聚硅酸铝铁处理皂素废水的实验研究

用硫酸铁、硫酸铝及硅酸钠制备了聚硅酸铝铁（PSAF）,并研究了其作为絮凝剂对皂素废水的处理效果。结果表明,聚硅酸铝铁对皂素废水的CODCr和色度有较好的去除效果,聚硅酸铝铁的投加量、pH、搅拌时间对CODCr和色度去除率有显著的影响。由正交试验分析得出的最佳实验条件为：聚硅酸铝铁投加量为20mL.L-1,pH值为8,搅拌时间为45min,此时,CODCr的脱除率为68.76%,色度的脱除率为97.31%。     

SB365, Pulsatilla saponin D suppresses the proliferation of human colon cancer cells and induces apoptosis by modulating the AKT/mTOR signalling pathway

Pulsatilla koreana has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine if SB365, Pulsatilla saponin D isolated from the root of P. koreana inhibits the progression of colon cancer. We found that SB365 strongly suppressed the growth and proliferation of colon cancer cells and induced their apoptosis. Also, SB365 showed anti-angiogenic activity by decreasing the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF. These results were confirmed by an in vivo study showing that SB365 significantly inhibited tumor growth by the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis with stronger anticancer activity than 5-FU. When further examined for its anticancer mechanism, SB365 effectively suppressed the AKT/mTOR pathway both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our study demonstrated that SB365 inhibits the AKT/mTOR pathway, leading to the suppression of tumor growth and angiogenesis together with induction of apoptosis. Therefore, SB365 is a good candidate as a natural product for use in the treatment of colon cancer.     

大豆皂甙酶解的研究

研究了用酶水解大豆皂甙分子上的部分糖基 ,使皂甙部分水解生成低糖、高活性皂甙的方法。探讨了 8种霉菌菌株对 7种糖苷键及对皂甙糖基的水解能力 ,得到 3种具有较高活性的菌株 ,用于水解大豆皂甙。它们分别是A .niger 848s,A .niger48s和A .oryzae 39s。并通过TLC和HPLC分析得到大豆皂甙酶解最佳反应条件为pH =5 ,温度 40℃ ,时间 12h。     

傅立叶变换红外光谱法测定黄姜中皂素含量

直接对黄姜进行压片,利用傅立叶变换红外光谱法测定黄姜中皂素含量.结果表明,以1647 cm-1处的吸收峰作为分析峰,在0.5%～5.0%含量范围内峰面积和含量具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9690,加标回收率为99.12%,相对标准偏差RSD为0.22%.测定结果与传统的重量分析法相近,实现了黄姜中皂素含量的无损分析.     

不同光强LED黄光对滇重楼生长、光合特性和皂苷含量的影响

为探究发光二极管(LED)黄光不同光强对滇重楼光生物学特性和品质的影响,同时为LED光源在滇重楼生产上的应用提供理论依据。本研究以3年生滇重楼种苗为试验材料,采用波长为590 nm±5 nm的黄光为照射光源,设置了25、50、75、100μmol/(m~2·s)4个光强梯度处理,对滇重楼生物学鲜重、叶片光合荧光特性及根茎皂苷含量进行了研究。结果表明,75μmol/(m~2·s)处理滇重楼叶片净光合速率、荧光指标、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均为最高。25μmol/(m~2·s)处理的荧光指标最低。100μmol/(m~2·s)处理下重楼根茎皂苷含量最高,25μmol/(m~2·s)处理下皂苷含量最低。综合分析滇重楼叶片光合荧光特性和根茎皂苷含量,黄光75μmol/(m~2·s)对促进滇重楼叶片的光合作用最有利,黄光100μmol/(m~2·s)对增加滇重楼根茎皂苷含量最有利。建议在滇重楼栽培上将黄光光强控制在75~100μmol/(m~2·s)为宜。     

响应面法优化亚临界水同步提取茶籽油及茶皂素的工艺

采用绿色亚临界水同步提取了油茶籽中的茶籽油及茶皂素。在考察提取温度、提取时间、料液比和压力对茶籽油及茶皂素提取率影响的基础上,进一步利用Box-Benhnken试验设计方法对提取工艺进行优化。用GC-MS对试验提取的茶籽油和索氏提取的茶籽油中的脂肪酸成分进行测量和比较。结果表明最佳工艺条件为:提取温度125℃、提取时间32 min、液料比11∶1 m L/g、压力3 MPa;在此条件下茶籽油提取率为(92.06±1.61)%、茶皂素提取率为(72.2±1.06)%。通过气质分析发现,与索氏提取法相比,试验提取的茶籽油不饱和脂肪酸含量更高,表明亚临界水法提取的茶籽油品质更优。     

Emulsifying properties of β-lactoglobulin and Quillaja bark saponin mixtures: Effects of number of homogenization passes,pH, and NaCl concentration

