酿酒生产中的酸度及有机酸的分析

酒类生产中,酸度是一重要指标。１．总酸度即可滴定酸度。用酸碱滴定法测定并以乙酸计量。２．糟中酸度测定。以１０ｇ试样中消耗１Ｎ的氢氧化钠标准溶液１ｍｌ为一个酸度来表示糟中酸度的大小。３．挥发酸的测定。挥发酸的测定方法分直接法和间接法。直接法是通过蒸馏将挥发酸蒸出,然后用标准氢氧化钠溶液滴定。间接法同直接法相类似,但需测定蒸馏后残渣的酸度。４．有效酸度的分析即氢离子活度和ｐＨ值的分析。ｐＨ值的分析测定可用ｐＨ试纸或酸度计测定。５．乳酸、乙酸的分析,可用比色法测定。６．纸上层析法可测有机酸,但分析时间…     

原料乳蛋白质含量及酸度多功能快速检验试剂盒的研制

将原料乳蛋白质含量测定技术和酸度测定技术试剂盒化。采用甲醛滴定法测定原料乳蛋白质含量、酸碱滴定法测定原料乳酸度,确定试剂盒的组分,并对试剂盒的符合率、重复性、稳定性等进行研究。该试剂盒由4种试剂组成,与凯氏定氮法和酸碱滴定法的符合率为100%,重复性良好,密封干燥处保存540d各项性能仍然很好。该试剂盒既可同时检测各种原料乳蛋白质含量和酸度,也可检测各种消毒乳和酸牛乳的蛋白质含量。     

啤酒分析中存在的几个问题及措施

针对目前啤酒行业在总酸、酒精度和二氧化碳的测定中存在的一些问题,结合个人的工作实践,提出了适合质检部门操作的切实可行的方法。1 半成品和成品中总酸的测定 目前,在测定啤酒成品总酸时都采用国标GB4928-91中规定的电位滴定法,但在测定半成品时,往往采用比色法,由于该方     

烤烟国家标准(40级)河南烟叶水浸液pH值、总酸度和总挥发酸含量的研究

测定了河南烤烟（４０级）各等级烟叶的水浸液总酸度、水浸液ｐＨ值、总挥发酸含量。结果表明：各等级烟叶总酸度集中在１２％～１６％之间，水浸液ｐＨ值集中在５．２０～５．３６之间，总挥发酸含量集中在０．３７％～０．７７％之间。进一步分析了上述测定结果与烟叶部位、颜色、等级的关系，找出了规律性，为研究有机酸对烟草品质的影响提供了参考依据。     

酸水解-斐林试剂滴定法测定大米淀粉含量的研究

本实验利用酸水解-斐林试剂滴定法测定不同地区大米淀粉含量,并与DNS比色法及GB/T 5009.9-2008酸水解法的测定结果进行对比,对该方法的测定准确性进行研究。结果表明,酸水解-斐林试剂滴定法与国标法测定结果相近,滴定法的标准差与相对标准偏差均小于0.1,DNS比色法测定结果较低,且标准差与相对标准偏差均远远高于国标法与本法。显著性比较中,本法与国标法间差别不显著,DNS比色法与国标法和本法差异均显著。回收率实验中,国标法、滴定法和DNS比色法平均回收率分别是99.68%、99.14%、100.06%。说明本法具有较高的稳定性和准确性,且测定结果精密度好,是大米淀粉含量测定的一种简单有效的方法。     

黄酒和米酒中氨基酸态氮测定方法的比较

为了探究茚三酮比色法在黄酒和米酒氨基酸态氮测定中的适用性,首先对可能影响茚三酮比色法测定结果的黄酒和米酒特性因素进行了考察分析,然后与甲醛滴定法及氨基酸分析仪进行比较,对17个黄酒和米酒样品进行了测定分析。结果表明,黄酒和米酒的色泽、总酸和酒精度等特性,对茚三酮比色法的测定结果无显著影响。茚三酮比色法与甲醛滴定法测定结果之间具有较好的线性关系,但对于米酒等氨基酸态氮含量较低的样品,茚三酮比色法具有更高的精密度和准确性。对照氨基酸分析仪分析结果,甲醛滴定法更适于表征产品的总体氨基酸含量,而茚三酮比色法则能更准确反映发酵过程中的α-氨基酸含量,且对于氨基酸态氮含量较低的米酒产品测定结果相对更为准确。     

论白酒中的不挥发酸

白酒中有机酸分为挥发酸和不挥发酸,白酒中的不挥发酸有乳酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸等.白酒中的不挥发酸具有除苦减涩压暴;斧正香气和口味;稳定香气、柔和酒体;延长、丰富味感;提高酒体的总酸度和缓冲作用等;可丰富白酒香味和提高白酒质量.     

