2011~2018年吉林省食品中沙门氏菌的污染监测及血清型别分布

目的： 了解吉林省食品中沙门氏菌的污染状况,为预防食源性疾病提供科学依据。方法： 采集 2011~2018年吉林省16类共13507份食品样品,对沙门氏菌进行监测分析。结果： 13507份样品中检出沙门氏菌75株,总检出率为0.56%。其中2016年检出率最高,为1.02%;9个地区中白城市检出率最高(2.63%);不同食品类别中生肉及生肉制品检出率最高,为2.29%;75株沙门菌主要以肠炎沙门氏菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌为主,分别占总数的37.33%和13.33%。结论：吉林省食品中存在沙门氏菌污染,具有潜在的食源性疾病风险,应加强食品安全风险监测,预防食源性疾病暴发。     

吉林地区食源性沙门氏菌状况研究及快速检测

目的 分析吉林市哨点医院食源性沙门氏菌监测病例,为防控食源性疾病爆发提供参考依据;为缩短检出时间,利用上转发光免疫层析技术对食源性沙门氏菌进行检测,并对其检测性能进行评价;方法 收集吉林地区哨点医院食源性沙门氏菌病例的监测信息进行研究分析;针对哨点医院细菌分离培养检出的食源性沙门氏菌,采用上转发光免疫层析方法进行检测; 结果 吉林地区食源性沙门氏菌在幼儿人群组检出率最高,疑似暴露食物主要是水果类及其制品、肉与肉制品和混合食品等三类食品,疑似暴露食物以散装最多,疑似暴露食物购买地点主要是市场,检出的食源性沙门氏菌主要是肠炎沙门氏菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌;对照细菌分离培养,上转发光免疫层析检测结果与其高度一致（符合率达100%）。结论 加强吉林市食品安全卫生监督,降低食源性疾病发生;上转发光免疫层析可满足食源性沙门氏菌菌株的快速检测。     

2016~2019年秦皇岛市1家哨点医院主动监测的食源性疾病主动监测分析

目的 了解近几年秦皇岛市食源性疾病的流行病学特征及变化趋势。方法 收集2016~2019年秦皇岛市1家哨点医院主动监测的食源性疾病病例资料, 并采集粪便标本开展沙门氏菌、副溶血性弧菌、致泻大肠埃希氏菌、志贺氏菌和诺如病毒检测。结果 共监测食源性疾病病例718例, 男女比例为1:1.14, 以20~29岁年龄组病例最多(28.41%), 职业以家务及 待业为主(23.96%), 6~8月为高发期, 可疑暴露食品以水 产动物及 其制品所占比例最大(27.44%), 家庭是主要可疑进食场所。检出病原体187例, 总检出率26.04%, 其中副溶血性弧菌73例(10.17%)、诺如病毒65例(9.05%)、致泻大肠埃希氏菌25例(3.48%)、沙门氏菌24例(3.34%)。 结论 秦皇岛市食源性疾病主要 以副溶血性弧菌和诺如 病毒感染为主, 今后应加强健 康 宣传和主动监测, 有效降低 食源性疾病发生。     

2016—2018年广东省食源性疾病流行病学特征及时空聚集性分析

目的 分析2016—2018年广东省食源性疾病的流行病学时空特征及聚集性分布,为制定防控策略提供依据。方法 将“国家食源性监测报告系统”中广东省2016—2018年食源性疾病病例个案导出,分析病例的流行病学特征并利用ArcGIS 10.8软件展示病例空间自相关分析。结果 2016—2018年广东省共报告食源性疾病76 943例,男女比例为1.16∶1;职业人群中最多的是散居儿童(26.58%,20 452/76 943),各年龄层的病例数以0～5岁年龄段最多(23 584例,占比30.65%),对其中29 072例病例进行了采样检测,致病菌总体阳性检出率为17.03%(4 950/29 072),其中沙门菌阳性检出率为14.84%(4 314/29 072);副溶血性弧菌阳性检出率为1.29%(374/29 072);致泻性大肠埃希菌阳性检出率为0.83%(241/29 072);志贺菌阳性检出率为0.07%(21/29 072)。诺如病毒总体阳性检出率为0.83%(241/29 072)。食源性疾病可疑暴露食品占比最高的是混合食品(21.69%),进食场所主要为家庭(占比65.53%...     

