆菌的方法。方法:制备阪崎克罗诺杆菌混菌抗体及其免疫磁珠,对免疫磁珠分别在纯培养及奶粉基质中的捕获率进行研究,利用MALDI-TOF MS对不同奶粉基质中不同杂菌污染条件下的检测样本进行鉴定并验证免疫磁珠的特异性。结果:阪崎克罗诺杆菌免疫磁珠在纯培养条件及奶粉基质中对4株阪崎克罗诺杆菌及其混菌的捕获率均>80%,联合MALDI-TOF MS鉴定结果显示在奶粉基质中不同杂菌污染条件下具有较好的鉴定结果,即使在高比例（1:100）杂菌污染条件下,仍能准确鉴定奶粉中阪崎克罗诺杆菌,此时检测样品中阪崎克罗诺杆菌浓度仅为20 CFU/mL。结论:本研究建立了一种操作简便、鉴定结果准确的免疫富集联合MALDI-TOF MS检测奶粉中阪崎克罗诺杆菌的方法,为奶粉中阪崎克罗诺杆菌的快速准确鉴定提供了新的方法参考。     

免疫磁珠富集联合荧光定量PCR快速检测牛肉馅中产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌O26∶H11

建立肉制品中免疫磁珠富集(IMS)联合实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术快速检测牛肉馅中产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌(STEC)O26∶H11的方法。方法 建立针对编码O26抗原wzx基因实时荧光定量PCR方法,并验证其特异性和敏感性;人工污染不同浓度STEC O26∶H11的牛肉馅样品,在增菌不同时间后,将增菌液原液、增菌液经免疫磁珠特异性捕获分离物分别进行qPCR检测及平板分离。结果 qPCR检测O26∶H11可产生特异性荧光信号,而23株其他血清型的大肠埃希菌及7株其他种属细菌均未见荧光信号;本方法对纯培养的检测限为5×10^2cfu/ml。人工染菌试验中,当初始染菌浓度达到或高于3×10^2cfu/25g时,增菌培养6h后IMS捕获物可以检测到荧光信号。培养20h后,初始染菌浓度为3SymboltB@10-1 cfu/25g以上,对增菌液直接检测和IMS捕获物检测都可以检测到荧光信号。初始污染浓度较低时,增菌6h后IMS-qPCR的检测灵敏度高于增菌液直接qPCR检测;IMS捕获物涂布显色培养基分离目标菌检测灵敏度高于增菌液直接涂布;CHROMagar STEC显色培养基分离STEC O26∶H11的检测灵敏度高于山梨醇麦康凯培养基(SMAC)。结论 IMS联合qPCR检测食品中的STEC O26∶H11具有特异性强、敏感度高、快速、易操作等特点,可以提高样品中STEC O26∶H11菌的检出率,适用于牛肉制品中STEC O26∶H11的快速检测。     

实时荧光PCR法检测食品中亚利桑那沙门氏菌

沙门氏菌（Salmonella）是食品检测过程中最常见的致病菌之一,亚利桑那沙门氏菌（Salmonella arizonae）又是沙门氏菌中比 较难鉴定的亚种。该实验通过实时荧光聚合酶链式反应（PCR）方法快速准确的检测亚利桑那沙门氏菌和其他沙门氏菌。根据GenBank 公布的亚利桑那沙门氏菌和其他沙门氏菌gud D基因序列, 分别设计引物和Taqman探针。 使用10株不同血清型的沙门氏菌标准菌 株、88株沙门氏菌分离株和29株食品中常见食源性致病菌进行实时荧光PCR特异性实验。结果显示,该实验所设计的引物探针特异 性非常好。 实时荧光PCR灵敏性试验结果表明,检测灵敏度可达到1～10 CFU/mL的添加浓度。 经模拟污染样品验证,所建立的实时 荧光PCR方法与传统方法的检测结果相一致,具有检测周期短、操作简便的优势。     

Detection of aflatoxin-producing molds in Korean fermented foods and grains by multiplex PCR

