不同植物油对金线鱼鱼糜凝胶风味的影响

为改善鱼糜制品的风味,比较添加6种植物油（2 mL/100 g的花生油、大豆油、玉米油、椰子油、橄榄油和红花籽油）对金线鱼鱼糜凝胶气味、挥发性化合物组成和感官特性的影响,探讨植物油的种类对鱼糜凝胶风味的改善作用。结果表明,添加6种植物油均能改善金线鱼鱼糜凝胶的气味,使鱼糜凝胶中醛类、酮类和烃类等挥发性化合物的浓度增大,种类增多（P<0.05）,其中添加椰子油的凝胶被检出挥发性化合物的种类最多为66种。添加椰子油的凝胶中,气味活度值≥1的化合物高达10种,明显多于对照组和添加其它植物油的凝胶（P<0.05）,且其关键气味成分主要是具有清新、椰子、果香等香味的2-庚酮、辛酸乙酯、2-十一酮、癸酸乙酯和丁位癸内酯,它们共同作用形成了凝胶独特的风味,提高了凝胶的总体可接受性,而添加其它植物油的凝胶中,关键气味成分主要是己醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、辛醛、癸醛和正十一醛。综上,添加植物油均能改善金线鱼鱼糜凝胶的风味,且椰子油改善效果最佳,更适于开发风味俱佳的鱼糜制品。     

硬脂组成对其热性质、微观结构及形态的影响

旨在为全氢化硬脂在塑性脂肪、油凝胶等的应用提供一定的开发依据和理论基础,全面分析硬脂组成对其晶体性质的影响。测定了全氢化棕榈仁油(HPKO)、全氢化棕榈油(HPO)、全氢化棉籽油(HCSO)、全氢化大豆油(HSO)、全氢化低芥酸菜籽油(HCO)、全氢化高芥酸菜籽油(HRO)、精炼漆蜡(LW)、可可脂(CCB)的脂肪酸与甘三酯组成、热性质、微观结构及形态,研究硬脂的组成对其热性质、微观结构及形态的影响。结果表明：HPO、HCSO、HSO、HCO均以棕榈酸和硬脂酸为主,HPKO以月桂酸和豆蔻酸为主,HRO以硬脂酸和山嵛酸为主,LW以棕榈酸和油酸为主,CCB以硬脂酸、油酸、棕榈酸为主;硬脂的甘三酯组成对其熔点有很大影响,CCB、HPKO的熔化温度较低,HSO、HCO、HRO的熔化温度较高;HRO虽然含有大量的山嵛酸,但其熔化温度低于HSO和HCO,这可能与甘三酯间的相互作用有关;油脂中高熔点甘三酯含量影响油脂的固体脂肪含量曲线,相同温度下高熔点甘三酯含量高的油脂具有更高的固体脂肪含量,甘三酯间的相互作用也会影响油脂的固体脂肪含量曲线;CCB晶型为β型,HPKO、HPO、HCSO为β′型,HC...     

调温和油脂组成对巧克力原料油及其应用性能的影响

研究调温和油脂组成对巧克力油脂（可可脂与全氢化棕榈仁油硬脂混合物）的相容性、巧克力的质构以及在20 ℃贮藏3 个月过程中起霜稳定性的影响。结果表明：可可脂与全氢化棕榈仁油硬脂混合物未调温时随可可脂含量增加有明显的稀释作用,经调温后可可脂含量在30%～50%之间出现明显共晶;巧克力硬度受调温和巧克力油脂相容性影响显著。当巧克力油基中可可脂含量＜50%,巧克力硬度随可可脂增加而降低;当可可脂含量＞50%,经调温巧克力硬度显著增加而未经调温巧克力硬度较为恒定。20 ℃贮藏实验发现：未调温,巧克力可可脂含量越高,起霜越显著;调温后,样品可可脂含量在10%～50%范围内起霜程度降低,当可可脂含量＞50%及纯全氢化棕榈仁油硬脂时,产品得到明显改善而无起霜现象。从巧克力的熔化特性和巧克力表层的脂肪酸组成分析发现,当可可脂含量＞50%时,未调温巧克力引起起霜的机制是不稳定晶体向稳定晶体转化;当可可脂含量≤50%时,引起起霜的机制是可可脂与全氢化棕榈仁油硬脂较差的相容性,导致部分油脂迁移至表面重结晶。     

