鲈鱼风干成熟过程中脂质分解氧化规律

以鲈鱼(perch)为原料进行腌制风干成熟,通过分析测定加工过程中鲈鱼肌肉脂肪组成、脂肪酶及脂肪氧合酶(LOX)活力、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS)和过氧化值(POV)变化情况,探究其脂质分解氧化规律。结果表明:鲈鱼肌肉风干过程中总脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05),中性脂质、磷脂含量在加工过程中显著下降(P<0.05),游离脂肪酸(FFA)含量显著上升(P<0.05),棕榈酸(C16:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)、油酸(C18:1)、二十碳五烯酸(C20:5)和二十二碳六烯酸(C2 2:6)是FFA的主体成分;酸性脂肪酶、中性脂肪酶和磷脂酶活力在加工过程中总体上都呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05),且磷脂酶活力下降幅度最大,中性脂肪酶活力始终显著高于其他两种酶(P<0.05);而LOX活力持续下降,POV和TBARS值在整个加工过程中都呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,说明风干成熟后期较高的温度能促进脂质氧化产物进一步分解,加速风味物质的形成。     

光皮树果实不同部位油脂组成分析

对光皮树果实中果肉、种核、种仁3个部位的油脂含量及其脂肪酸组成进行了分析,结果表明,果肉中油脂占全果总合油比例为66.95%,种核中油脂占16.96%,种仁中油脂占16.09%.3部位油脂均含有亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸和花生酸,只是相对含量不同,其中果肉中油脂主要脂肪酸组成为棕榈酸(24.41%)、亚油酸(32.46%)、油酸(30.07%)、硬脂酸(1.64%)、花生酸(3.09%);种核中油脂的主要脂肪酸组成为棕榈酸(12.48%)、亚油酸(54.79%)、油酸(26.93%)、硬脂酸(2.18%)、花生酸(1.63%);种仁中油脂主要脂肪酸组成为棕榈酸(6.61%)、亚油酸(58.80%)、油酸(22.32%)、硬脂酸(2.03%)、花生酸(0.65%).     

国内亚麻育成品种品质性状的分析与评价

本研究测定了我国亚麻育成品种的主要品质性状,通过对我国亚麻育成品种品质性状进行综合评价与分析,为我国亚麻品质育种提供参考。结果表明：127份亚麻育成品种粗脂肪含量在34.86%～42.19%之间,平均37.22%;亚麻酸含量在39.8%～59%之间,平均49.04%;木酚素含量在5.34mg/g～10.99mg/g之间,平均8.84mg/g。品质性状变异系数在3.62%～14.62%之间,其中变异系数最大的是硬脂酸和木酚素,变异系数大于 10%;最小的是粗脂肪,为3.62%。相关分析表明,粗脂肪含量与木酚素、亚油酸极显著正相关,与棕榈酸极显著负相关,与油酸显著负相关,与亚麻酸和硬脂酸负相关;木酚素与棕榈酸、硬脂酸极显著正相关,与亚油酸极显著负相关,与亚麻酸、油酸负相关;亚麻酸与硬脂酸、油酸、棕榈酸极显著负相关。聚类分析把127份亚麻育成品种划分为4类,第Ⅰ类油酸含量最高,亚麻酸含量最低;第Ⅱ类木酚素含量最高,粗脂肪、亚油酸含量最低;第Ⅲ类粗脂肪、亚麻酸含量最高,油酸、棕榈酸含量最低;第Ⅳ类亚油酸含量最高,木酚素、硬脂酸含量最低。对我国亚麻育成品种品质的特征特性的研究,可为亚麻种质资源的利用和创新提供依据,为亚麻品种选育和遗传改良提供参考。     

