花色苷对视网膜的保护作用及其机制研究进展

智能手机、平板电脑等电子设备的广泛使用导致过量光暴露,这会造成视网膜光氧化损伤,引发不容忽视的公共健康问题。花色苷为可食用植物色素,广泛分布于深色的蔬菜、浆果和谷物中,人们通过混合膳食每天可以摄入数十毫克的花色苷。研究表明,不同来源花色苷对视网膜中多种细胞具有保护功效,摄入花色苷有助于维持视觉健康,但具体作用机制尚不明确。本文以花色苷的吸收代谢、视网膜光氧化损伤机理及花色苷在视网膜保护机制方面的研究现状进行综述,聚焦花色苷抑制视网膜中类视色素二聚体光氧化和光裂解、减轻脂质过氧化产物损伤、激活抗氧化通路、降低炎症反应、缓解内质网应激、抑制细胞凋亡等保护机制,系统阐述花色苷保护视网膜细胞的关键作用靶点,以期为花色苷类功能因子保护视觉健康提供参考依据。     

Updated knowledge about the presence of phenolic compounds in wine

Phenolic compounds are partly responsible for the color, astringency, and bitterness of wine, as well as for numerous physiological properties associated with wine consumption. Mass spectrometry has allowed for great progress in the identification and characterization of wine polyphenols. The aim of the present article is to summarize the numerous advances recently achieved in this field. The main type of phenolic compounds found in wine, including hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, stilbenes, flavones, flavonols, flavanonols, flavanols, and anthocyanins, are firstly described. Chemical reactions and mechanisms involving phenolic compounds during winemaking are also extensively discussed, including enzymatic and chemical oxidation reactions, direct and acetaldehyde-mediated anthocyanin-tannin condensation reactions, acetaldehydemediated and glyoxylic acid-mediated tannin-tannin condensation reactions and, C-4/C-5 anthocyanin cycloaddition reactions with 4-vinylphenols, vinylflavanols and pyruvic acid, among others, leading to the formation of pyranoanthocyanins. Useful mass spectral data of well-known and novel phenolic compounds recently identified in wine, and details related to their fragmentation pathway according to different ionization techniques, are given.     

Contribution of Monomeric Anthocyanins to the Color of Young Red Wine: Statistical and Experimental Approaches

Monomeric anthocyanin contributions to young red wine color were investigated using partial least square regression (PLSR) and aqueous alcohol solutions in this study. Results showed that the correlation between the anthocyanin concentration and the solution color fitted in a quadratic regression rather than linear or cubic regression. Malvidin‐3‐O‐glucoside was estimated to show the highest contribution to young red wine color according to its concentration in wine, whereas peonidin‐3‐O‐glucoside in its concentration contributed the least. The PLSR suggested that delphinidin‐3‐O‐glucoside and peonidin‐3‐O‐glucoside under the same concentration resulted in a stronger color of young red wine compared with malvidin‐3‐O‐glucoside. These estimates were further confirmed by their color in aqueous alcohol solutions. These results suggested that delphinidin‐3‐O‐glucoside and peonidin‐3‐O‐glucoside were primary anthocyanins to enhance young red wine color by increasing their concentrations. This study could provide an alternative approach to improve young red wine color by adjusting anthocyanin composition and concentration.     

大孔树脂吸附法纯化紫薯花色苷的研究

目的研究大孔吸附树脂吸附法纯化紫薯花色苷成分。方法采用大孔吸附树脂静态和动态吸附解吸实验,结合花色苷p H示差法检测技术,分别考察了D101、AB-8、XDA-7、HPD-722、HPD-750、HPD-450、XDA-6、NKA-II、NKA9和S-8 10种吸附树脂对紫薯花色苷的吸附和洗脱性能,探讨大孔树脂柱层析纯化工艺。结果 XDA-7大孔吸附树脂对紫薯花色苷的吸附和洗脱性能较好。吸附过程中上样液浓度为450 mg/L,样液p H为4.0,上样速率为1 BV/h,树脂的饱和吸附容量为10.2 mg/g;洗脱液为60%乙醇溶液,洗脱速率为2BV/h时,洗脱解析率在94%以上,纯化效果较好。结论 XDA-7大孔吸附树脂可用于紫薯花色苷的纯化应用,该纯化分离工艺简单快速,适合紫薯类花色苷的纯化制备。     