基于酶促酯交换的速冻专用油脂制备及应用研究

利用脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM催化质量比为7:3的棕榈硬脂与大豆油进行酯交换反应,混合油脂中的高熔点甘三酯三棕榈酸甘油酯(PPP)的含量从27.61%降至9.50%。以酯交换油为主体,设计了5种不同塑性范围和固体脂肪含量的基料油,并以此基料油为原料制备出5种速冻专用油脂,然后将之应用于制作速冻汤圆。结果表明,当基料油中的油脂配比为酯交换油:大豆油:棕榈硬脂=84:13:3(wt%)时,所制备的专用油脂具有最佳的抗冻性能,以之制作的速冻汤圆冻裂率最低,仅为5%,而应用市售速冻专用油脂、未酯交换油脂制备的速冻专用油脂、未添加速冻专用油脂制作的的汤圆冻裂率分别为30%、20%和50%;此外,所得速冻汤圆表面细腻,光洁,有弹性,口感好,感官评分最高,表明通过酶促酯交换反应可以制备出品质优良的速冻专用油脂。     

乳化剂对氢化棕榈仁油硬脂等热结晶行为影响研究

该文通过研究分别添加有1%(w/w)单甘油脂、磷脂、Span60的氢化棕榈仁油硬脂等热结晶行为,发现在30℃等热结晶条件下单甘油脂、磷脂、Span60均能促进氢化棕榈仁油硬脂结晶,等热结晶动力学分析表明:氢化棕榈仁油硬脂在三种乳化剂作用下存在不同结晶成核机制。     

加工方式对大豆油中挥发性物质的影响

为探究加工方式对大豆油风味物质的影响,采用电子鼻与顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用相结合的方法分析浸提、热榨和冷榨3种方式加工的大豆油挥发性物质的差异。结果表明：在3种大豆油样品中共检出86种挥发性物质,其中浸提油53种,热榨油54种,冷榨油45种,主要包括醛类、醇类、酮类、酸类、酯类、萜烯类、杂环类（呋喃和吡嗪）以及烃类等化合物。在3种大豆油中检出相同的挥发性物质有24种。主成分分析和层次聚类分析结果表明加工方式对大豆油风味的影响较大。采用气味活度值（OAV）判定3种大豆油样品的关键风味物质,浸提油中检出关键风味物质15种,以3-壬烯-2-酮等物质为主,使浸提油具有浆果风味。热榨油中检出关键风味物质16种,其中2,5-二甲基吡嗪等杂环类物质使热榨油具有独特的烘焙风味。冷榨油中检出12种关键风味物质,以（E,E）-2,4-庚二烯醛等醛类物质为主,使冷榨油具有天然油脂风味。偏最小二乘回归分析表明电子鼻与气相色谱-质谱联用的检测结果间存在较好相关性。     

不同植物油脂在再制奶油干酪中的应用

为研究不同种类的植物油脂替代黄油在再制奶油干酪中的应用以及对品质的影响,测定了不同种类植物油脂制作的再制奶油干酪的质构特性、乳清析出率、油脂析出率以及感官评定,并进行比较分析。结果表明,添加玉米油和葵花籽油的奶油干酪硬度与对照组干酪相接近,分别减小了13.29%和增加了3.13%,但总体差异不显著(P0.05)。添加葵花籽油的奶油干酪涂抹性与对照组相比,增加了1.27%,数值上最为接近。在黏聚力和黏着性方面,添加稻米油和椰子油的奶油干酪与对照组相比,差异较为明显(P0.05)。添加玉米油的奶油干酪乳清析出率要优于对照组干酪,而添加其他植物油脂的奶油干酪乳清析出较为严重(P0.05)。添加葵花籽油的干酪的油脂析出率最大,为6.19%,显著高于对照组干酪(1.82%);添加玉米油的奶油干酪的油脂析出率稍大于对照组,但差异不显著(P0.05)。感官分析上,添加植物油脂制作的奶油干酪总得分都低于对照组干酪,由玉米油植物清香风味和黄油的乳香味结合带来的干酪的风味接受度要高于其他植物油脂制作的干酪。综合各项指标,玉米油是替代黄油作为再制奶油干酪原料油脂较好的植物油脂选择。     