2013—2015年吉林省食源性疾病流行病学特征分析

目的分析2013—2015年吉林省食源性疾病的流行病学特征和规律,为防控食源性疾病暴发事件提出有针对性的措施和建议。方法对2013—2015年"食源性疾病监测报告系统"中吉林省的病例进行描述性分析和统计学检验。结果 2013—2015年吉林省哨点医院共报告食源性疾病病例12 049例,其中11 497例患者的标本做病原学检测,807例患者检出致病微生物,总检出率为7.02%;诺如病毒、沙门菌、致泻性大肠埃希菌属、志贺菌、副溶血性弧菌检出率分别为15.63%(389/2 489)、2.54%(283/11 141)、1.32%(147/11 167)、0.08%(9/11 153)、0.06%(6/9 410),未检出小肠耶尔森菌(0/201)。诺如病毒、沙门菌和致泻性大肠埃希菌属与志贺菌、副溶血性弧菌和小肠耶尔森菌相比是吉林省主要流行的食源性致病微生物(P0.05)。诺如病毒在第一季度检出率(31.00%)高于其他三个季度;沙门菌、致泻性大肠埃希菌属在第二、三季度检出率(3.78%、3.12%;1.32%、1.69%)高于第一、四季度;志贺菌和副溶血性弧菌均在第三季度检出率最高(0.14%、0.15%)。诺如病毒在80岁以上和5岁以下年龄组检出率较高(20.00%、18.90%),沙门菌和致泻性大肠埃希菌属在5岁以下年龄组检出率最高(3.38%、1.75%)。2015年的食源性致病菌检出率高于2013年和2014年,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),第四季度的检出率低于前三季度差异有统计学意义(P0.05),不同性别的食源性致病菌检出率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),5岁以下年龄组儿童、商业服务人员、城市居民食源性致病微生物检出率最高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 2013—2015年吉林省食源性疾病检出率逐年升高,第一、二、三季度检出率高于第四季度,诺如病毒、沙门菌和致泻性大肠埃希菌属是主要流行的病原体,5岁以下年龄组儿童和商业服务人员易受食源性致病微生物感染。     

2019年江苏省部分地区儿童腹泻沙门氏菌的感染率及耐药状况研究

目的 了解江苏省部分地区2019年5岁以下食源性腹泻儿童中沙门氏菌感染的流行病学特征、血清分布及耐药性。方法 从江苏省各设区市哨点医院肠道门诊采集食源性腹泻患儿粪便标本,按照江苏省食源性疾病监测方案进行细菌的分离与鉴定、血清分型,用微量肉汤稀释法进行药敏试验。结果共收集3582份腹泻儿童粪便,沙门氏菌的检出率为2.9％,1～2岁患儿居多。全年均有检出,夏季高发。共有24种血清型的沙门氏菌,优势血清型为鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和肠炎沙门氏菌,分别占41.9％和18.1％。耐药检测结果显示,沙门氏菌对红霉素的耐药率最高,达96.1%。其次为氨苄西林、氨苄西林/ 舒巴坦、萘啶酸和四环素,分别为67.5%、56.6%、53.5%和51.3%;对甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲噁唑、氯霉素和环丙沙星呈现中度耐药,耐药率分别为33.3％,31.6％和26.8％;对一、二、三代头孢类抗生素的耐药率有显著性差异。对阿奇霉素和亚胺培南的耐药率较低,为7.5％和2.6％。多重耐药率达72.4％。结论 江苏省部分地区腹泻儿童沙门氏菌感染以1～2岁高发,男孩多于女孩。主要血清型是鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和肠炎沙门氏菌,多重耐药现象严重,在临床用药时应选择较为敏感的药物。     

2012—2020年杭州市食源性疾病监测与流行病学分析

目的 了解杭州市食源性疾病的流行病学特征，为疾病防控提供科学依据。方法 收集2012—2020年在杭州市60家食源性疾病监测医院就诊的食源性疾病病例信息，并进行流行病学特征和病原学分析。结果2012—2020年杭州市共上报食源性疾病病例54 479例，以5～10月较为集中，占总报告病例数的67.83%(36 954/54 479);26～35岁和≤5岁年龄组为高发病年龄组，分别占21.78%(11 865/54 479)和17.08%(9 307/54 479)；病例职业以农民最多，其次为干部职员和托幼儿童。采集食源性疾病病例生物标本41 905份，共检出病原体3 380株，其中诺如病毒检出率最高，为8.77%(734/8 370)，其次为副溶血性弧菌2.68%(1 097/40 914)、致泻性大肠埃希菌2.39%(527/22 012)、沙门菌2.38%(978/41 052)、志贺菌0.11%(44/41 046)。诺如病毒的检出高峰为3月和11月，副溶血性弧菌为8月。结论 杭州市食源性疾病病例具有明显的季节性和人群分布特征，应加强对食源性病原体的监测和可疑食物暴露调查，为开展有...     

