肉鸡屠宰加工中减菌处理前后细菌菌相分析

基于16S rDNA V6～V8可变区的聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（polymerase chain reaction-denaturinggradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE）技术分析肉鸡屠宰加工过程中减菌处理前后胴体或产品细菌多样性。在预冷环节前采用50 ℃、1.5%乳酸溶液对肉鸡胴体冲淋15 s进行减菌处理,采集屠宰加工环节中减菌处理前后的胴体或分割产品表面样品,提取样品中的细菌总DNA,通过16S rDNA V6～V8可变区的PCR扩增,变性梯度凝胶电泳,对PCR扩增片段割胶回收、克隆测序分析减菌前后细菌菌相变化。结果表明,减菌前,胴体清洗环节DGGE条带的数量最多、亮度最强,细菌污染最严重,其次是分割环节,而预冷环节细菌种类及数量最少,污染程度最低;减菌后,各屠宰加工环节细菌种类与数量较减菌前均有所减少,其中胴体清洗环节与分割环节细菌的种类与数量减少量最多,预冷环节细菌的种类及数量最少,不同屠宰加工环节细菌种类并不完全一致;乳杆菌属细菌在整个肉鸡屠宰加工过程中均有出现,与肠杆菌科和假单胞菌属细菌为肉鸡屠宰加工过程中的优势腐败菌。     

禽类屠宰加工过程中微生物污染及减菌措施

为了解肉鸡生鲜产品生产过程中胴体污染的发生情况以及微生物多样性和动态变化,综述了禽类商业屠宰过程中微生物污染来源、种群构成及菌相变化,并概述了相关的减菌措施,以期为在线控制工序间胴体表面细菌交叉污染和延长鲜禽产品货架期提供有用信息.     

肉鸡屠宰过程中腐败微生物的污染情况分析

采用PCR-DGGE指纹图谱技术研究肉鸡屠宰加工过程中微生物的污染情况,以确定关键控制点。分别采取肉鸡屠宰加工过程中胴体表面、工人手表面、预冷池中的水、空气中的样品和真空包装贮藏过程中样品,然后进行PCR-DGGE指纹图谱分析。结果表明:肉鸡的屠宰加工过程包括浸烫脱毛、倒挂、去内脏、冷却和分割,不同处理会对胴体表面的污染微生物产生不同的影响,去内脏后肉鸡胴体表面微生物的种类和数量都有所增加,但预冷能有效减少肉鸡胴体表面微生物的种类和数量,空气中微生物数量随着生产时间的延长不断增加,这些操作点也会成为交叉污染的地方,尤其工人的手表面的污染是引起交叉污染最主要的原因。     

生猪屠宰加工过程中微生物的污染及减菌措施

为确保屠宰加工肉类产品的安全和卫生,主要对生猪在屠宰加工过程中微生物污染和减菌措施进行了总结,旨在对屠宰行业在预防和减少屠宰线上胴体污染方面提供参考。     

热水结合乳酸喷淋处理对屠宰生产链中肉鸡胴体微生物、理化及感官指标的影响

以某肉鸡加工厂屠宰生产链的肉鸡胴体作为试材,采用热水(50℃)结合乳酸(1.5%)喷淋(15s)的减菌方法对其进行喷淋处理,采集处理前后的肉鸡胴体表面样品或产品进行微生物、理化及感官指标的测定。减菌处理后肉鸡胴体表面菌落总数、大肠菌群及肠球菌的数量在不同的加工环节均有一定程度的降低;鸡肉产品金黄色葡萄球菌检出率(从37.5%降至9.76%)和沙门氏菌(从12.75%降至1.22%)检出率明显降低;在两个月贮藏期内,处理前后鸡肉的p H、挥发性盐基氮及解冻后失水率无明显变化;处理前后鸡肉产品的组织状态、色泽无明显差异,且处理组鲜味更浓,加热煮沸后肉汤较对照组澄清。采用热水(50℃)结合乳酸(1.5%)喷淋(15s)的减菌方法处理肉鸡胴体能有效降低微生物污染数量,且处理前后胴体分割后速冻产品的部分理化指标、感官指标无明显变化。     

