n-GaN表面Ti/Al/Ti/Au电极的电学特性

实验研究了淀积在GaN上的Ti/Al/Ti/Au电极的电学和热学特性,绘制了不同退火温度下的I-V曲线,得到了最低的欧姆接触电阻率(ρs=1.2×10-4 Ω·cm2),并通过X射线衍射谱分析了GaN与Ti/Al/Ti/Au电极接触表面在退火过程中的固相反应.实验结果表明,在Ti/Al表面增加Ti/Au保护层能够保证Al层在高温时不发生球化和氧化,电极更稳定可靠能够进一步提高欧姆接触特性.     

Ti/Al/Ni/Au金属体系在N-polar GaN上的欧姆接触特性

利用金属有机化合物化学气相淀积(MOCVD)在SiC衬底上外延生长了N-polar GaN材料,采用传输线模型(TLM)分析了Ti/Al/Ni/Au金属体系在N-polar GaN上的欧姆接触特性.结果表明,Ti/Al/Ni/Au (20/60/10/50 nm)在N-polar GaN上可形成比接触电阻率为2.2×10-3Ω·cm2的非合金欧姆接触,当退火温度升至200℃,比接触电阻率降为1.44×10-3 Ω·cm2,随着退火温度的进一步上升,Ga原子外逸导致欧姆接触退化为肖特基接触.     

AlGaN/GaN异质结构的欧姆接触

通过改变Ti/Al的结构及退火条件,研究了AlGaN/GaN异质结构上Ti/Al/Ni/Au金属体系所形成的欧姆接触.结果表明,Ti/Al/Ni/Au金属厚度分别为20,120,55和45nm,退火条件为高纯N2气氛中850℃、30s时在AlGaN/GaN异质结构上获得了良好的欧姆接触,其比接触电阻率为3.30×10-6Ω·cm2.SEM分析表明该条件下的欧姆接触具有良好的表面形貌,可以很好地满足高性能AlGaN/GaN高电子迁移率晶体管制造的要求.     

AlGaN/GaN异质结构的欧姆接触

通过改变Ti/Al的结构及退火条件,研究了AlGaN/GaN异质结构上Ti/Al/Ni/Au金属体系所形成的欧姆接触.结果表明,Ti/Al/Ni/Au金属厚度分别为20,120,55和45nm,退火条件为高纯N2气氛中850℃、30s时在AlGaN/GaN异质结构上获得了良好的欧姆接触,其比接触电阻率为3.30×10-6Ω·cm2.SEM分析表明该条件下的欧姆接触具有良好的表面形貌,可以很好地满足高性能AlGaN/GaN高电子迁移率晶体管制造的要求.     

氧化铟锡与掺Fe半绝缘GaN的接触特性

氧化铟锡(ITO)透明电极能够有效提高GaN光导半导体开关的光吸收效率和电场均匀性,但如何在透明电极ITO与半绝缘GaN之间实现良好的欧姆接触是一个难题.通过在ITO和半绝缘GaN之间插入与GaN功函数相近的Ti薄层,并利用快速热退火过程加速Ti与GaN之间的反应.研究发现Ti薄层的厚度和退火温度对欧姆接触有重要影响.在Ti薄层厚度为5 nm时,随着退火温度的升高,ITO/Ti/GaN之间的接触逐渐转变为欧姆接触,且接触电阻率随之减小;但当退火温度超过700℃时,欧姆接触变差,这与ITO中的In、Sn和O元素向界面扩散有关;适当提高Ti薄层的厚度可以有效改善ITO/Ti/GaN欧姆电极的热稳定性,但过厚的Ti薄层会对GaN基光电器件的透过率产生影响.     