北京市平谷区2018年食源性疾病主动监测结果分析

目的 对北京市平谷区2018年食源性疾病哨点医院的主动监测结果分析, 了解食源性疾病的发病及流行趋势。方法 收集哨点医院主动监测的符合食源性疾病病例定义的347例病人的信息, 对采集的粪便标本进行沙门菌、副溶血性弧菌、致泻性大肠埃希菌、志贺菌、诺如病毒等5种食源性致病微生物的病原学检测。结果 347例食源性疾病患者26~35岁年龄组患者所占的比例最大(32.0%)。疾病发生的场所主要为家庭(80.4%)。在明确的可疑原因食品中, 肉与肉制品所占比例最大(20.7%)。共采集332份患者粪便标本, 检测出致病菌者79例, 检出率23.8%。沙门菌检出率最高(10.2%)、其次为致泻大肠埃希菌(9.6%)。抽取264份标本进行诺如病毒检测, 14份检出阳性, 检出率5.3%。第3季度致病菌检出率高于其他季度, 12、1、2、3月份诺如病毒检出率较高。结论 应加强平谷区食源性疾病的季节性监测, 对易感人群、家庭进行食品卫生知识重点宣传教育, 尤其是肉与肉制品相关知识。     

2016年广州市市售食品中食源性致病菌 监测结果分析

目的 了解广州市市售食品中食源性致病菌污染及分布情况, 发现危险因素。方法 2016年共采集6类共1058份食品样品, 对副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、致泻大肠埃希氏菌、沙门氏菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、单增李斯特氏菌等进行监测分析。结果 检出食源性致病菌164株, 总检出率为15.50%。食源性致病菌中副溶血性弧菌的检出率最高(40.93%), 其次为蜡样芽胞杆菌(9.29%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(2.38%)、单增李斯特氏菌(2.08%)、沙门氏菌(1.42%), 致泻大肠埃希氏菌检出率为0。不同食品类别中水产品检出率最高, 达到了43.52%, 其次为烘焙食品(13.64%)、小摊贩食品(10.62%)、生鸡肉(8.47%)、冷藏膳食(7.50%)和熟肉制品(6.82%), 不同食品食源性致病菌检出率差异有统计学意义。不同采样场所中采自餐饮店的食品食源性致病菌检出率最高(50.00%), 其次是农贸肉菜市场(17.70%)、超市(16.71%)和小摊贩(10.62%), 最低的是零售店(9.83%)。散装食品食源性致病菌检出率(15.85%)高于预包装食品的检出率(9.09%)。中心城区烘焙食品、生鸡肉致病菌检出率要高于周边区, 周边区域小摊贩食品致病菌检出率为零。结论 2016年广州市市售食品存在较高的食源性致病菌检出率, 对食品安全隐患较高的食品应加强监管, 预防和控制食源性疾病的发生。     

2017年北京市哨点医院腹泻病例诺如病毒感染状况流行病学特征分析

目的 了解2017年北京市食源性疾病监测哨点医院腹泻病例诺如病毒感染的流行病学特征,为诺如病毒的预防控制提供科学依据。方法 采用描述性流行病学方法对收集的北京市35家哨点医院腹泻病例(2 490例)的流行病学信息和诺如病毒检测结果进行统计分析。结果 2 490份病例标本中,诺如病毒的检出率为14.30%(356/2 490),以GⅡ基因组为主(87.08%,310/356)。第一季度和第二季度的诺如病毒检出率较高,分别为17.77%(99/557)和20.69%(149/720);不同性别腹泻病例诺如病毒检出率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);不同年龄组腹泻病例诺如病毒检出率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),且以15～24岁年龄组检出率最高(21.66%,81/374)。诺如感染者出现恶心(18.40%,188/1 022)和呕吐(22.87%,145/634)症状的比例要明显高于其他腹泻病例。结论 2017年北京市食源性疾病监测哨点医院腹泻病例诺如病毒感染以GⅡ基因组为主,散发感染的流行高峰出现在第一和第二季度,青年人群检出率较高。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.