屠宰过程中猪胴体表面及环境的细菌菌相分析

应用传统培养方法结合高通量测序技术分析屠宰分割过程中猪胴体表面微生物污染情况，并对屠宰车间刀具和分割车间接触面进行细菌菌落计数，以确定屠宰分割过程中的关键污染环节。结果表明：测序共得到881 458 个有效序列，864 个可操作分类单元，样品共注释到了22 门、33 纲、79 目、162 科、382 属和613 种的微生物信息。变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）为优势菌门，不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）和气单胞菌属（Aeromonas）为主要的优势菌属。屠宰分割过程中群落多样性的排序为放血＞脱毛＞分割＞开膛＞冲淋＞冷却，冷却环节胴体表面的微生物多样性最低，分割后有所增加，表明分割是关键污染环节。传统微生物计数与测序的结果一致，从脱毛到冷却环节，猪胴体表面各类微生物数量呈下降趋势，分割后显著上升；分割车间各接触面菌落总数平均为6.11（lg（CFU/cm2）），高于屠宰车间刀具（平均为4.86（lg（CFU/cm2））），表明分割车间各接触面是关键污染源，进一步证明猪胴体分割环节为关键污染环节。     

拉萨地区牦牛屠宰过程中的微生物污染

为探明拉萨地区牦牛胴体屠宰过程中的微生物污染程度,明确微生物关键控制点,对拉萨地区某具有代表 性的规范屠宰企业屠宰前车间空气中的微生物、各屠宰工艺环节牦牛胴体表面以及人员用具的菌落总数和大肠菌群 数量进行测定。结果表明：屠宰前车间微生物污染严重;随着剥皮和去内脏工艺的进行,牦牛胴体的菌落总数和大 肠菌群数量显著增加;斧劈四分体后胴体的菌落总数和大肠菌群数量均显著高于剥皮和去内脏后;牦牛屠宰过程中 微生物的主要来源是垫板和斧头。     

肉鸡屠宰过程中预冷减菌工艺研究现状

预冷减菌是肉鸡屠宰加工过程中品质和微生物控制重要的工艺点。肉鸡通过预冷减菌,其中心温度下降,微生物的生长得到抑制,鸡肉的良好品质得到保持。预冷方式大致分为:浸没式冷却(水冷)、风冷、喷雾冷却、真空冷却和混合冷却。肉鸡屠宰过程中用的消毒剂有含氯类减菌剂、有机酸类以及过氧化物类等。欧盟怀疑次氯酸钠有致癌的风险,禁止其直接与食品接触,有机酸类和过氧化物类减菌剂杀菌效果显著,安全性高。综述了肉鸡屠宰过程中国内外近些年来研究较多的预冷方式,简单介绍了次氯酸钠、乳酸、醋酸和过氧乙酸4种消毒剂。     

胴体减菌技术在冷却肉生产中的研究

减菌技术是冷却肉生产过程中的关键技术,综述了动物胴体的微生物污染来源及屠宰过程中的清洗与胴体净化,并对热除菌、辐照除菌、乳铁蛋白处理、化学除菌、多栅栏除菌等肉除菌方式的应用。     

传统清真屠宰厂屠宰过程中微生物变化

为了研究传统清真屠宰厂屠宰过程中微生物变化,寻找微生物污染控制点,实验主要对屠宰过程中各环节菌落总数和大肠菌群指标变化进行检测。检测结果显示,在屠宰过程中微生物污染源来自于多方面,但最主要的来源是工作人员的手部、刀具以及操作台,而在屠宰的各个环节中最严重的污染源来自修割处。胴体经过冲淋后表面菌落总数和大肠菌群均有明显减少,冲淋是减少牛胴体表面微生物污染的重要环节。对工作人员手部与器具的消毒、冲淋和降低屠宰过程中各主要环节的温度都可以有效的控制微生物污染,对提高牛肉的品质有重要意义。     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发，介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

组学技术与果蔬采后质量和安全控制

果蔬可以提供营养, 有利于人类健康, 而果蔬的后熟及其与环境的相互作用会影响果蔬采后的质量和安全。对果蔬生物学过程的了解和掌握是减少果蔬采后损失和保障果蔬采后质量和安全的关键。在过去的10多年, 基于组学技术的系统生物学在了解果蔬后熟及其与环境相互作用的分子机制方面得到了越来越多的应用。本文对此做了细致的总结, 指出了存在的不足, 并提出了未来的发展方向。     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

酚类物质的结构与性质及其与葡萄及葡萄酒的关系

酚类物质是一类大而复杂的化合物。葡萄与葡萄酒中常见的酚类物质可分为类黄酮和非类黄酮两大类，它们是葡萄中重要的次生代谢产物，与葡萄的抗病性、采后生理、贮存、保鲜等密切相关。葡萄酒中的酚类物质来自于葡萄果实、果梗、酵母代谢以及橡木桶，参与形成葡萄酒的味道、骨架、结构和颜色等，对红葡萄酒的特征和质量尤其重要。