An assay based on multiplex PCR was applied for the detection of potential aflatoxin-producing molds in Korean fermented foods and grains. Three genes, avfA, omtA, and ver-1, coding for key enzymes in aflatoxin biosynthesis, were used as aflatoxin-detecting target genes in multiplex PCR. DNA extracted from Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium expansum, and Fusarium verticillioides was used as PCR template to test specificity of the multiplex PCR assay. Positive results were achieved only with DNA that was extracted from the aflatoxigenic molds A. flavus and A. parasiticus in all three primer pairs. This result was supported by aflatoxin detection with direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DC-ELISA). The PCR assay required just a few hours, enabling rapid and simultaneous detection of many samples at a low cost. A total of 22 Meju samples, 24 Doenjang samples, and 10 barley samples commercially obtained in Korea were analyzed. The DC-ELISA assay for aflatoxin detection gave negative results for all samples, whereas the PCR-based method gave positive results for 1 of 22 Meju samples and 2 of 10 barley samples. After incubation of the positive samples with malt extract agar, DC-ELISA also gave positive results for aflatoxin detection. All Doenjang samples were negative by multiplex PCR and DC-ELISA assay, suggesting that aflatoxin contamination and the presence of aflatoxin-producing molds in Doenjang are probably low.     

Occurrence of Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxin B1 in Malaysian foods used for human consumption

Malaysian population widely consumes the cereal-based foods, oilseeds, nuts, and spices in their daily diet. Mycotoxigenic fungi are well known to invade food products under storage conditions and produce mycotoxins that have threat to human and animal health. Therefore, determining toxigenic fungi and aflatoxin B(1) (AFB1) in foods used for human consumption is of prime importance to develop suitable management strategies and to minimize risk. Ninety-five food products marketed in Penang, Malaysia were randomly collected from different supermarkets and were analyzed for presence of Aspergillus spp. by agar plate assay and AFB1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A. flavus was the dominant fungi in all foods followed by A. niger. Fifty-five A. flavus strains were tested for their ability to produce aflatoxins on rice grain substrate. Thirty-six (65.4%) strains out of 55 produced AFB1 ranging from 1700 to 4400 μg/kg and 17 strains (31%) produced AFB2 ranging from 620 to 1670 μg/kg. Natural occurrence of AFB1 could be detected in 72.6% food products ranging from 0.54 to 15.33 μg/kg with a mean of 1.95 μg/kg. Maximum AFB1 levels were detected in peanut products ranging from 1.47 to 15.33 μg/kg. AFB1 levels detected in all food products were below the Malaysian permissible limits (<35 μg/kg). Aspergillus spp. and AFB1 was not detected in any cookies tested. Although this survey was not comprehensive, it provides valuable information on aflatoxin levels in foods marketed in Malaysia.     

Highly sensitive PCR-based detection method specific for Aspergillus flavus in wheat flour

Aspergillus flavus is frequently found in food, producing a wide variety of toxins, aflatoxins being the most relevant in food safety. A specific PCR-based protocol for this species is described which allowed discrimination from other closely related species having different profiles of secondary metabolites from the Aspergillus Section Flavi, particularly A. parasiticus. The specific primers were designed on the multi-copy internal transcribed region of the rDNA unit (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA) and were tested in a wide sample of related species and other fungal species commonly found in food. The PCR assay was coupled with a fungal enrichment and a DNA extraction method for wheat flour to enhance the sensitivity of the diagnostic protocol. The results indicated that the critical PCR amplification product was clearly observed for wheat flour contaminated by 10(2) spores after 16 h of incubation.     

Polymerase chain reaction-mediated characterization of molds belonging to the Aspergillus flavus group and detection of Aspergillus parasiticus in peanut kernels by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction

The Aspergillus flavus group covers species of A. flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus as aflatoxin producers and Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus sojae as koji molds. Genetic similarity among these species is high, and aflatoxin production of a culture may be affected by cultivation conditions and substrate composition. Therefore, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-mediated method of detecting the aflatoxin-synthesizing genes to indicate the degree of risk a genotype has of being a phenotypic producer was demonstrated. In this study, 19 strains of the A. flavus group, including A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. oryzae, A. sojae, and one Aspergillus niger, were subjected to PCR testing in an attempt to detect four genes, encoding for norsolorinic acid reductase (nor-1), versicolorin A dehydrogenase (ver-1), sterigmatocystin O-methyltransferase (omt-1), and a regulatory protein (apa-2), involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Concurrently, the strains were cultivated in yeast-malt (YM) broth for aflatoxin detection. Fifteen strains were shown to possess the four target DNA fragments. With regard to aflatoxigenicity, all seven aflatoxigenic strains possessed the four DNA fragments, and five strains bearing less than the four DNA fragments did not produce aflatoxin. When peanut kernels were artificially contaminated with A. parasiticus and A. niger for 7 days, the contaminant DNA was extractable from a piece of cotyledon (ca. 100 mg), and when subjected to multiplex PCR testing using the four pairs of primers coding for the above genes, they were successfully detected. The target DNA fragments were detected in the kernels infected with A. parasiticus, and none was detected in the sound (uninoculated) kernels or in the kernels infected with A. niger.     