猪五花肉红烧过程中脂肪和脂肪酸的变化规律

目的：探讨以猪五花肉为原料的红烧肉加工过程中脂肪和脂肪酸的变化,以期对红烧肉的风味、营养、质地等研究提供参考。方法：对红烧肉加工过程中原料、油炸、炖煮过程样品（0～2 h,每30 min取样）以及成品的粗脂肪含量、过氧化值（peroxide value,POV）、硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）值以及脂肪酸含量进行测定。结果：五花肉红烧过程中脂肪含量显著下降（P＜0.05）,成品红烧肉脂肪含量比原料肉下降12.14%;POV先增大后减小,在炖煮30 min达到最大值;TBARS值逐渐增大,在炖煮过程中变化显著（P＜0.05）;油酸、棕榈酸、亚油酸和硬脂酸是五花肉脂肪中的主要脂肪酸,在红烧过程中饱和脂肪酸（saturatedfatty acid,SFA）含量变化不大（P＞0.05）,单不饱和脂肪酸（monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA）含量显著上升（P＜0.05）,多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）含量显著下降。结论：五花肉红烧过程中脂肪含量下降、脂肪发生适度氧化、脂肪酸组分构成发生了改变。     

芝麻籽中脂肪酸组成测定及相关性分析北大核心CSCD

对我国不同地区的46份芝麻籽样品进行脂肪酸组成测定,并分析了不同脂肪酸之间的相关性。亚油酸和油酸是芝麻籽中的主要脂肪酸,平均含量分别为45.40%和39.56%。芝麻籽中不饱和脂肪酸平均含量达到85.45%。亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸的含量分别为41.72%~48.51%,35.49%~43.60%、7.44%~10.39%和4.52%~6.00%。油酸含量与亚油酸含量呈极显著负相关,棕榈酸含量与硬脂酸含量呈显著负相关,与油酸、亚麻酸含量和花生酸含量呈极显著负相关,而与亚油酸含量呈极显著正相关。     

芝麻籽中脂肪酸组成测定及相关性分析

对我国不同地区的46份芝麻籽样品进行脂肪酸组成测定,并分析了不同脂肪酸之间的相关性。亚油酸和油酸是芝麻籽中的主要脂肪酸,平均含量分别为45.40%和39.56%。芝麻籽中不饱和脂肪酸平均含量达到85.45%。亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸的含量分别为41.72%~48.51%,35.49%~43.60%、7.44%~10.39%和4.52%~6.00%。油酸含量与亚油酸含量呈极显著负相关,棕榈酸含量与硬脂酸含量呈显著负相关,与油酸、亚麻酸含量和花生酸含量呈极显著负相关,而与亚油酸含量呈极显著正相关。     

降温方法对不同成熟度鸭梨果肉脂氧合酶活性和膜脂脂肪酸的影响

为了探讨缓慢降温抑制采后鸭梨果实褐变的机理,研究了不同降温方法对不同成熟度鸭梨果肉脂氧合酶(LOX)活性及膜脂脂肪酸组分和含量的影响。结果表明:在贮藏期间,LOX活性缓慢上升,晚采果活性较高;缓慢降温抑制了LOX活性的升高和果肉褐变,对早采果影响明显。鸭梨果肉中含有月桂酸、豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、珠光酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸,其中含量较多的是亚油酸、棕榈酸和油酸。推迟采收和缓慢降温提高了果肉的U/S值,缓慢降温提高了鸭梨果肉的亚麻酸及前期的亚油酸含量,在贮藏后期,随着LOX活性的升高,亚油酸、亚麻酸的含量减少,二者可能是LOX的反应底物。适当早采结合缓慢降温可提高鸭梨果肉膜脂不饱和脂肪酸含量和U/S值,抑制果肉褐变。     

不同加工工艺对真空油炸花生品质特性的影响

探讨了不同加工工艺对真空油炸(VF)花生品质特性的影响,结果表明:与对照相比,浸泡处理使VF花生制品容重显著下降;冷冻处理可以增加制品得率和酥脆度,提高商品性,不造成对制品理化指标的显著影响;蒸煮处理对制品的理化指标均无显著影响;随着真空油炸温度的升高,花生制品的容重、得率、脂肪、油酸呈升高趋势,亚油酸、棕榈酸呈现下降趋势。与原料相比,经浸泡、蒸煮和冷冻处理后,VF花生制品的脂肪、油酸、山梨酸、硬脂酸、花生酸含量显著升高,亚油酸、棕榈酸、组氨酸、脯氨酸含量显著下降,而蛋白质及必需氨基酸等指标变化较小。相关性分析表明,脂肪、蛋白质、油酸、亚油酸、Arg、Leu、容重、得率等理化指标之间呈现显著或极显著相关关系。     