冰淇淋生产中的油脂

综述了油脂在冰淇淋中的作用和冰淇淋生产中常用的油脂及其代用品。详细论述了稀奶油及奶油的组成成分、规格与理化性质；扼要介绍了食用硬化油、人造奶油、起酥油、椰子油、棕榈仁油及棕榈油．以及碳水化合物类脂肪代用品和脂肪酸酯代脂品。     

专用油脂对月饼品质的影响研究

以大豆油和棕榈硬脂为原料制备的专用油脂应用于月饼产品中,采取传统工艺制备月饼,研究了专用油脂对月饼回油、质构及感官品质的影响。结果表明,该专用油脂熔点为30.9℃,具有良好的流动性、操作性和功能性;添加专用油脂制备的月饼色泽金黄、纹理均匀清晰、质构及感官品质优良;专用油脂赋予月饼快速回油并趋于稳定的性能。     

内蒙古野葱干的特征挥发性香气成分分析

目的:对内蒙古地区野葱干的特征挥发性香气成分进行分析。方法:采用顶空固相微萃取技术富集内蒙古野葱干中的挥发性香气成分,采用气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱（GC-O-MS）联用技术进行检测,并结合改进的香味萃取稀释分析（AEDA）和相对香气活性值（ROVA）进行分析。结果:在内蒙古野葱干中共鉴定出87种挥发性风味化合物,主要包括含硫化合物、烃类、醛类与酮类、杂环类、酯类、醇类与醚类、萜烯类、酸类和酚类化合物;AEDA分析确定了20种较关键的气味活性化合物,主要包括酸类、醇类、醛类、含硫化合物和杂环化合物;ROVA结合AEDA分析确定了内蒙古野葱干中4种特征挥发性气味活性物质依次为二甲基三硫醚（浓烈新鲜洋葱辛香香气）、乙酸（酸香）、2,3-丁二醇（奶油香）和苯甲醛（坚果香）。结论:二甲基三硫醚、乙酸、2,3-丁二醇和苯甲醛相互协调是导致内蒙古野葱干风味差异的主要物质。     

SPME-GC-MS结合组学技术分析发酵椰奶特征风味与风味物质相关性

为了分析发酵椰奶特征风味与风味物质相关性,利用固相微萃取—气相色谱—质谱联用技术(Solid-Phase Micro Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,SPME-GC-MS)分别对发酵椰奶、原味椰奶和酸牛奶中的风味成分进行测定,同时进行感官评价;并且结合组学技术从感官和风味物质方面分析了发酵椰奶的特征风味。研究结果表明,发酵椰奶感官风味特征在甜味、酸味、椰子味、奶香味、乳脂味以及醇香味感官评分较高,对发酵椰奶的喜好感主要受甜味、酸味、椰子味以及香草味的影响;而相比原味椰奶甜味过高,且伴随有较浓蒸煮味。从发酵椰奶中共检测出23种风味成分,比原味椰奶和酸牛奶分别多5种和2种;相比原味椰奶,发酵椰奶中酸类和酯类物质相对含量分别减少了11.005%和11.670%,而醇类、酮类和醛类物质相对含量分别增加了6.015%,10.295%,1.975%;酸牛奶中酸类物质是其主要风味成分,比发酵椰奶相对含量高31.79%。发酵椰奶中2,3-戊二酮、3-羟基-2-丁酮等风味成分主要贡献了果香味、奶香味和焦糖气味,酯类物质主要贡献了香草味、甜味、椰子味和蒸煮味。     

