速冻乌龙头芽加工工艺优化及品质分析

为了优化速冻乌龙头芽加工工艺,通过单因素实验考察了漂烫液pH、漂烫时间、速冻温度对速冻乌龙头芽解冻后色泽（△E值）和汁液流失率的影响,同时采用响应面分析法(Response Surface Methodology,RSM)优化速冻乌龙头芽加工工艺。结果表明:各因素对△E 值和汁液流失率的影响程度由大到小依次均为漂烫液pH>漂烫时间>速冻温度,优化出最佳工艺条件为:漂烫液pH7.50,漂烫时间4.00 min,速冻温度?30.00 ℃,在该条件下得到速冻乌龙头芽的△E 值为22.58,汁液流失率为21.94%,与模型预测值相比相对误差分别为0.58%和1.14%,与预测值相近,且产品品质符合相关标准NY/T1406-2018《绿色食品 速冻蔬菜》的要求。该研究为乌龙头芽速冻加工及开发利用提供一定的理论依据。     

香蕉片冻结过程的影响因素研究

以冻结时间、冻结制品多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性、汁液流失率和色泽为指标,探讨冻结方式(缓冻与液氮速冻)、物料厚度(6、8、10mm)、介质温度(-40、-80、-120℃)、对流表面传热系数等因素对冻结时间、制品中心降温和品质的影响.实验发现:物料厚度越大,冻结越慢;介质温度越低,冻结速率越快;在一定范围内,对流表面传热系数越大,冻结速率越快,但α＞6000W/(m2·k)时,其对冻结时间的影响已不明显.综合冻结制品PPO和POD活性、汁液流失率及色泽变化情况,确定-80℃为适宜的冻结温度.     

不同解冻方法对液浸速冻荔枝品质的影响

采用实际生产和家庭消费者食用时常用的解冻方法,包括空气解冻、水浴解冻、冷藏解冻和微波解冻,对液浸速冻荔枝进行解冻操作。分别从解冻时间、汁液流失率等表观指标权衡解冻效率和解冻质量,并分析对荔枝果皮、果肉特征理化指标及营养成分的影响。结果表明,不同解冻方法对液浸速冻荔枝品质影响大小排序为水浴解冻空气解冻冷藏解冻微波解冻。微波解冻方法除了对荔枝果皮花色素苷和果肉VC含量的保存有些影响之外,在解冻时间、汁液流失率、感官评价、果肉总可溶性固形物、游离氨基酸成分等方面整体表现良好,是液浸速冻荔枝实际生产和消费者食用时合适的解冻方法。     

液氮喷雾速冻在杨梅品质保鲜上的优势

为寻求杨梅最适宜的冷冻模式,并为改善其冻品品质特性提供技术理论支撑。本研究采用液氮喷雾速冻（-20 ℃、-40 ℃、-60 ℃、-80 ℃、-100 ℃）,以浸渍冷冻（immersion freezing,IF）和冰柜冷冻（refrigerator freezing,RF）作对比,分析不同冷冻方式下杨梅的冷冻时间、穿过最大冰晶生成带时间、汁液流失率、总酚、花色苷、总糖、硬度、维生素C、氧化自由基吸收能力、多酚氧化酶等变化,并进行评价。结果表明：液氮速冻方式显著优于其他冷冻方式,其中-100 ℃环温的液氮速冻,穿过最大冰晶生成带时间仅为IF的6.44%、RF的1.34%;冻结后杨梅的营养物质（总糖、维生素C、总酚和花色苷含量分别为29.22 mg/g、27.98 mg/g、1.52 mg/g、0.89 mg/g）能够保持新鲜组的80%以上,较IF和RF处理组的汁液流失率分别降低58.91%、63.39%;硬度分别提高15.15%、34.75%;综上,对杨梅进行冷冻处理时,在-20 ℃~-100 ℃的温度范围内,采用液氮速冻﹣100 ℃的冷冻方式对维持其品质效果最好。     