不同品种巴旦木种仁在不同采收期粗脂肪含量及其油脂脂肪酸组成的比较

测定分析了纸皮、双软、晚丰、浓帕烈4个品种巴旦木种仁在不同采收期的粗脂肪含量及其油脂脂肪酸组成。结果表明:不同品种巴旦木采收过程中,其种仁粗脂肪含量总体均呈不断积累上升趋势,粗脂肪含量差异显著(p0.05),表明采收期对粗脂肪含量有较大影响,种仁越成熟越有利于其粗脂肪的积累;不同采收期的4个品种巴旦木种仁油共检测出棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸4种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸含量在10%以下,总体均呈下降趋势,不饱和脂肪酸的含量达90.4%~93.2%、油酸含量(58.9%~77.6%)均为最高,在采收期内总体均呈上升趋势;亚油酸含量(15.2%~31.7%)较高,在采收期内总体呈波浪下降趋势(除纸皮巴旦木)。巴旦木是一种具有很高开发价值的高品质油料作物。     

江西地区油茶籽的含油率和脂肪酸组成的调查与分析

本文对江西地区2011年产的38个油茶籽的含油率和脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明:油茶籽含油率在20.48%~49.84%之间,平均为37.07%。油茶籽油脂肪酸主要是由棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生一烯酸等脂肪酸组成,棕榈酸含量平均值8.19%;硬脂酸含量平均值2.48%;油酸含量平均值81.02%;亚油酸含量平均值7.74%;花生一烯酸含量平均值0.46%,主要不饱和脂肪酸油酸和亚油酸含量平均达到了88.76%,说明江西地区的油茶籽油符合高品质食用油的标准。     

Changes in lipid content and composition during germination of groundnuts

The cotyledons of two varieties of germinating groundnut seeds (Runner and Bunch) were analysed periodically for their lipid content and fatty acid composition over a period of 132 h. The lipid content decreased drastically during germination. More drastic changes in lipid constituents were observed for light-grown seedlings than for dark-grown ones. In general, the non-polar lipids (NPL) were metabolised faster than the polar ones (P > 0.05) especially in those seeds grown in the dark. The rate of decrease in NPL content almost paralleled that of increase in glycolipid (GL) content. Triacyl glycerol content decreased noticeably during germination while other NPL tended to increase. Among the GL, sterylglucoside increased rapidly during early germination under darkness, only to decrease steadily thereafter. A converse effect was observed for acyl sterylglucoside which, in the dark, decreased rapidly at early germination only to increase equally rapidly later on. Among the phospholipids (PL), only phosphatidic acid showed a marked increase during germination, under both growth conditions, while others tended to decrease in varying degrees. The changing patterns of GL and PL during germination seem to follow the pattern of the formation of photosynthetic tissues and the metabolic conversion of PL. The major fatty acids of the three lipid groups, which more or less decreased or increased in varying degrees with germination in light-grown seeds were oleic, linoleic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic and lignoceric acids in decreasing order of prominence at early germination.     

Total lipids content and fatty acid composition of seed oils from six pomegranate cultivars

The fatty acid composition of the seed oils of six pomegranate (Punica granatum L) cultivars was qualitatively and quantitatively determined by gas chromatography. The seeds contained oil in the range 51-152 mg kg^?1 dry matter. Intervarietal differences in fatty acid composition were demonstrated (fatty acid esters as % (w/w) total fatty acid esters. Sour varieties had the highest while sour-sweet varieties had the lowest oil content. Eleven fatty acids were identified. In all varieties, the predominant fatty acids were linoleic (25.2-38.6%) and oleic acid (24.8-35.5%) followed by palmitic (18.2-22.6%), stearic (6.9-10.4%) and linolenic acid (0.6-9.9%). To a lesser extent arachidic (1.1-3.4%) and palmitoleic acid (0.2-2.7%) were also found in all varieties. Lauric, myristic, behenic and lignoceric acids were rarely detected. As far as we know linolenic (18:3), arachidic (20:0), behenic (22:0) or lignoceric (24:0) acids have not been previously reported in the seed oils of edible pomegranate varieties. Lignoceric acid has not previously been found in pomegranate seed oil.     