免疫磁珠技术研究进展

该文介绍免疫磁珠结构特点、性质、及其在免疫检测、细胞分离、生物大分子纯化及分子生物学等方面应用,并概述免疫磁珠技术基本原理及其在黄曲霉毒素等检测中应用.     

PCR detection of aflatoxin producing fungi and its limitations

Unlike bacterial toxins that are primarily peptides and are therefore encoded by a single gene, fungal toxins such as the aflatoxins are multi-ring structures and therefore require a sequence of structural genes for their biological synthesis. There is therefore no specific PCR for any one of the four biologically produced aflatoxins. Unfortunately, the structural genes presently in use for PCR detection of aflatoxin producing fungi are also involved in the synthesis of other fungal toxins such as sterigmatocystin by Aspergillus versicolor and Aspergillus nidulans and therefore lack absolute specificity for aflatoxin producing fungi (Table?1). In addition, the genomic presence of several structural genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis does not guarantee the production of aflatoxin by all isolates of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The most widely used DNA target regions for discriminating Aspergillus species are those of the rDNA complex, mainly the internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2) and the variable regions in the 5'-end of the 28S rRNA gene. Since these sequence regions are unrelated to the structural genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis there successful amplification can be used for species identification but do not confirm aflatoxin production. This review therefore presents the various approaches and limitations in the use of the PCR in attempting to detect aflatoxin producing fungi.     

PCR-restriction fragment length analysis of aflR gene for differentiation and detection of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in maize

Contamination of food and feedstuffs by Aspergillus species and their toxic metabolites is a serious problem as they have adverse effects on human and animal health. Hence, food contamination monitoring is an important activity, which gives information on the level and type of contamination. A PCR-based method of detection of Aspergillus species was developed in spiked samples of sterile maize flour. Gene-specific primers were designed to target aflR gene, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the PCR product was done to differentiate Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Sterile maize flour was inoculated separately with A. flavus and A. parasiticus, each at several spore concentrations. Positive results were obtained only after 12-h incubation in enriched media, with extracts of maize inoculated with A. flavus (101 spores/g) and A. parasiticus (104 spores/g). PCR products were subjected to restriction endonuclease (HincII and PvuII) analysis to look for RFLPs. PCR-RFLP patterns obtained with these two enzymes showed enough differences to distinguish A. flavus and A. parasiticus. This approach of differentiating these two species would be simpler, less costly and quicker than conventional sequencing of PCR products.     

Development of a PCR protocol to detect aflatoxigenic molds in food products

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced mainly by Aspergillus species growing in foodstuffs. Because aflatoxins have important health effects, the detection of early contamination of foods by aflatoxigenic molds should be useful. In the present work, a reliable conventional PCR method for detecting aflatoxigenic molds of various species was developed. Fifty-six aflatoxigenic and nonaflatoxigenic strains commonly reported in foodstuffs were tested. Aflatoxin production was first confirmed by micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis or/and high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Based on the conserved regions of the O-methyltransferase gene (omt-1) involved in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway, six primer pairs were designed. With only the designed primer pair AFF1-AFR3, the expected PCR product (381 bp) was obtained in all of the tested aflatoxigenic strains of various species and genera. Amplification products were not obtained with this primer pair for any of the nonaflatoxigenic reference molds. However, an amplicon of 453 bp was obtained for all aflatoxigenic and nonaflatoxigenic mold reference strains with a PCR protocol based on the constitutive fungal β-tubulin gene, which was used as a positive fungal control. The PCR protocol based on omt-1 detected as little as 15 pg of DNA from aflatoxigenic molds and 10(2) to 10(3) CFU/g in contaminated food samples. This PCR protocol should be used as a routine technique to detect aflatoxigenic molds in foods.