蓝莓花色苷体外及模拟人体胃肠环境的抗氧化活性研究

以野生蓝莓为原料提取花色苷,对其进行纯化、121℃高温加热6 min和模拟人体胃肠环境处理,测定处理后的样液的抗氧化活性,对结果进行综合分析比较,得出不同条件对花色苷抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:同一处理环境下,水溶液中的花色苷的抗氧化活性随纯度的增大而明显增强,二次纯化物的活性是粗提物的4倍左右,但在模拟胃肠环境中活性受纯度的变化影响较小;在同一纯度下,花色苷经过模拟胃肠和高温加热处理后抗氧化活性大大的降低,水溶液中的花色苷活性是模拟胃肠环境中的2倍以上;花色苷经121℃高温加热后活性大大降低,同一条件下活性损失了一半左右,但这种损失在模拟人体胃肠环境中较小,粗提物水溶液中的花色苷的活性是121℃加热后的花色苷的2.7倍。     

脱味紫薯花色苷色素的稳定性

研究了p H值、金属离子及有机酸对脱味紫薯花色苷色素溶液颜色特征及其稳定性的影响。结果表明,p H 3.0附近时脱味紫薯花色苷色素溶液最稳定;低浓度Fe3+有较强的增色作用,高浓度且随着时间延长Fe3+会导致花色苷降解;Fe2+不仅无增色效果,还会导致脱味紫薯花色苷降解褐变;低浓度的Ca2+、Mn2+和Cu2+对脱味紫薯花色苷色素有一定的辅色作用。草酸、丙二酸和L-苹果酸对紫薯花色苷色素有较好的辅色作用,提高了脱味紫薯花色苷色素的热稳定性,其中草酸辅色最显著,其次是丙二酸和L-苹果酸;柠檬酸和阿魏酸的增色效果不显著,抗坏血酸具有减色作用。     

桑椹花色苷对晚期糖基化末端产物抑制作用及其机制分析

晚期糖基化末端产物(Advanced Glycation End Products,AGEs)是蛋白质游离氨基与还原糖羰基反应形成的一类复杂物质的总称,是诱发糖尿病等多种慢性病的重要因素之一,而多酚类化合物能够抑制AGEs的形成。为了探讨桑椹花色苷对AGEs的抑制机制,建立牛血清蛋白(BSA)/葡萄糖(Glucose)生成AGEs模拟反应体系,以0.5%酸性乙醇提取、AB-8型大孔树脂纯化的桑椹花色苷为抑制剂,测定反应体系中蛋白质羰基、巯基含量变化、羟基自由基(·OH)对AGEs形成的影响,利用SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳技术分析BSA的分子量变化。研究结果表明,随着桑椹花色苷浓度的增加,反应体系中的AGEs含量显著降低(P0.05)。桑椹花色苷可显著抑制·OH诱导的AGEs的形成(P0.05)。桑椹花色苷通过保护巯基和抑制蛋白质形成羰基而抑制AGEs生成;SDS-PAGE图谱显示,桑椹花色苷可阻断糖基化反应导致的蛋白质交联物的形成。     

蓝莓果渣花色苷大孔树脂纯化工艺研究

以蓝莓果渣为原料,利用大孔树脂分离纯化蓝莓果渣花色苷。对比了D101和AB-8两种不同极性的大孔树脂静态吸附和解吸效果。结果表明,AB-8型大孔树脂吸附率和解吸率分别为88.5%、64.7%;D101型大孔树脂吸附率和解吸率分别为86.7%、61.2%,AB-8型大孔树脂吸附率和解吸率均优于D101型大孔树脂,故选用AB-8型大孔树脂对蓝莓果渣进行纯化试验。AB-8型大孔树脂最佳吸附和解吸条件为吸附平衡时间4 h,解吸平衡时间4 h,花色苷溶液pH 3.0,解吸液pH 3.0,解吸液乙醇体积分数60%,上样质量浓度1 mg/mL,上样流速1 mL/min,洗脱流速1 mL/min。纯化后蓝莓果渣花色苷色价约为纯化前的3倍,糖和蛋白质等杂质大幅降低,纯度有了较大提高。     

Chemopreventive Potential of Wild Lowbush Blueberry Fruits in Multiple Stages of Carcinogenesis

ABSTRACT: Wild lowbush blueberry fruit extract was fractionated using vacuum chromatography and analyzed for chemopreventive potential using bioassays that test the ability of compounds to inhibit the initiation, promotion, and progression stages of carcinogenesis. A fraction containing phytosterols was active against the initiation stage (quinone reductase assay). However, more polar compounds were inhibitors of later stages of carcinogenesis; a fraction containing flavan-3-ols and fractions containing mainly anthocyanins, phenolic acids, flavan-3-ols, and some proanthocyanidin dimers demonstrated activity against the promotion stage (cyclooxygenase and ornithine decarboxylase assays, respectively), and a proanthocyanidin-rich fraction demonstrated antiproliferation activity (inhibition of cancerous murine hepatocyte proliferation is associated with the progression stage). These results indicate that lowbush blueberries contain a range of compounds that have bioactivity against multiple stages of carcinogenesis, and different types of phenolic compounds are active at different stages.