清爽型黄酒中总糖测定方法比较

分别用亚铁氰化钾滴定法、硫酸苯酚法、3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法(DNS法)测定清爽型黄酒中的总糖,并对测定结果及精确度进行分析.结果表明,3种方法中3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法与亚铁氰化钾滴定法的测定结果无显著差异,而且其精确度最高.     

自动电位滴定法测定食醋中总酸的不确定度评定

食醋作为一种重要的调味品,其主要成分是醋酸,而总酸(以醋酸计)含量是评价食醋品质的一个非常重要的指标。因为老陈醋的颜色较深,不易观察滴定终点颜色的变化,文章拟采用操作方便、精确度高的自动电位滴定法来测定食醋中的总酸含量。通过建立数学模型对醋酸测定过程中所引入的不确定度进行分析和评定,计算出合成相对标准不确定度为0.03580,扩展不确定度为0.3356 g/dL,结果表明,食醋中总酸含量测定过程中引入的不确定度因素包括总酸含量的重复性测定、NaOH标准溶液的重复性滴定、NaOH标准滴定溶液的消耗体积以及实验过程中使用的玻璃仪器等。实验结果得出老陈醋总酸度为(4.687±0.3356) g/dL。     

腌制方法对酸豆角质量的影响

为研究酸豆角腌制过程中主要成分的变化规律,采用干腌法、盐水湿腌法和酸盐水湿腌法腌制新鲜豆角,定期测定可滴定酸、挥发酸和挥发酯等指标。结果表明:腌制前15d内,干腌法产品中挥发酸、挥发酯和可滴定酸含量最低;但发酵30d后,其挥发酸、挥发酯、可滴定酸含量最高。酸盐水腌制法产品前15d的挥发酸、挥发酯和可滴定酸含量最高;但第30天时,挥发酸、挥发酯和可滴定酸含量均为最低。而盐水腌制法产品中以上成分含量居中。     

Estimation of volatile acids in wood and bark

To estimate the volatile acids from soft- and hardwoods a simple method was developed. Since the main part of volatile acids originates from acetyl groups of wood polyoses alkaline hydrolysis was applied, upon acidifying the free acetic acid was liberated and distilled. Acetic acid, with small amounts of other volatile acids, was then estimated by titration and expressed in two manners, as mmol acids per 100 g wood and as percent of acetyl group content. The free acids were also analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), in order to compare the results obtained titrimetrically and chromatographically. Indeed, as expected, the distillate contains large amount of acetic acid and a small amount of formic acid. The titration method is simple and does not require high cost equipment to be carried out, however it delivers slightly higher results than the HPLC technique. This deviation in the results due to other acids is minute and can be tolerated. The titration method can therefore be recommended to estimate the volatile wood acids conveniently. According to the results hardwoods contain significantly more volatile acids than softwoods. Moreover, bark contains also volatile acids. Though highly acidic, heartwoods of oak and chestnut have less volatile acids than most normal hardwoods. In these woods, apparently, the nonvolatile tannins contribute largely to wood acidity.     

Comparison of the main analytical methods used in quality control of tomato paste

Methods commonly used in quality control analysis of tomato paste were compared as a means of selecting improved means of specification for trade. Methods studied included reducing sugars using Fehling's reagent, HPLC, and enzymatic analysis; total acidity by volumetric titration (with indicator and combined electrode); volatile acidity with two different steam distillation apparatus and separation columns; and citric acid using HPLC and enzymatic methods. The use of nonspecific methods of analysis, such as Fehling's method and volumetric titration using phenolphtalein for total acidity determination, causes significant errors; moreover, the results strictly depend on the concentration of the samples.     

Estimation of volatile acids in wood and bark

To estimate the volatile acids from soft- and hardwoods a simple method was developed. Since the main part of volatile acids originates from acetyl groups of wood polyoses alkaline hydrolysis was applied, upon acidifying the free acetic acid was liberated and distilled. Acetic acid, with small amounts of other volatile acids, was then estimated by titration and expressed in two manners, as mmol acids per 100 g wood and as percent of acetyl group content. The free acids were also analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), in order to compare the results obtained titrimetrically and chromatographically. Indeed, as expected, the distillate contains large amount of acetic acid and a small amount of formic acid. The titration method is simple and does not require high cost equipment to be carried out, however it delivers slightly higher results than the HPLC technique. This deviation in the results due to other acids is minute and can be tolerated. The titration method can therefore be recommended to estimate the volatile wood acids conveniently. According to the results hardwoods contain significantly more volatile acids than softwoods. Moreover, bark contains also volatile acids. Though highly acidic, heartwoods of oak and chestnut have less volatile acids than most normal hardwoods. In these woods, apparently, the nonvolatile tannins contribute largely to wood acidity.

