龙眼干白葡萄酒发酵过程中生物胺和氨基酸含量的变化

本研究利用高效液相色谱技术分析了龙眼干白葡萄酒酒精发酵和苹乳发酵过程中8种生物胺和22种氨基酸含量的变化。结果表明,在酒精发酵过程中8种生物胺含量均很低,而在苹乳发酵过程中迅速增加。发酵结束时干白葡萄酒中亚精胺和乙醇胺含量最高,其次为组胺和羟色胺。这4种生物胺的前体氨基酸在苹乳发酵阶段含量没有明显变化,而其它大部分氨基酸在酒精发酵过程中含量下降,在苹乳发酵过程中含量呈现不同程度升高。因此,我们认为：葡萄酒发酵过程中氨基酸含量变化与其对应生物胺的变化之间没有相关性,葡萄酒中生物胺的组成比例可能主要取决于乳酸菌中氨基酸脱羧酶的种类和活性。     

酿酒工艺对葡萄酒中生物胺的影响

探讨了不同酿酒工艺对葡萄酒中生物胺(组胺、苯乙胺、酪胺、色胺、腐胺、尸胺、精胺和亚精胺)含量的影响。结果显示,葡萄酒酿造过程中生物胺主要在酒精发酵和苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程产生。酒精发酵过程生成量较少,主要产生腐胺和精胺,果胶酶的使用、酵母接种量、发酵温度等因素可以调节酒精发酵过程生物胺的生成量;乳酸菌是葡萄酒生物胺最主要来源,在苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程中会产生大量的组胺和色胺。     

葡萄酒酿造过程中不同工艺参数对生物胺含量的影响

为揭示葡萄酒酿造过程中生物胺产生积累的关键控制因素,有效降低葡萄酒中生物胺的含量。本试验选取不同酿酒参数条件进行酿酒试验,利用高效液相色谱进行检测,分析比较不同工艺参数及相关因素对葡萄酒中生物胺含量的影响。结果表明,氨基酸脱羧酶的活性是影响生物胺含量的重要因素,酵母类型及乳酸菌类型对于生物胺含量的影响高于其接种量对生物胺含量的影响,且发酵完成后,贮存的温度越高,其生物胺含量也越高。     

发酵肉制品中生物胺研究进展

食品中生物胺主要来源于游离氨基酸被微生物产生的脱羧酶脱羧形成,往往在食品腐烂或发酵过程中产生.本文综述了发酵肉制品中产生物胺微生物种类及影响因素.目的是为了控制发酵肉中生物胺含量,确保发酵肉制品安全.     

发酵肉制品中生物胺研究进展

生物胺是一类含氮碱性有机化合物,食品中生物胺主要来源于游离氨基酸被微生物产生的脱羧酶脱羧形成。往往在食品腐烂或发酵过程中产生。由于其潜在的毒性和作为食品腐败变质的标志而被广泛研究。本文综述了发酵肉制品中产生物胺微生物种类及影响因素。目的是为了控制发酵肉中生物胺含量,确保发酵肉制品安全。     

葡萄酒中氨基甲酸乙酯的含量测定及酿造工艺对其含量的影响

调查了我国干红葡萄酒(77款)和干白葡萄酒(17款)中氨基甲酸乙酯(EC)含量情况,并探讨了酿酒工艺(果胶酶、酵母、乳酸菌和发酵温度等)对葡萄酒中氨基甲酸乙酯(EC)含量的影响。研究结果显示:干红葡萄酒中EC含量范围在7.00～26.80μg/L,平均浓度为17.90μg/L;干白葡萄酒中EC含量范围在6.40～21.58μg/L,平均浓度为11.35μg/L。葡萄酒酿造过程中EC的生成主要受酵母菌和乳酸菌种类的影响,酒精发酵温度的降低和果胶酶的使用有助于减少葡萄酒中EC的含量。     