荔枝冻结规律探讨及速冻加工技术

果皮褐变、裂果和汁液流失多是目前荔枝速冻生产的难题。本文通过测定荔枝在不同冻结温度下的冻结曲线及其结冰率和汁液流失率等情况 ,探讨荔枝冻结规律 ,为提高速冻荔枝商品质量提供参考。试验结果表明 :荔枝冻结过程 3个阶段不明显 ;冻结点约为 -3 0℃ ;最大冰晶生成带约在 - 3～ - 15℃。建议荔枝速冻采用去皮速冻工艺 ,这样既可避免果皮褐变问题 ,又可解决速冻与裂果的矛盾 ,减少汁液流失 ,提高速冻荔枝的商品价值 ,同时方便食用或加工其它制品     

不同冻结温度对菠萝丁质量的影响

目的研究不同冻结温度对菠萝丁质量的影响。方法将菠萝丁分别放在-20℃、-25℃、-30℃下冻结，研究速冻前后菠萝细胞结构、质构和汁液流失率的变化。结果不同冻结温度下，细胞破坏程度不同，-30℃下速冻对细胞结构的破坏较小，解冻后产品不仅硬度损失小，而且汁液流失少。结论-30℃速冻可作为冻结菠萝果丁的适宜温度。     

不同冻结温度对菠萝丁质量的影响

目的研究不同冻结温度对菠萝丁质量的影响。方法将菠萝丁分别放在-20℃、-25℃、-30℃下冻结,研究速冻前后菠萝细胞结构、质构和汁液流失率的变化。结果不同冻结温度下,细胞破坏程度不同,-30℃下速冻对细胞结构的破坏较小,解冻后产品不仅硬度损失小,而且汁液流失少。结论-30℃速冻可作为冻结菠萝果丁的适宜温度。     

不同解冻方法对速冻桑葚汁液流失率、理化品质及抗氧化活性的影响

为减少速冻桑葚在解冻过程中的汁液流失率、缩短解冻时间和减少其色泽的变化,增加解冻桑葚的营养物质和抗氧化活性的保留量,采用微波功率500 W解冻、微波功率550 W解冻、超声波解冻、冷藏解冻、室温解冻进行速冻桑葚的解冻实验。结果表明:微波功率500 W解冻和微波功率550 W解冻的解冻时间较短,分别为0.58 min和0.35 min,冷藏解冻的解冻时间最长为305 min。不同解冻方法的汁液流失率存在显著差异,微波功率500 W解冻的汁液流失率最低,为1.34%;超声波解冻的汁液流失率最高,为9.24%。微波功率500 W解冻桑葚的总酚含量(151.66 mg/100 g)、花色苷含量(矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷2.27 mg/g、矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷0.69 mg/g、天竺葵素-3-葡萄糖苷0.047 mg/g)及抗氧化活性((2,2’-联氨-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二氨盐)自由基清除能力21.87μmol Trolox/g、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力35.70μmol Trolox/g、铁离子还原能力27.85μmol Trolox/g)均显著高于其他4种解冻方法。综合考虑,微波功率500 W解冻优于其他4种解冻方法。     

液氮喷雾式食品流态化速冻装置的研制

该文介绍了一种新型的液氮喷雾式食品流态化速冻装置,该系统以液氮为冷源,取代了传统庞大的制冷装置,并将液氮喷淋预冻和流态化速冻两种方法有机结合,实现了食品的快速冻结,提高了冻品品质     

不同预处理方式对速冻草莓品质的影响

确定了速冻草莓的最佳冻结时间,并研究了用不同预处理方式处理速冻草莓在冻藏期间的VC含量、pH值的变化,硬度与汁液流失率.速冻预处理溶液采用蔗糖和氯化钙溶液,通过改变浸蘸溶液的浓度和浸蘸时间来改变处理方式.经实验最终确定,最佳速冻时间为5 h,速冻草莓冻藏期间的VC含量逐渐降低,pH值呈上升趋势,经20%糖液处理的草莓色泽较好,用CaCl2溶液预处理草莓的方式可明显提高草莓硬度,减少其汁液流失率.     