The effects of number of homogenization passes, pH, and NaCl concentration on the formation and stability of oil-in-water emulsions comprising a mixture of a biosurfactant (Quillaja bark saponin) and a globular protein (β-lactoglobulin) were investigated. The emulsions were characterized as to visual appearance, droplet size, droplet surface charge, and rheology. The emulsions obtained by different conditions (4, 6, or 8 passes; pH 7, 8, or 9; and 0, 100, or 200 mmol L^?1 of NaCl) were polydisperse, presented relatively small average droplet sizes (z-average < 323 nm) as well as negative droplet charge (between –20 and –79.6 mV) in all evaluated conditions. Regardless of the number of homogenization passes, the emulsions exhibited low apparent viscosity and pseudoplastic behavior with small yield stress. Viscoelastic behavior was also observed, thus the emulsions were characterized as weak gels. Four homogenization passes were enough to obtain small droplets in the evaluated conditions. Droplet size was not significantly affected by NaCl concentration and pH (p > 0.05). On the other hand, the absolute ζ-potential values significantly decreased and increased upon increased NaCl content and pH, respectively. Regardless of the tested conditions, all emulsions had good stability against phase separation and droplet aggregation, since no significant changes in average droplet size were observed throughout storage (p > 0.05). In the presence of NaCl, in which droplet charge significantly decreased, emulsion was also stable. Thus, we can conclude that electrostatic repulsion as well as steric repulsion was responsible for stabilization.     

Tea saponin reduced methanogenesis in vitro but increased methane yield in lactating dairy cows

The effect of tea saponin supplementation in the ruminant diet on methane emissions, rumen fermentation, and digestive processes is still under debate. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of this plant extract on methanogenesis, total-tract digestibility, and lactating performances of dairy cows. The work included 2 independent and successive experiments. First, the effect of 7 tea saponin doses (from 0 to 0.50 g/L) on methane emissions and protozoa concentrations was tested in 2 repeated in vitro batch culture incubations using bovine rumen contents as inoculum and a cereal mixture as substrate. After 18 h of incubation, total gas production and composition as well as rumen fermentation parameters and protozoa concentration were analyzed. Increasing dosage of the plant extract reduced methane production and protozoa concentration, with a maximum reduction of 29% for CH₄ (mL/g of substrate) and 51% for protozoa (10⁵/mL). Tea saponin did not affect volatile fatty acids concentration, but marginally decreased total gas production by 5% at the highest dose. Second, a 2-period crossover design experiment was carried out with 8 lactating dairy cows fed a basal diet (54% corn silage, 6% hay, and 40% pelleted concentrates on a dry matter basis) without (control) or with 0.52% tea saponin (TSP). Each experimental period lasted 5 wk. Animals were fed ad libitum during the first 3 wk of the period (wk 1, 2, and 3) and restricted (95% of ad libitum intake) during the last 2 wk (wk 4 and 5). Intake and milk production were recorded daily. Methane emissions were quantified using open chambers (2 d, wk 4). Total-tract digestibility and nitrogen balance were determined from total feces and urine collected separately (5 d, wk 5). Rumen fermentation parameters and protozoa concentration were analyzed from samples taken after morning feeding (1 d, wk 5). Milk production, dry matter intake, and feed efficiency were reduced with TSP (?18, ?12, and ?8%, respectively). As daily methane production (g/d) was not affected, methane emissions (g/kg of dry matter intake) increased by 14% with TSP. Total-tract digestibility and nitrogen balance were similar between diets, except for acid detergent fiber digestibility, which tended to be improved with TSP (+4 percentage units). Rumen fermentation parameters and protozoa concentration were relatively unchanged by diets. Under the conditions of this experiment, tea saponin is not efficient to reduce methane emissions from dairy cows.     

油茶籽水酶法制油水相固形物中茶皂素含量测定研究

本研究建立了一种液相色谱测定茶皂素含量的方法。色谱柱SUPELCOTM LC-18(4.6 mm×250mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸(体积比40:60);流速0.8 m L/min;检测波长267 nm;柱温30℃。该方法平均加标回收率90.88%~113.13%,精密度达0.19%,定量检出限0.67%,测得水相固形物中茶皂素质量分数为54%,与比色法测定结果相接近,但液相法具有测定简便、快速、准确等特点;与相关液相测定茶皂素方法报道相比,该方法色谱峰分离较好,且避开了溶剂峰干扰等特点,适合作为测定茶皂素含量的分析方法。     

正丁醇提取油茶饼粕中茶油和茶皂素的研究

为了充分利用冷榨油茶饼粕,采用正丁醇提取冷榨饼粕中的茶油和茶皂素,对浸提时间、次数、温度以及料液比进行了单因素试验。利用Box-Benhnken试验设计及响应面分析方法进行优化。用气质联用仪对试验提取的茶油和冷榨茶油中的脂肪酸成分进行测量和比较。结果表明,在浸提次数4次、料液比1∶1.36、温度80℃、浸提时间2.57 h条件下,茶油提取率(92.88±1.41)%,茶皂素提取率(43.2±0.94)%。通过气质分析发现,正丁醇提取的茶油和冷榨茶油的化学成分相似,表明正丁醇法提取的茶油能很好的保持茶油原有的品质。