Chemometric approach to fatty acid profiles in Runner-type peanut cultivars by principal component analysis (PCA)

The fatty acid profiles of commercially-grown Runner-type peanut cultivars (i.e., 10 cultivars, n = 151) collected over two production years (2005 and 2006) were determined by gas–liquid chromatography. Eight major fatty acids were identified in the sample set including palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1, ω9), linoleic (C18:2, ω6), arachidic (C20:0), gondoic (C20:1, ω9), behenic (C22:0), and lignoceric (C24:0) acids. Based on the oleic to linoleic acid (O/L) ratio, these cultivars were denoted as normal, mid-, and high-oleic peanut types. Correlation coefficients (r) between the eight major fatty acids identified were generated and revealed an inverse association between oleic and linoleic acids (r = –0.997, P < 0.001), while oleic acid and linoleic acid were positively correlated to gondoic acid (r = 0.818, P < 0.001) and palmitic acid (r = 0.967, P < 0.001), respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the fatty acid data yielded three significant PCs (i.e., eigenvalues ? 1), which together account for 87.18% of the total variance in the data set; with PC1 contributing 60.45% of the total. Eigen analysis of the correlation matrix loadings of the three significant PCs revealed that PC1 was mainly contributed to by palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and gondoic acids; PC2, by behenic acid; and PC3, by lignoceric acid. The score plot generated between PC1 and PC2 successfully segregated normal, mid- and high-oleic peanut cultivars, while the PC1–PC3 plot segregated normal and the combination of mid- and high-oleic acid cultivars.     

黍稷籽粒含油量及脂肪酸组成分析

研究分析18个黍稷（Panicum miliaceum L.）品种的籽粒含油量和脂肪酸组成。结果表明,黍稷籽粒含油量为2.54%~4.00%,均值3.71%。黍稷籽粒中主要脂肪酸为亚油酸（18:2n6）、油酸（18:1n9）和棕榈酸（16:0）,含量区间分别为0.075~5.19、0.150~3.02和0.897~1.81 g/100 g,并含有棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、亚麻酸、花生四烯酸、二十二烷酸和二十四烷酸。不饱和脂肪酸（UFA）占总油脂的82.1%~ 94.6%。相关性分析和主成分分析的结果表明,10种脂肪酸含量存在显著的相关性。聚类分析表明,脂肪酸组成在黍稷品种间的差异显著。     

火腿风味调味料加工过程中脂解的变化研究

以复合蛋白酶和中性脂肪酶为发酵剂在微控条件下生产火腿风味调味料,研究了此生产过程中脂解的变化。通过比较不同时期样品的气相色谱结果发现:从鲜肉到酶解后游离脂肪酸均以棕榈酸,油酸,硬脂酸和亚油酸为主,且含量不断积累;整个加工过程中,脂肪酸的释放速率为硬脂酸>棕榈酸>亚油酸>油酸;后期的加工过程中,油酸和亚油酸发生氧化降解,分别从水解后的1.638%、0.8276%,下降到氧化后的1.218%、0.5975%;而饱和脂肪酸含量几乎不变。     

Seed oils of apples (Malus pumila)

Apple seed oils were found to be characterised by a high content of linoleic acid (48–64 %), together with 24–42 % oleic acid, 48–71 % palmitic acid and lesser percentages of stearic and arachidic acids. The Granny Smith seed oils contained significantly greater amounts of palmitic and linoleic acids than those of the Dougherty and Sturmer varieties and lesser amounts of oleic acid. Differences in fatty add composition between the Sturmer and Dougherty varieties were not significant. The apple seed oils contrasted with those of other sub-families of the family Rosaceae in containing neither a-elaeostearic acid nor more than traces of linolenic acid. The apple processing industries could well be a useful source for the production of oil rich in linoleic acid.     