Comparison of air freezing,liquid immersion freezing and pressure shift freezing on freezing time and quality of snakehead (Channa Argus) fillets

The objective of this study was to investigate the freezing time and quality differences in Snakehead fillets frozen by pressure shift freezing (PSF), conventional air freezing (AF) and liquid immersion freezing (LIF) at −20 °C, −40 °C and − 60 °C, respectively. The results showed that liquid immersion freezing at −60 °C maintained the quality best, with a freezing time of 3.62 min and the cross sectional area of 209.11 um². Air freezing at −20 °C had the longest freezing time (184.58 min) and the largest cross sectional area (4470.79 um²), and lowest hardness and springiness of the fillets. Pressure shift freezing did not demonstrate the well established advantages of maintaining better product quality found in similar technique with some other foods. The samples of pressure shift freezing also had higher thawing loss and free water ratio after thawing. Therefore, the liquid immersion freezing at lower temperatures was demonstrated to better maintain the quality of frozen products and held significant potential for commercial application.Industrial relevanceFreezing is a widely used method for extending the shelf life of aquatic products, but some freezing methods, especially the slower ones, often lead to the decrease in the quality and commercial value of frozen products during storage. This paper explored the comparison of industrially used freezing techniques (air freezing and liquid immersion freezing) with the novel pressure shift freezing technique. Liquid immersion freezing at −60 °C was found to be the preferred freezing method for Snakehead fillets, which maintained better frozen product quality, with a simple freezing process and low cost.     

几种冷冻新技术对食品冻结过程中冰晶形成的影响

冷冻技术在现代食品加工工业中起着十分重要的作用,水结晶是冷冻过程的关键步骤。文章介绍几种冷冻新技术对食品冻结过程中水结晶的影响的研究进展,包括高压冷冻、超声波冷冻、渗透脱水冷冻、抗冻蛋白、冰核活性蛋白以及其它冷冻新技术。并阐述这些新技术对冰晶的影响机制,旨在能够更好地了解、预测及控制水结晶的过程,并进一步改进冷冻过程和提高冷冻食品的品质。     

Effects of pressure-shift freezing and conventional freezing on model food gels

Summary Gels of agar, starch, ovalbumin, gelatin and an industrial β-lactoglobulin protein isolate, were frozen conventionally in a −30 °C freezer and by pressure-shift freezing at 200 MPa at −15 °C. Thawing was carried out conventionally at 20 °C and by the application of a pressure of 200 MPa. The microscopic structure and mechanical properties of the thawed gels were compared with those of the initial gels. Microscopic examination showed that pressure-shift freezing produces smaller and more uniform ice crystal damage than conventional freezing at −30 °C. The results also suggest that the freeze-thaw behaviour of food gels can be categorized into two general types: (1) gels which have a reduced gel strength as a result of mechanical damage to the gel microstructure caused by ice crystal formation, and (2) gels which have an enhanced gel strength, as a result of molecular structural changes that take place in the frozen state. Agar and gelatin were found to be typical of type (1) gels, whereas starch, β-lactoglobulin protein isolate and ovalbumin were found to be typical of type (2) gels. In the case of starch, retrogradation during thawing was found to be the most important factor.     

Freeze-drying of cooked beef—some effects of freezing rate and freezing method

Summary. Results are given from comparative freeze-drying experiments studying the effects of freezing rate and of so-called thermal treatment on drying rate, water uptake and general quality of freeze-dried cooked beef. Unlike raw meat, cooked beef appeared to be little affected by freezing rate in connection with freeze-drying, except for markedly poorer appearance in the dried condition for the very slowly frozen product. Thermal treatment seemed to have no positive effect on drying rate or quality.     