葡萄酒中的乳酸菌

介绍了存在于葡萄酒中的乳酸菌及其在葡萄酒酿造中的作用。影响乳酸菌作用的主要因素包括pH、温度、酒精浓度、SO2、酵母菌、碳水化合物以及游离脂肪酸等。介绍了苹果酸－乳酸发酵的人工控制。     

α—氨基酸在葡萄酒发酵中的变化

研究分析了葡萄酒原料之中的α－氨基酸的含量,以及添加酵母营养粉之后对α－氨基酸含量的影响;继而分析了新酒之中α－氨基酸的含量。α－氨基酸在发酵过程中的消耗,表明了酵母菌对α－氨基酸的利用情况。所以,为保证酒精发酵的顺利进行,在酒精发酵之前,往葡萄汁中添加酵母营养物质是必不可少的。     

蔬菜发酵剂乳酸菌产生物胺的检测与评价

通过联合采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术和高效液相色谱分析(HPLC)技术对本实验室筛选保藏的60 余株拟准备用于蔬菜发酵的乳酸菌形成生物胺的能力和水平进行检测和评价。氨基酸脱羧酶基因的PCR 检测结果表明,受检菌株中有3 株组氨酸脱羧酶阳性菌和22 株酪氨酸脱羧酶阳性菌;同时,利用HPLC 法对受检乳酸菌在MRS 培养基体系和模式蔬菜发酵体系中发酵形成生物胺的水平进行分析。受试乳酸菌在MRS 培养基中组胺产生量在4.32～32.15mg/L 之间,酪胺产生量在9.22～114.02mg/L 之间。在发酵蔬菜体系中,组胺和酪胺的产生量均小于40mg/L。PCR 检测结果与HPLC 分析结果具有较好的一致性。     

‘赤霞珠’干红葡萄酒发酵过程中氨基酸的转化与利用

奉研究利用高效液相色谱和气相色谱一质谱联用技术分析了哧霞珠’干红葡萄酒酒精发酵和苹果酸哥L酸发酵过程中氨基酸及相应的生物胺和高级醇的变化。结果表明,生物胺主要在酒精发酵后期及苹一乳发酵期间产生,其与所对应的前体氨基酸的变化没有显著负相关;5种高级醇含量在整个发酵过程中呈现先升后降的变化趋势,其含量高峰在苹一乳发酵中期,而它们所对应的前体氨基酸在酒精发酵初期显著降低;除天冬酰胺外,其他3种酵母优先利用的氨基酸（天冬氨酸、谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺）在酒精发酵初期含l量呈快速下降。以上结果表明,葡萄酒发酵过程中氨基酸的转化与利用依种类而异,其含量变化趋势并不完全对应其转化产物的积累。     

黄酒前酵中生物胺生成规律的研究

本研究对黄酒前酵工序的生物胺生成规律及影响因素进行了分析探讨。采用反相高效液相色谱技术,改进了生物胺定量检测法,该检测体系准确可靠,样品峰型对称分离度好且缩短了检测时间。分析了前酵工序中主要微生物,氨基酸,发酵醪酸度、糖度、酒精度、p H对生物胺生成的影响。发现前酵工序对成品酒生物胺的影响度为77.67%,第一次开耙阶段生物胺总量增幅最大,达到7.63 mg/L。研究发现主要酿造微生物中乳酸菌总数与生物胺总量成正相关,乳酸菌在搭窝期间生长速率最大,为7.13×106CFU/(m L·h)。在前酵工序中生物胺总量与发酵醪酸度、酒精度、p H呈显著正相关,与糖度呈负相关;前酵过程中主要生物胺与前体氨基酸也呈明显正相关。本研究分析了黄酒前酵中生物胺生成规律,有助于建立降低黄酒生物胺含量的更安全、科学的工艺。     

Amino acid-decarboxylase activity of bacteria isolated from fermented pork sausages.