Aroma-active compounds of butter: a review

This review article shows that more than 230 volatile compounds have been identified in butter, however, only a small number of them can be considered as key odorants of butter aroma. Gas chromatography olfactometry was used to determine the character impact odorants of different kinds of butter. Sweet cream butter is characterised by lactones with fruity and creamy notes and by sulphur compounds, having corn-like and garlic odours. The key odour compounds of sour cream butter are diacetyl (buttery-like), butanoic acid (cheesy) and δ-decalactone (peach), mainly due to lactic acid bacteria fermentation. The aroma of butter oil is characterised by aldehydes, such as (E)- and (Z)-2-nonenal and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, conferring green and oily notes. Olfactometric studies of heated butter showed the formation of new aroma compounds during heating, such as 3-methylbutanoic acid (cheesy), methional (potato-like) and 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3-(2H)-furanone (caramel-like). High temperature treatment of butter can also induce off-flavour development. Off-odours in butter originate from autooxidative and as well as from lipolytic reactions, microbial contamination and animal feeding. The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use, which might be made of the information contained herein.     

VOLATILE COMPOUNDS AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF FRYING FATS

Oxidation-derived volatiles in French fries were evaluated relative to sensory characteristics of the fries and of the frying oils (low linolenic acid soybean oil, LLA; creamy partially hydrogenated soybean oil, CPH; liquid low linolenic acid hydrogenated soybean oil, LLH; and liquid partially hydrogenated soybean oil, LPH) in which they were fried. Hexanal concentration in French fries increased as oil use time increased for all fats; LLA and CPH produced higher hexanal concentrations in French fries after 10 and 15 days of oil use than did LPH and LLH. Hexanal concentration was negatively correlated with overall odor quality of French fries and positively correlated with grassy, rancid, painty, and chemical odor. Buttery, sweet, and French fry odor decreased and grassy, rancid, painty, and acrolein odor increased as oil use time increased.     

巧克力涂层基料油的理化性质及其相容性研究

选用棕榈油中间分提物(PMF)、全氢化棕榈仁液油(HPKOL)、可可脂(CB)作为巧克力涂层的基料油,对其理化性质及其相容性进行分析。结果表明,当两相体系PMF-HPKOL中PMF含量在30%以下时,共晶现象较弱。PMF和HPKOL混合可以作为涂层油脂配方,用于开发无反式脂肪酸巧克力涂层。添加可可脂会导致三相体系(PMF-HPKOL-CB)严重的共晶现象,因此在代可可脂涂层配方中不宜再添加可可脂。     

Deterioration of β-carotene in certain hydrogenated fats. I.—Incidence of green discoloration during storage

An investigation of the stability of β-carotene in 111 samples of hydrogenated edible fats revealed that during storage at temperatures in the range of +20° to —20°, green discoloration of the yellow fats occurred in 38 samples during the first year of storage. The green discoloration was found mostly in hydrogenated palm kernel oil and coconut oil; samples of hydrogenated marine and soyabean oils were much less susceptible to colour change. The rate of development of the colour change was generally a maximum in the temperature range +6° to —6° and decreased rapidly as the temperature was raised.     

Effect of Lipid Type on the Retention of Methyl Ketones During Spray Drying of Milk Systems

The retention of n-methyl ketones during spray drying of skim milk systems containing different types of fats was examined. Methyl ketones (C₄ to C₁₁) were blended into butter, coconut, hydrogenated coconut, soybean, or hydrogenated soybean oil and then homogenized into condensed skim milk yielding a model system 25% fat (dry basis) and 30% total solids. The model systems were spray dried and then analyzed for ketone retention by making 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives followed by high-pressure-liquid chromatography. Ketone retention increased with carbon chain length up to 2-octanone and then was constant. There were significant differences in ketone retention between fats with coconut providing the best retention and soybean oil the poorest.     