Effects of rapid thermal annealing on ohmic contact of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

工艺制作源漏电极为Ti/Al/Ti/Au,并在氮气气氛中对其进行快速退火,研究不同退火条件对欧姆接触的影响。具体实验过程如下：将溅射好源漏电极的外延片分为5部分,其中3片分别在700℃,750℃和800℃下快速退火30s,并相互对比得出最佳退火温度,实验结果发现750℃条件下欧姆接触最好;其余2片在750℃下分别退火25s和40s,并与前边实验750℃ 30s情况下欧姆接触比较,得出最佳退火时间为30s。我们使用传输线模式计算出电极与外延片的欧姆接触电阻率,在750℃ 30s的快速退火条件下得到最低欧姆接触电阻率为0.54 Ω mm,与其余条件下结果比较具有较好的表面形貌和边缘。从实验中我们也得到随着退火温度和退火时间的提高,欧姆接触电阻率先降低到达最低点然后开始升高的现象,为寻找GaN HEMT欧姆接触最佳条件提供了一定依据。     

金属/n型AlGaN欧姆接触

用传输线模型对n型AlGaN(n-AlGaN)上Au/Pt/Al/Ti多金属层欧姆接触进行了接触电阻率的测量.在850℃退火5min后,测得欧姆接触电阻率达1.6×10-4Ω·cm2.经X射线衍射分析,Au/Pt/Al/Ti/n-AlGaN界面固相反应得出在500℃以上退火过程中,AlGaN层中N原子向外扩散,在AlGaN表面附近形成n型重掺杂层,导致欧姆接触电阻率下降;随退火温度的升高,N原子外扩散加剧,到800℃以上退火在Au/Pt/Al/Ti/n-AlGaN界面形成Ti2N相,导致欧姆接触电阻率进一步下降.     

金属/n型AlGaN欧姆接触

用传输线模型对n型AlGaN(n-AlGaN)上Au/Pt/Al/Ti多金属层欧姆接触进行了接触电阻率的测量.在850℃退火5min后,测得欧姆接触电阻率达1.6×10-4Ω·cm2.经X射线衍射分析,Au/Pt/Al/Ti/n-AlGaN界面固相反应得出在500℃以上退火过程中,AlGaN层中N原子向外扩散,在AlGaN表面附近形成n型重掺杂层,导致欧姆接触电阻率下降;随退火温度的升高,N原子外扩散加剧,到800℃以上退火在Au/Pt/Al/Ti/n-AlGaN界面形成Ti2N相,导致欧姆接触电阻率进一步下降.     

AlGaN/GaN HEMT器件欧姆接触多步退火工艺的分析与优化

利用Ti/Al/Ni/Au的多步退火工艺能够在 AlGaN/GaN HEMT上制作出低接触电阻,表面形貌平整的欧姆接触。本文通过实验对多步退火工艺的机制进行了详细地分析并对多步退火工艺进行了优化。实验结果显示出调整不同的退火的时间和温度在接触电阻和表面形貌的优化中起到了至关重要的作用。取得高质量的欧姆接触的关键是通过调整退火的时间和温度以平衡金属与金属之间,金属与半导体之间的各种反应的速率。我们利用优化后多步退火工艺在未掺杂AlGaN/GaN结构上制作出了低接触电阻的欧姆接触,其比接触电阻率为3.22?10-7Ω.cm2。     

非故意掺杂GaN上Ti/Al/Ni/Au欧姆接触研究

基于圆形传输线模型,研究了背景载流子浓度为71016cm3的非故意掺杂GaN与Ti/Al/Ni/Au多层金属之间欧姆接触的形成。样品在N2气氛中,分别经过温度450,550,700,800,900℃的1 min快速热退火处理后发现,当退火温度高于700℃欧姆接触开始形成,随着温度升高欧姆接触电阻持续下降,在900℃时获得了最低比接触电阻6.6106O·cm2。研究表明,要获得低的欧姆接触电阻,需要Al与Ti发生充分固相反应,并穿透Ti层到达GaN表面;同时,GaN中N外扩散到金属中,在GaN表面产生N空位起施主作用,可提高界面掺杂浓度,从而有助于电子隧穿界面而形成良好欧姆接触。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

Critical Stage Rule-Based Real Time Dispatch（RTD）System in Highly-Mixed-Products （HMP） FAB

An improving utilization and efficiency of critical equipments in semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities are concerned. Semiconductor manufacturing FAB is one of the most complicated and cost sensitive environments. A good dispatching tool will make big difference in equipment utilization and FAB output as a whole. The equipment in this paper is In-Line DUV Scanner. There are many factors impacting utilization and output on this equipment group. In HMP environment one of the issues is changing of reticule in this area and idle counts due to load unbalance between equipments. Here we'll introduce a rule-based RTD system which aiming at decreasing the number of recipe change and idle counts among a group of scanner equipment in a high-mixed-products FAB.