The occurrence of amino acid-decarboxylase activity in 92 strains of lactic acid bacteria, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and Enterobacteriaceae isolated from Spanish fermented pork sausages was investigated. The presence of biogenic amines in a decarboxylase synthetic broth was determined by ion-pair high performance liquid chromatography with o-phtalaldehyde post-column derivatization. Among the 66 lactic acid bacteria strains tested, 21 lactobacilli (in particular, Lactobacillus curvatus) and all 16 enterococci were amine producers. Tyramine was the main amine produced by these bacteria, although they also produced phenylethylamine, tryptamine, and/or the diamines putrescine and cadaverine. None of the lactic acid bacteria produced histamine. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were found to be negative amine-producers. Aromatic monoamines, apart from histamine, were not formed by Enterobacteriaceae. This family was responsible for cadaverine and putrescine production. The results obtained for biogenic amine production by bacteria in a synthetic medium suggest that amino acid-decarboxylase activity is strain dependent rather than being related to specific species.     

Screening of biogenic amine production by lactic acid bacteria isolated from grape must and wine

The potential to produce the biogenic amines tyramine, histamine and putrescine, was investigated for lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of various origin, including commercial malolactic starter cultures, type strains and 78 strains isolated from Spanish grape must and wine. The presence of biogenic amines in a decarboxylase synthetic broth was determined by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Tyramine was the main amine formed by the LAB strains investigated. Leuconostoc strains were the most intensive tyramine formers. No potential to form biogenic amines was observed in Oenococcus oeni strains. Two strains of Latobacillus buchneri were associated with putrescine formation. None of the lactic acid bacteria produced histamine. According to these in vitro results, the commercial starter bacteria analyzed did not produce histamine, tyramine and putrescine.     

葡萄酒中生物胺的产生与工艺控制

生物胺存在于多种发酵食品中，人体吸收过量的生物胺后会引起不良的生理反应。在葡萄酒苹果酸—乳酸发酵(MLF)过程中，有些乳酸菌能够对氨基波脱投产生生物胺。利用PCR与DNA探针技术能够快速检测葡萄酒中的组胺产生菌。工艺上采用接种法进行MLF，并在MLF完成后对乳酸菌进行有效清除、可以显著降低葡萄酒中生物胺的含量。     

Formation of biogenic amines throughout the industrial manufacture of red wine

Changes in biogenic amines (histamine, methylamine, ethylamine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, putrescine, and cadaverine) were monitored during the industrial manufacture of 55 batches of red wine. The origin of these amines in relation to must, alcoholic fermentation, malolactic fermentation, sulfur dioxide addition, and wine aging and the interactions between amines and their corresponding amino acids and pH were statistically evaluated in samples from the same batches throughout the elaboration process. Some amines can be produced in the grape or the musts (e.g., putrescine, cadaverine, and phenylethylamine) or can be formed by yeast during alcoholic fermentation (e.g., ethylamine and phenylethylamine), although quantitatively only very low concentrations are reached in these stages (less than 3 mg/liter). Malolactic fermentation was the main mechanism of biogenic amine formation, especially of histamine, tyramine, and putrescine. During this stage, the increase in these amines was accompanied by a significant decline in their amino acid precursors. Significant correlations between biogenic amine formation and the disappearance of their corresponding amino acids were observed, which clearly supports the hypothesis that malolactic bacteria are responsible for accumulation of these amines in wines. No increase in the concentration of biogenic amines was observed after SO2 addition and during wine aging, indicating that sulfur dioxide prevents amine formation in subsequent stages.     

