间接竞争化学发光酶联免疫分析方法检测禽肉中金刚烷胺和氯霉素残留

为快速检测禽肉中残留的金刚烷胺和氯霉素,结合高效的前处理方法,建立检测金刚烷胺和氯霉素的间接竞争化学发光酶联免疫分析方法（indirect competitive chemiluminescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ic-CLEIA）。对包被原与抗体的最佳稀释倍数、竞争时间、酶标二抗稀释倍数进行优化。结果表明：金刚烷胺的IC50为0.33 μg/L,线性范围为0.06～1.77 μg/L;氯霉素的IC50为0.039 μg/L,线性范围为0.010～0.179 μg/L。样品经乙酸乙酯和碳酸钾溶液提取后,取上清液用氮气吹干,净化后进行检测。金刚烷胺和氯霉素的加标回收率分别为92.55%～105.14%和92.00%～112.50%,变异系数均低于10.48%,且实际样品检测结果与仪器方法相关性良好（R2＞0.98）,表明建立的ic-CLEIA方法具有良好的准确度和可靠性。该方法将为涉及多种药物残留的免疫快速检测方法及相应的前处理技术提供技术依据。     

酶联免疫吸附测定法检测白条鸭表皮组织中的脱氢松香酸

通过优化抗原包被质量浓度、抗体稀释倍数及二抗稀释倍数等参数,建立白条鸭表皮组织中脱氢松香酸（dehydroabietic acid,DHAA）含量的间接竞争酶联免疫吸附测定（enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）方法。白条鸭表皮组织中的DHAA用甲醇提取,经磷酸盐缓冲液稀释,使用酶标板进行检测。结果表明：最佳抗原包被质量浓度为1.0 μg/mL,最佳抗体稀释倍数为1∶6400,最佳二抗稀释倍数为1∶10000;ELISA方法的检测限及检测范围分别为41.0 ng/g和100.0～20150.0 ng/g;在100～5000 ng/g添加量范围内,DHAA回收率为78.2%～97.2%;实际样品分析结果显示,市场流通领域中白条鸭表皮组织中DHAA的检出率达到87%,含量范围为118.6～1199.2 ng/g。     

甲拌磷残留检测间接竞争ELISA试剂盒的研制

研制用于检测甲拌磷残留量的间接竞争ELISA试剂盒。甲拌磷包被抗原的最佳工作质量浓度为4mg/L,抗体的最佳稀释倍数为8000,甲拌磷多克隆抗体交叉反应率小于20%,甲拌磷抑制率回归曲线为y=18.846x＋6.9949,在1～5000μg/L范围内呈线性关系,检测限为4.90μg/L,IC50为191.37μg/L。甲拌磷试剂盒的添加回收率均高于75%,供试样品检测结果的批内和批间变异系数均低于10%。试剂盒在4℃或－20℃下有效期为270d。     

直接竞争酶联免疫吸附法用于糖浆类保健食品中西地那非检测的研究

建立了一种在保健食品中检测西地那非的直接竞争酶联免疫吸附分析法(dc ELISA)。经优化最佳反应条件为:包被浓度为100ng/m L,酶标抗体稀释倍数为70倍,标准品稀释液为p H=9,0.01mol/L PBST溶液,抗体竞争反应50min。本方法的半抑制浓度IC50为1.47ng/m L,线性范围(IC20~IC80)为0.12~17.65ng/m L,检测限IC15为0.0845ng/m L,批内批间变异系数均小于20%,保健食品补肾糖浆的添加回收率在86.0%~111.0%之间,满足实际样品的快速筛检需求。     

沙丁胺醇直接竞争ELISA 法快速测定

建立沙丁胺醇的直接竞争ELISA(dcELISA)快速检测方法,采用高碘酸钠法制备辣根过氧化物酶标记沙丁胺醇单克隆抗体,棋盘滴定法确定包被抗原质量浓度和抗体稀释倍数,通过单因素试验,考察反应体系中表面活性剂、离子浓度、甲醇体积分数、pH 值因素对dcELISA 性能的影响,确定最优检测条件,同时考察方法的特异性。结果表明：酶标抗体克分子比为2.1 时偶合物的滴度最高,最佳反应条件为包被抗原质量浓度1μg/mL,酶标抗体稀释2560 倍,0.01mol/L、pH7.4 的磷酸盐抗体稀释液(PBS)中含体积分数0.05% 的Tween-20、0.5mol/L NaCl溶液和体积分数5% 的甲醇时dcELISA 具有最高的灵敏度和最好的稳定性,所建立方法的IC50 为10.3ng/mL,检测限为0.049ng/mL,线性范围0.3～76.30ng/mL,批内变异系数13.8%,批间变异系数为22.38%,与克伦特罗交叉反应率为321.18%,与溴布特罗交差反应率为29.09%,与其他结构类似物没有明显交叉反应。本研究所建立的dcELISA 可用于沙丁胺醇和克伦特罗的多残留检测。     