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Flüchtigen Säuren in Holz und Rinde einiger Holzarten

Zusammenfassung Zum Schätzen der flüchtigen Säuren in Nadel- und Laubholz wurde eine einfache Methode entwickelt. Da der Hauptanteil der flüchtigen Säuren von Acetylgruppen in Holzpolyosen stammt, wurde eine alkalische Hydrolyse angewandt. Nach Ansäuern wurde Essigsäure freigesetzt und destilliert. Essigsäure und geringe Anteile anderer flüchtiger Säuren wurden durch Titration bestimmt und entweder als mmol Säure pro 100 g Holz oder als prozentualer Anteil an Acetylgruppen angegeben. Die freien Säuren wurden zusätzlich mittels HPLC analysiert und mit den Titrationsergebnissen verglichen. Wie zu erwarten, enthalten die Destillate große Mengen an Essigsäure und geringe Mengen an Ameisensäure. Die Titrations-Methode ist einfach und erfordert keine kostspielige Laborausrüstung, allerdings liefert sie geringfügig höhere Resultate als die HPLC-Methode. Dieser Unterschied in den Ergebnissen aufgrund anderer Säuren ist jedoch sehr gering und kann toleriert werden. Die TitrationsMethode kann daher als handliche Methode zum Bestimmen der flüchtigen Säuren empfohlen werden. Laubhölzer enthalten deutlich höhere Anteile an flüchtigen Säuren als Nadelhölzer. Trotz des sehr sauren Kernholzes von Eiche und Kastanie enthalten diese geringere Anteile an flüchtigen Säuren als der Durchschnitt der Laubhölzer. Offenbar wird die Acidität dieser Holzarten durch nichtflüchtige Tannine verursacht.

     

湖南不同地区农家剁辣椒风味成分比较分析

为探索不同地区的特色农家剁辣椒的品质和风味差异,本研究选用湖南6个地区的传统农家剁辣椒为研究对象,利用高效液相色谱法和顶空固相微萃取-气质联用技术（Headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)测定了有机酸和挥发性成分,并比较分析其在理化指标、有机酸、挥发性成分的差异。结果表明,6个不同地区的农家剁辣椒盐分、酸度、各种有机酸、挥发性成分均差异显著（P<0.05）。在不同地区的农家剁辣椒共检测出97种挥发性成分,酯类是各样品中含量最高且种类最为丰富的挥发性物质。根据气味活度值(odor activity value,OAV)结合阈值分析,异己酸乙酯是安化乐安（LA）、怀化洪江（HJ）、宁乡（NX）剁辣椒主要香气成分,异戊酸乙酯是安化东坪（DP）剁辣椒中主要香气成分,2-甲基丁酸是浏阳（LY）剁辣椒的主要香气成分,乙酸乙酯是邵阳（SY）剁辣椒主要香气成分。本研究揭示了不同地区特色农家剁辣椒的品质和风味存在明显的差异性,为保障特色发酵辣椒风味提供科学依据。     

乳酸菌发酵对红茶饮料营养成分、香气成分及抗氧化活性的影响

以植物乳杆菌菌剂发酵红茶饮料为研究对象,分别采用酒石酸铁比色法、茚三酮比色法和标准碱滴定法测定红茶发酵前后的茶多酚、茶氨酸、咖啡碱及乳酸含量;采用4种不同体外抗氧化模型来考察红茶饮料发酵前后的抗氧化活性;并采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析红茶发酵前后主要香气成分。结果表明,发酵后红茶饮料茶多酚和咖啡碱含量比发酵前稍有下降,茶氨酸含量较发酵前显著上升(P0.05);对部分自由基的清除能力较发酵前略有下降;醇类和酮类等香气成分在发酵后较发酵前有明显增加,有利于提升红茶的香气品质。     

多糖分析方法研究进展

多糖具有多种重要的生物学活性,因而成为近年来研究的热门领域。不同的提取、分离纯化以及分析方法对多糖生物学活性有所影响,本文主要对包括化学滴定法、比色法、色谱法等在内的近年来主要的多糖分析方法以及多糖的提取、分离纯化的方法进行系统介绍,特别是各种方法的原理和应用进展,以期为多糖类的研究提供参考。     

The profile in polyphenols and volatile compounds in alcoholic beverages from different cultivars of mulberry