The evaluation of oil and fatty acid composition in seed of cotton accessions from various countries

Cottonseed oil has a 2:1 ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid. Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid, but in large amounts it contributes to a short shelf‐life due to rancidity. The aim of this study was to screen germplasm from various countries for oil and fatty acid content, to identify parents that can be used in hybridisation to increase stearic and oleic acids and reduce palmitic fatty acids. Oil content varied from 13.6% to 24.7%. Linoleic acid ranged from 51.5% to 63%, palmitic from 19.2% to 25.6%, oleic from 14.2% to 18.5% and stearic from 2.1% to 2.8%. Stearic and palmitic acids were positively correlated, and stearic and linoleic acids were negatively correlated; therefore breeding for increased stearic acid and reduced palmitic acid as well as breeding for increased stearic and linoleic acids at the same time might be difficult through conventional breeding. CIM70 and Cyto 12/74 had high values for stearic and oleic acids and Stoneville had high values of stearic and oleic acids and low palmitic acid. These can be used as parents to improve these two fractions. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SEED OF SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS AND OPEN POLLINATED VARIETIES

SUMMARY— The seed of high oil hybrids and open pollinated sunflower varieties from experimental plantings at nine locations in six southern states in 1969 was analyzed for moisture, crude protein, total oil and fatty acid composition. Total oil content ranged from 28.8–44.7% with an average of 35.3% for hybrid varieties and 39.5% for open pollinated varieties. The crude protein ranged from 16.9–25.1%. All the introductions mere relatively low in palmitic and stearic acids. Small amounts of palmitoleic, linolenic, arachidic, behenic and lignoceric acids were present in all samples. Oleic acid ranged from 33.4–62.7% and linoleic acid from 27.3–54.2%. The average oleic and linoleic acid content of the open pollinated varieties at the nine locations was 46.6 and 41.6%, respectively, as compared to 49.4 and 39.6% for the hybrids. The linoleic acid content of sunflower oil varied inversely with temperature during development of the seed. The oil of the sunflowers grown at the warmer locations and at the lower latitudes had a lower linoleic acid content than of those grown at somewhat cooler locations and higher latitudes.     

南果梨果实各部位脂肪酸组成GC-MS分析

采用索氏提取法对南果梨籽、果皮和果肉的脂肪酸成分进行提取,并用气相色谱- 质谱联用技术(GC-MS)进行分析,经峰面积归一法并通过G1701BA 化学工作站数据处理系统得出各部位脂肪酸成分组成。结果表明：南果梨籽含14 种脂肪酸,分别为癸酸(0.05%)、棕榈油(0.29%)、14- 甲基十五烷酸(0.38%)、棕榈酸(9.08%)﹑ 14- 甲基十七碳酸(0.12%)、亚油酸(55.64%)、油酸(27.18%)、硬脂酸(2.23%)、花生烯酸(0.77%)、花生酸(1.85%)、二十一碳酸(0.19%)、山嵛酸(0.38%)、二十三碳酸(0.06%)和木焦油(0.15%),占检出总量的98.37%;果皮含4 种脂肪酸,分别为棕榈酸(6.79%)﹑亚油酸(9.65%)﹑油酸(33.73%)、硬脂酸(1.51%),占检出总量的51.68%;果肉含3种脂肪酸,分别为棕榈酸(4.59%)﹑亚油酸(22.81%)﹑油酸(15.87%),占检出总量的43.27%。其不饱和脂肪酸以亚油酸、油酸为主。     

Triglyceride composition of Entada phaseolides seed oil

Fatty acid and triglyceride compositions of Entada phaseolides seed oil have been determined by combination of the techniques of systematic crystallisation at low temperatures, pancreatic lipase hydrolysis and gas-liquid chromatography of methyl esters. The percentages of individual fatty acids were found to be myristic 0.3, palmitic 9.1, stearic 4.4, arachidic 1.7, behenic 1.6, oleic 35.8, linoleic 46.7 and linolenic 0.4. The special characteristic of this oil is its content of 6.9, 9.6, 17.0, 19.2, 5.0, 24.1 and 10.4% of monosaturated diolein, monosaturated dilinolein, saturated oleo linolein, dioleo-linolein, triolein, oleo dilinolein and trilinolein, respectively. This investigation has indicated that the 2-position of the triglyceride is preferentially esterified with C₁₈ unsaturated acids and linoleic acid shows preference over oleic acid.