酶联免疫吸附法测定水产品中甲基睾酮残留

建立了测定水产品中甲基睾酮(MT)残留的间接竞争酶联免疫吸附法(ic ELISA)。采用琥珀酸酐法衍生化制备半抗原MT17,进一步偶联钥孔血蓝蛋白(KLH)制备免疫原MT17-KLH,经动物免疫成功获取特异性识别MT的多克隆抗体(与其它结构类似物交叉反应小于1%)。优化确立了ic ELISA最佳检测条件:包被原浓度100μg/L,MT多克隆抗体稀释度1/1.2×105,抗体反应时间40 min,药物稀释液为PBS,水产样品经乙腈提取,N-丙基乙二胺吸附剂(PSA)分散固相萃取(DSPE)净化后用于ic ELISA测定。本方法的抑制中浓度IC50为3.48μg/L,检测线性范围为0.77~13.06μg/L。水产样品加标回收率为81.02~103.19%,相对标准偏差为4.46%~13.14%,测定结果与液相色谱-质谱联用法具有良好的相关性(R=0.9971)。本方法可用于水产品中甲基睾酮残留的快速测定。     

沙丁胺醇ELISA方法的建立及应用

为建立1种快速检测沙丁胺醇的ELISA方法,以制备的抗沙丁胺醇(salbutamol,SAL)高亲和力单克隆抗体为基础,从影响ELISA检测结果的因素出发,优化间接竞争ELISA条件。通过添加标准沙丁胺醇溶液进行验证。试验结果表明:ELISA反应的最佳反应条件:包被温度37℃,包被时间1 h,竞争时间0.5 h,包被质量浓度1μg/mL,抗体稀释度1∶32 000。在此条件下建立标准曲线。该方法对沙丁胺醇的检测线性范围为0.1~128μg/L,IC50为1.35μg/L,最低检测限(LOD)为0.2μg/L,添加回收率83.8%~89.7%,变异系数均小于11%。采用该方法检测喂药动物尿液中的沙丁胺醇残留,特异性高,适用于猪尿中沙丁胺醇残留的初步筛选。     

动物性食品中盐酸克伦特罗ELISA检测方法的建立及应用

目的:建立动物性食品中盐酸克伦特罗残留快速检测技术,确保食品安全.方法:以盐酸克伦特罗重氮化后分别连接到牛血清蛋白(BSA)和卵清蛋白(OVA)上制得免疫原BSA-CL和包被抗原OVA-CL.通过免疫得到多抗血清,经硫酸铵沉淀,Sephrose 4B-proteinA对抗体进行纯化,在此基础上建立间接竞争ELISA方法.结果表明:包被抗原的最适质量浓度为10 μg/mL,抗体的最佳稀释度为1∶1000;该方法的IC50为2.18 ng/mL,最低检测限达0.05 ng/mL,与沙丁胺醇和妥洛特罗的交叉反应率分别为8.28％和7.75％,平均加标回收率为90.78％.结论:该法灵敏度高,样品前处理简便、快速,适用于动物源性食品中盐酸克伦特罗残留的大批量现场检测.     

检测赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)的酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)体系的建立

本文分别以自制抗-OTA兔血清抗体(IgG)及鸡卵黄抗体(IgY)就影响检测OTA的ELISA(酶联免疫吸附法)体系因素进行了探讨,建立了检测OTA的ELISA方法。鸡卵黄抗体的最佳ELISA操作参数为:包被抗原浓度为7.5μg/ml,封阻剂浓度为2.5%,抗体稀释倍数为1000,酶标二抗稀释倍数为14000;兔血清抗体的最佳ELISA操作参数为:包被抗原浓度为2.5μg/ml,封阻剂浓度为2.5%,抗体稀释倍数为8000,酶标二抗稀释倍数为10000。IgG和IgY的检测灵敏度分别为10ng/ml和1ng/ml。     

氯唑西林可视化免疫亲和凝胶柱检测方法研究

为了建立氯唑西林(Cloxacillin,CLOX)可视化免疫亲和凝胶柱检测方法。实验采用活化酯法,将辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)与氯唑西林偶联,制得氯唑西林酶标抗原,并通过紫外光谱扫描鉴定表明CLOX酶标抗原合成成功。实验采用恒温振荡法,将溴化氰活化的琼脂糖凝胶分别与氯唑西林抗体、HRP抗体偶联制得氯唑西林抗体胶和HRP抗体胶,作为亲和凝胶柱的检测层与质控层。建立氯唑西林可视化免疫亲和凝胶柱分析方法,确定了该方法在酶标抗原的稀释倍数为4000、抗体胶稀释倍数为10、HRP胶稀释倍数为20、样品稀释液pH值为5.7、加样时间为60 s条件下,达到最佳工作状态。该方法检测限为25μg/L,特异性强,与哌拉西林、阿莫西林、氨苄青霉素、四环素、呋喃它酮、甲砜霉素、链霉素均无交叉反应,动物源食品实际样品中氯唑西林检出限为25μg/kg。该方法便捷、快速、可视化,适合作为高通量筛选氯唑西林的有效检测手段。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.