Abstract: Mulberry fruits have different chemical compositions because of cultivar variation. In this study, polyphenol profile and volatile composition of alcoholic beverages produced from different mulberries of Da 10, Hongguo 2 hao, and Hongguo 1 hao were investigated. Statistically significant differences were detected in the chemical composition of the analyzed alcoholic beverage samples. The beverage of Da 10 possessed the highest content of total phenols, total flavonoids, and total anthocyanins, which was determined by spectrophotometry analysis, contrarily Hongguo 1 hao beverage showing the lowest. Phenolic acids and flavonols were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Protocatechuic acid was the main phenolic acid in all analyzed alcoholic beverage samples, and its concentration ranged from 8.20 mg L^?1 (Hongguo 1 hao beverage) to 29.98 mg L^?1 (Da 10 beverage). High level of flavonols was found in both Da 10 and Hongguo 2 hao beverage samples, whereas Hongguo 1 hao beverage sample was characterized with lower level of flavonols. Furthermore, volatile compounds were analyzed by solid phase microextraction‐gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. The amount of esters varied widely among the 3 alcoholic beverage samples. The concentration of aliphatic alcohols in Hongguo 2 hao and 1 hao beverage samples was higher than Da 10 sample, whereas Da 10 beverage sample contained more aromatic alcohols than the others. Hongguo 1 beverage sample showed the highest concentration of acetic acid. This study demonstrated that quantitative differences of phenolic compounds and volatile compounds among cultivars were significant, which highly affected the quality of alcoholic beverage from mulberry. Practical Application: Mulberry fruits had different chemical compositions because of cultivar variation. The analyzed Da 10 cultivar of mulberry appeared to be a good raw material for alcoholic beverage‐making because of its high level of total sugar and acidity. This study demonstrated that alcoholic beverages from mulberry contain high amounts of polyphenols. These bioactive compounds may act synergistically to promote health, and reduce risk factors of chronic diseases.     

蛋白酶和脂肪酶对稀奶油-乳清体系发酵特性及风味的影响

通过测定发酵过程中发酵动力学参数变化,利用顶空-固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱法测定发酵60?h体系中挥发性风味物质,并进行主成分分析和感官评定,研究单独添加及复配添加蛋白酶和脂肪酶对稀奶油-乳清体系发酵特性及风味的影响。结果表明：风味物质以挥发性羧酸类、酮类和酯类为主。蛋白酶促进pH值下降、乳酸菌增殖和产酸,明显促进酮类生成,可增强体系的风味,提高风味品质;脂肪酶可引起滴定酸度大幅度上升,抑制乳酸菌增殖和产酸,但明显促进羧酸类生成,并产生酯类,可明显改变风味,赋予体系丰富的风味;复配添加后,结合2?种酶的特点,酯类产量上升,增香效果更明显,可显著改变风味,具有缓和大量挥发性羧酸带来的刺激性酸味作用。     

食用植物油酸值检测研究进展

酸值是衡量食用植物油中游离脂肪酸（free fatty acid, FFA）含量的指标,也是其重要的氧化和质量指标。目前食用油酸值测定方法中最常用的是滴定法,该方法简单、易行,对多数油脂的检测是有效的,但对酸值较低、颜色较深或存在除FFA外干扰成分的油脂检测误差较大,光谱法、电化学法、比色法、色谱法等仪器分析方法可以作为其替代方法,且仪器分析方法具有较好的灵敏度、准确性。为了进一步拓展和创新食用植物油酸值检测的技术与方法,实现各种植物油酸值的快速准确检测,分析比较了食用植物油FFA的产生途径、酸值检测方法的特点、现状,以期为酸值检测方法的改进及新方法的建立提供参考。     

Physicochemical characterisation of gulupa (Passiflora edulis Sims. fo edulis) fruit from Colombia during the ripening

Gulupa (Passiflora edulis Sims. fo edulis) is a tropical fruit native to America. This study was undertaken to characterize the physicochemical properties of this fruit in three maturity stages. In all stages, the pH, °Brix, texture, and titratable acidity were determined. pH value and solid soluble content increased during ripening and titratable acidity decreased during this process; in contrast, texture values did not show significance variance. It was confirmed the presence of cyanidin-3-O-??-D-glucopyranoside as major anthocyanin. The changes on colour were followed by tristimulus colorimetry using image analysis, a very useful new approach for the measurement of non-homogeneous colours. By using PCA (Principal Component Analysis), clusters of data corresponding to each stage could be defined. Additionally, the volatile composition was followed by HS-SPME (Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction) and GC/MS (Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry) analyses. The results showed an increase in the amount of volatile during fruit ripening, with aliphatic esters as major constituents.