Freezing tilapia by airblast and liquid nitrogen – freezing point and freezing rate

Processing data was obtained for the freezing of tilapia meat. The initial freezing point of tilapia meat was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and also by measuring the centre temperatures of meat chunks during cooling. the freezing point was −1.03°C by DSC, and between −0.81 and −0.90°C by the cooling method, determined at the point where the standard deviation of the mean temperature was close to zero, i.e. a minimum.
Tilapia chunks, 0.95 to 1.45 cm thick, were frozen in an airblast freezer at −7, −20 and −36°C, and in a liquid nitrogen freezer at −87 and −128°C.
Freezing rate, defined as the half thickness of a meat chunk divided by the time for the centre temperature to decrease from 0 to −5°C, was 0.09 cmh⁻¹ at −7°C. At freezing temperatures of −20, −36, −87 and −128°C, the rates were respectively 4, 19, 158 and 331 times faster than that at −7°C, and correlated with freezing temperature ( r = 0.99) regardless of the freezing method.     

葡萄酒冷冻过程的管理

葡萄酒的冷冻处理过程是通过冷冻机组和冷冻罐来实现的,通过冷冻处理,可以除去葡萄酒的一部分酒石酸盐和色素等物质,使葡萄酒更加稳定,并改善葡萄酒的感官质量.在冷冻处理过程中,首先是使酒温尽快达到冷冻温度(约-5℃),而酒温降低的速度与待冷冻酒的数量与酒温、冷冻机组的制冷量、冷冻罐的结构等有关,采用相同的冷冻设备,酒温降低的速度由待冷冻酒的数量与酒温决定.     

One-stage model of foods freezing

The freezing process in a NaCl eutectic solution is discussed taking into account both a non-constant specific heat and a non-constant thermal conductivity as potential functions of temperature. The non-linearity of the problem is introduced in the heat diffusion equation and in its boundary conditions. A strictly exact solution is used to solve it. By considering only conduction heat transfer mechanisms with phase-change, the simple analytical solutions common to these types of substances are obtained. Different characteristic parameters related to the freezing process are included, such as the movement of the interface boundary and the freezing time. Furthermore, some experiments were carried out for comparison with the theoretical model.     

Large batch freezing of bull semen: effect of time of freezing and fructose on fertility

Large-scale batch freezing of bull semen should be done in a processing schedule that yields the highest fertility and when it can be fitted efficiently into the work schedule. Conflicting reports have appeared on survival and fertility of bull sperm frozen within a few hours of semen collection or on the next day. To study this problem, a factorially arranged experiment with semen from 10 bulls was conducted, comparing whole milk-glycerol semen extender with and without fructose, and semen frozen in 0.5-ml straws after 4 versus 18 h of equilibration at 5 degrees C. Both fructose and 18 h of equilibration resulted in a small but significant improvement in freeze-thaw survival of sperm. A field trial followed with replicated semen collections from nine bulls processed in a whole milk-glycerol control extender frozen after 4 h of equilibration versus the addition of 1.25% (wt/vol) fructose to whole milk glycerol divided to freeze sperm after 4 and 28 h of equilibration. Semen from these bulls was used to inseminate 14,775 first-service cows. The 56-d nonreturn rates obtained for these three treatments were 74.7, 74.3, and 73.9%, respectively. As there was no difference in fertility, it would appear that programs to freeze sperm in whole milk extenders the same day of collection or the day after semen collection should yield equivalent results.     

新式冰淇淋凝冻和包装系统

<正> 冰淇淋的冻结凝固过程决定了制品应有的型态和膨松程度。配料混合物经过搅拌均质和杀菌后,随即进行快速的凝冻,使其所含水分结成细微的结晶,形成冰淇淋应有的状态。与此同时,随着黏度的提高,与搅入的空气相混合,制品的容积会不断增大,达到膨松的效果。     

冷冻酸奶生产工艺的研制

冷冻酸奶又称酸奶冰淇淋,是当今社会发展最快的一种具有保健作用的冷饮品。论述了冷冻酸奶的生产工艺及两种冷冻酸奶的生产配方与要求,以适应冷饮市场上升的趋势与活力,满足人们的消费需求。