发酵肉制品中生物胺的危害及控制

发酵肉制品中的生物胺是由微生物中的酶对游离氨基酸发生脱羧作用而形成,生物胺种类复杂,并易在人体内积累产生毒性,本文综述了生物胺的特点、毒性、产生物胺微生物的种类及发酵肉制品中生物胺的控制因素(原料肉的控制、优良发酵剂的开发、生产工艺条件的控制等),目的是为了控制发酵肉中生物胺含量,确保发酵肉制品安全。     

Production of biogenic amines by lactic acid bacteria: screening by PCR, thin-layer chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography of strains isolated from wine and must

Biogenic amines are frequently found in wine and other fermented food. We investigated the ability of 133 strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from musts and wines of different origins to produce histamine, tyramine, and putrescine. We detected the genes responsible for encoding the corresponding amino acid decarboxylases through PCR assays using two primer sets for every gene: histidine decarboxylase (hdc), tyrosine decarboxylase (tdc), and ornithine decarboxylase (odc); these primers were taken from the literature or designed by us. Only one strain of Lactobacillus hilgardii was shown to possess the hdc gene, whereas four strains of Lactobacillus brevis had the tdc gene. None of the Oenococcus oeni strains, the main agents of malolactic fermentation, was a biogenic amine producer. All PCR amplicon band-positive results were confirmed by thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses.     

Evaluating the Influence of Malolactic Fermentation Inoculation Practices and Ageing on Lees on Biogenic Amine Production in Wine

Biogenic amines are compounds, produced primarily by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that negatively affect the wholesomeness of wine. Standard winemaking practices can greatly influence the levels of biogenic amines in wine. The aim of this study was to determine the relative contribution of different malolactic fermentation (MLF) practices and ageing of wines on fermentation lees to the final levels of biogenic amines. Wines were made on small scale over two harvest seasons with two red grape cultivars. Treatments included spontaneous MLF, co-inoculated MLF, MLF inoculated after alcoholic fermentation (conventional inoculation) and 4 months of ageing in the presence and absence of fermentation lees of all MLF treatments. Biogenic amine concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography at key winemaking stages and statistically analysed for the effects of MLF treatment and winemaking stage. Results indicate that the presence of indigenous LAB increased the risk of biogenic amine formation. Inoculation proved to reduce biogenic amine production over time compared to spontaneous MLF and co-inoculation even more than conventional inoculation. The presence of yeast lees during ageing generally led to higher final concentrations of biogenic amines in wines than the absence of lees. This study confirms other works that conclude that spontaneous MLF and uncontrolled ageing on yeast lees are generally unpredictable and pose a risk of biogenic amine contamination in finished wines.     

Biogenic amines and the importance of starter cultures for malolactic fermentation

Biogenic amines are compounds produced mainly by microorganisms from the decarboxylation of some amino acids which may cause several health issues in susceptible people. In the winemaking process, one of the factors with the greatest impact on the final concentration of biogenic amines in wine is the malolactic fermentation, which mainly involves the action of lactic acid bacteria. This article gathers scientific literature on the importance of the use of inoculation in winemaking, especially for the potential formation of biogenic amines in spontaneous fermentations, with emphasis on malolactic fermentation. It establishes the set of attributes that influence the formation of biogenic amines in winemaking and aspects related to their toxicity, especially histamine and tyramine. With the growing interest of the market in products with less chemical appeal, the safety of wines, whether from non‐conventional or traditional winemaking, must increasingly be observed. Therefore, the importance of using cultivated starter cultures is discussed, along with the safety of organic wines and the presentation of articles that seek to reconcile the production of organic wine with the preservation of the ‘microbiological terroir’ in a safe way, using selected wild yeasts and lactic acid bacteria.     

葡萄酒中的生物胺的生产与工艺控制

生物胺存在于多种发酵食品中，人体吸收过量的生物胺后会引起不良的生理反应，在葡萄酒苹果酸－乳酸发酵（MLF）过程中，有些乳酸菌能够对氨基酸脱羧产生生物胺。利用PCR与DNA探针技术能够快速检测葡萄酒中的组胺产生菌。工艺上采用接种进行MLF，并在MLF完成后对乳酸菌进行有效清除，可以显著降低葡萄酒中生物胺的含量。