不同植物油对植物肉风味及感官特性的影响

为探究不同脂肪酸组成的植物油对植物肉风味及感官品质的影响,将常用于食品加工且脂肪酸组成差异较大的5种植物油(菜籽油、大豆油、花生油、葵花籽油、棕榈油)添加到植物肉中,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对其进行风味分析,结合感官评价和质构分析等方法对5组植物肉进行对比。实验结果表明,5组植物肉的挥发性成分、感观属性、质构特性等存在显著差异。5组样品中共鉴定出79种挥发性组分,其中30种可被嗅闻到,主要包括吡嗪类、呋喃类、醛类、含硫类化合物。2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪、2-戊基呋喃、3-甲硫基丙醛等化合物的嗅闻强度最大。与其他样品相比,添加花生油的样品C和添加菜籽油的样品A中挥发性化合物种类和含量较多,但样品C的香气轮廓中油脂味较为突出,且该组样品的硬度与胶黏性较差,并不适用于植物肉的生产制作。样品A以肉香味为主,其硬度、弹性较大。研究结果表明,含芥酸、油酸较多的菜籽油更适用于植物肉的加工生产,对植物肉的风味、质构等感官品质具有明显增强作用。     

商业发酵剂中乳酸乳球菌发酵风味特性及其化学表征的研究

为深入分析不同乳酸乳球菌在发酵乳中的风味贡献和特征香气成分,对多种商业乳酸菌发酵剂中分离得到21株乳酸乳球菌,进行单菌株发酵。根据感官评价结果进行香型分析,之后采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱仪（gas chromatograph-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS）技术测定了发酵乳的挥发性风味化合物,并利用化学计量学分析方法进行风味物质的分析。结果表明:这些单菌株发酵乳可划分为奶香味、奶油味、酪香味三个香型。GC-IMS共鉴定出25种化合物,其中醇类9种、酮类8种、醛类3种、羧酸1种、酯4种。通过绘制GC-IMS指纹图谱,明确了不同菌株发酵乳的特征化合物组成。利用主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）,将其中4株乳酸乳球菌双乙酰变种的发酵乳进行了很好的区分,且与感官评价结果相一致。采用偏最小二乘回归分析（partial least squares regression,PLSR）对感官香味分型和挥发性成分的相关性进行分析,得到对酪香味影响比较大的挥发性风味成分有正己醛、正己醇;对奶油味贡献较大的成分有乙酸乙酯;对奶香味贡献大的成分较为分散,关键性成分有待于进一步确定。本研究为发挥乳酸乳球菌改善发酵乳风味的作用提供了借鉴和参考。     

不同工艺市售芝麻油的气味活性成分和感官品质差异分析

旨在为芝麻油企业提高其产品的香气品质提供参考,以我国市场上不同工艺的13个品牌畅销芝麻油产品为实验材料,利用溶剂辅助蒸发(SAFE)法萃取挥发性物质,气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱(GC-O-MS)法和感官评价比较其气味活性成分和感官品质差异。结果表明：低温压榨芝麻油的气味活性成分以醛类、烯烃和醇类为主,生芝麻味最强;石磨水代和高温压榨芝麻油的气味活性成分以美拉德反应杂环类产物为主,具有较强的炒芝麻味、炒坚果味和焦香味;石磨水代芝麻油的苯酚类物质含量最高,烟熏味最强;高温压榨芝麻油的苦味最强。综上,不同工艺的市售芝麻油气味活性成分和感官品质具有显著差异。     

Production of trans‐free margarine stock by enzymatic interesterification of rice bran oil,palm stearin and coconut oil

BACKGROUND: Trans‐free interesterified fat was produced for possible usage as a spreadable margarine stock. Rice bran oil, palm stearin and coconut oil were used as substrates for lipase‐catalyzed reaction. RESULTS: After interesterification, 137–150 g kg^?1 medium‐chain fatty acid was incorporated into the triacylglycerol (TAG) of the interesterified fats. Solid fat contents at 25 °C were 15.5–34.2%, and slip melting point ranged from 27.5 to 34.3 °C. POP and PPP (β‐tending TAG) in palm stearin decreased after interesterification. X‐ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that the interesterified fats contained mostly β′ polymorphic forms, which is a desirable property for margarines. CONCLUSIONS: The interesterified fats showed desirable physical properties and suitable crystal form (β′ polymorph) for possible use as a spreadable margarine stock. Therefore, our result suggested that the interesterified fat without trans fatty acid could be used as an alternative to partially hydrogenated fat. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry