两歧双歧杆菌耐氧耐酸优良菌株的选育

两歧双歧杆菌通过逐渐增加培养基中氧气分压的方法进行多次耐氧驯化,每次耐氧驯化后进行挑选耐氧的两歧双歧杆菌单菌落,然后将经过耐氧驯化的两歧双歧杆菌菌株再通过降低培养基pH值的方法来进行多次耐酸驯化,每次耐酸驯化后进行挑选两歧双歧杆菌单菌落,以确定所获得的两歧双歧杆菌为纯的耐酸菌株.最终得到了1株对氧和酸的耐受能力有较大提高的两歧双歧杆菌菌株,且耐氧耐酸驯化后的菌株没有发生变异.这有利于两歧双歧杆菌产品的开发和保持两歧双岐杆菌制品有较高的活菌量,具有较好的实际应用价值.     

降胆固醇双歧杆菌BZ11的筛选及其耐受性评价

采用平板涂布法从贵州特色香猪粪便中筛选具有降胆固醇能力及耐酸、耐胆盐和耐氧性能的双歧杆菌（Bifidobacterium）。从香猪粪便中共筛选出19株具有双歧杆菌形态特征的菌株。采用邻苯二甲醛法测定其降胆固醇率,得到7株降胆固醇能力较高菌株,其中菌株BZ11降胆固醇率最高可达（38.52±0.60）%,并对酸、胆盐和氧具有较高的耐受性。经菌落形态特征、生理生化试验及16S rRNA序列分析,菌株BZ11被鉴定为动物双歧杆菌乳亚种（Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis）。     

双歧杆菌厌氧培养及耐氧驯化的研究

用４种不同驱氧方式的缸内厌氧法培养双歧杆菌，比较其厌氧培养效果。对厌氧的双歧杆菌进行耐氧驯化，耐氧化明显提高，经生理鉴定证明，驯化后的菌株与未经驯化的菌株相比，生理学特性没有发生变化。     

母乳源长双歧杆菌的筛选鉴定及耐氧驯化

目的：从母乳中筛选双歧杆菌，并提高双歧杆菌在有氧条件下的耐受性。方法：采用稀释涂布法结合16S rDNA鉴定法从母乳中筛选出双歧杆菌，并采用逐渐增加氧分压和有氧厌氧交替的方法进行驯化。结果：筛选得一株MEFZ-2201菌株，通过16S rDNA测序比对，其与长双歧杆菌模式菌（NCBI登录号：ON631733.1）的同源性达到了100%，鉴定为长双歧杆菌（Bifidobacterium longum）。将长双歧杆菌MEFZ-2201进行驯化后，其有氧培养最高的活菌数为8.9×10⁹ CFU/mL，比未经驯化的菌株活菌数提高了一个数量级；此外，驯化前后菌株的生理生化及形态特征并未发生变异；在短链脂肪酸的产生量上，驯化后菌株在厌氧条件下产酸量也显著高于驯化前的菌株。结论：驯化后的长双歧杆菌MEFZ-2201在有氧条件下的活菌数明显提高，有望成为潜在的益生菌菌株进一步开发利用。     

乳双歧杆菌Probio-M8氧气耐受性驯化研究

氧气对双歧杆菌具有毒性作用,导致菌体活力受损,限制其生产及应用。为提高双歧杆菌对氧气的耐受性,采用改变培养基中氧分压的方法对乳双歧杆菌Probio-M8进行氧气耐受性驯化。通过测定生理特性、氧气耐受性相关NADH氧化酶活性及细胞膜流动性变化,评价氧气对乳双歧杆菌Probio-M8的影响。结果表明：氧气耐受性驯化后1 000代菌株与原始菌株相比在有氧及厌氧环境中,pH值显著下降0.23和0.27（P＜0.05）,产酸能力明显提升;RBGR值、NADH氧化酶活性显著上升0.47和31.14 U（P＜0.05）,氧气耐受性明显增强;不饱和脂肪酸含量显著上升17.26%（P＜0.05）,细胞膜流动性增强。氧气耐受性驯化后乳双歧杆菌Probio-M8的氧气耐受性明显增强,为其在食品中应用及开发提供借鉴。     

青春双歧杆菌的耐氧驯化及不同低聚糖对其增殖效果的影响

为改善青春双歧杆菌在发酵产品中活菌数低、菌种功效弱的情况,对厌氧青春双歧杆菌进行耐氧驯化,采用无氧有氧交替驯化法,在驯化过程中逐渐增加青春双歧杆菌培养液的氧分压,测定青春双歧杆菌驯化前后生理特性,并对比大豆低聚糖、低聚木糖、低聚麦芽糖对青春双歧杆菌增殖的影响。结果表明,青春双歧杆菌在耐氧驯化后对氧气的敏感程度下降,有氧条件下生长能力达标,产酸能力得到提升,菌体驯化前后形态基本一致,耐氧青春双歧杆菌代谢产生的乙酸与乳酸比值较厌氧青春双歧杆菌更适宜发酵,在3种低聚糖中,低聚木糖对青春双歧杆菌增殖作用明显,可作为青春双歧杆菌良好的双歧因子。耐氧驯化后的青春双歧杆菌有着优良的生理特性,能够作为潜在的益生菌菌种深入研究其功能并可应用于发酵食品中。     

分子生物学方法在鉴定双歧杆菌中的应用

依靠传统生理生化、菌落表观形态等鉴定双歧杆菌,很难区分生化相近的菌株,例如双歧杆菌和婴儿双歧杆菌或者动物双歧杆菌和乳酸双歧杆菌,这给食品风险监测和卫生监督带来严峻的挑战。随着分子生物学方法的成熟,大量分子生物学方法成为了鉴定双歧杆菌种属高效的鉴定方法,这些分子生物学方法包括16S r RNA基因序列、小分子保守序列hsp60、多重PCR、核糖体DNA序列扩增片段限制性内切酶分析(ARDRA)、变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)、脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)以及能够对样品中双歧杆菌进行鉴别和定量的实时荧光定量PCR技术。本文对分子生物学方法在鉴定双歧杆菌的应用进行了综述。     

原料乳中产耐高温蛋白酶菌株的筛选与鉴定

从原料乳中分离筛选产耐高温蛋白酶菌株,经酪蛋白水解圈实验,筛选出10株产蛋白酶的菌株.在此基础上,通过蛋白酶耐热性比较,筛选出一株产耐高温蛋白酶菌株,并通过菌落形态观察、生理生化试验、核酸特征分析;K16S rKNA基因序列测定等对该菌株进行鉴定.BLAST比对构建该菌株系统发育树,最终鉴定该菌株为荧光假单孢杆菌.     

唾液乳杆菌的分离鉴定及生物特性研究

从健康散养的溜达鸡小肠黏膜中分离出一株乳杆菌,通过菌落形态观察、革兰氏染色、生理生化鉴定以及16S rRNA基因序列测定和同源性分析,确定所分离的菌株为唾液乳杆菌,并命名Lactobacillus salivarius C-1-3。对该菌进行抑菌、纤维素降解、耐酸、耐胆盐、耐高温实验。结果表明：其对常见的致病菌大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌都具有良好的抑制作用,且该菌株能够降解纤维素。经过多次驯化后,该菌株表现出较好的抑菌作用及耐酸、耐高温特性。     

动物双歧杆菌乳亚种BZ11的耐氧驯化及降胆固醇性能的研究

为了提高动物双歧杆菌乳亚种BZ11对有氧环境的耐受性,采用逐渐增加培养基中的氧分压和有氧、厌氧条件下交替培养两种方案对其进行了耐氧驯化。通过对驯化前后菌株的生长特性进行分析得出逐渐增加培养基中的氧分压的驯化方案取得了更好的效果。经最优方案驯化后的菌株在有氧条件下培养20 h后,活菌数可达到6.30×10~8CFU/m L,是初始菌株的2.24倍。驯化后菌株的降胆固醇率为27.31%±0.80%,与初始菌株相比没有显著性差异(P0.05)。通过鉴定得出,动物双歧杆菌乳亚种BZ11在耐氧驯化前后保持了相似的形态及生理生化特征。因此,驯化后的菌株有望作为1株潜在益生菌被开发利用。     

Stability of bifidobacteria in powdered formula

Two stability tests of bifidobacteria in powdered formula were conducted. In a strain comparison test, three kinds of bifidobacterial powders; Bifidobacterium longum BB536, Bifidobacterium breve M-16V and Bifidobacterium infantis M-63 powders, admixed in follow-up formula were used. In a commercial product evaluation, powdered formulas for toddlers containing bifidobacteria sold in the Indonesian market were analysed. When the inactivation rate constant of each sample, which was used as an index of the loss rate, was determined from the stability tests, B. longum was the most stable strain. The mean inactivation rate constant of commercial products was significantly lower than those obtained in strain comparison, although the same strains ( B. longum BB536 and B. breve M-16V) were used. A possible reason was the lower water activity of commercial products compared to the follow-up formula. Also, higher storage temperature yielded lower stability in all strains or samples, which obeys the Arrhenius theory.     

双歧杆菌的高密度发酵研究

双歧杆菌是人和动物肠道内最有益的微生物菌群广泛应用在食品和药品工业中.目前影响其产业化发展的一个关键因素是其高密度发酵.所以对双歧杆菌的高密度发酵进行了探索,包括其优良菌株的选育、培养基优化和发酵方式控制等,以期能给有志于此领域研发的学者们有所启示.     

Short communication: Identification and differentiation of bifidobacteria obtained from Ukraine

Ten freeze-dried bifidobacterial strains used as probiotics in Ukrainian dairy foods, identified by the supplier as Bifidobacterium adolescentis (2), Bifidobacterium bifidum (2), Bifidobacterium longum (4), Bifidobacterium animalis (1), and Bifidobacterium infantis (1), were characterized. Following rehydration and anaerobic growth on de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe-cysteine medium at 37°C for 72 h, single-colony isolates were picked and evaluated using PCR primers specific for the Bifidobacterium genus, for the supplier-identified species, and for B. animalis ssp. lactis. All isolates were identified as members of the genus Bifidobacterium; however, species-specific PCR revealed all 10 isolates were actually strains of B. animalis ssp. lactis. Further evaluation using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was only able to separate a single strain (RT 09) from the other 9 strains evaluated. Application of genome-wide allelic profiling to the Ukrainian bifidobacterial strains revealed 4 distinct groups. Interestingly, 6 (60%) of the isolates fell into the same cluster as that containing the common commercial probiotic strain BB-12. Two of the strains (RT 02 and RT 09) were found to be in the same group as ATCC 27536 and one strain (RT 08) was in the same group as the RB 7239 (a previously evaluated commercial strain). One strain, RT 04, was placed on a unique branch. These results highlight the importance of employing routine typing of bifidobacterial isolates, demonstrate the utility of single nucleotide polymorphism/insertion-deletion polymorphism-based allelic typing in B. animalis ssp. lactis strain differentiation and further point to the limited genetic variability of B. animalis ssp. lactis strains and the worldwide distribution of a small number of commercial strains.     

Specific Bifidobacterium strains isolated from elderly subjects inhibit growth of Staphylococcus aureus

Cell-free, pH-controlled supernatants of thirty-eight Bifidobacterium strains isolated from healthy elderly subjects were subjected to antimicrobial activity assay. Bioluminescent indicator strains Staphylococcus aureus RN4220, Escherichia coli K-12, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028 were used as targets of antimicrobial activity. The effect of nutrient depletion on the inhibition was eliminated with spent-culture controls. Three out of thirty-eight Bifidobacterium strains were capable of inhibiting the growth of S. aureus. The inhibition was equal to 23.2+/-19.1% to 50.4+/-26.7% of the inhibition caused by 50 IU/ml nisin. Reuterin-producing positive strain Lactobacillus reuteri SD2112 was capable of 86.0+/-24.6% inhibition, but Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12, a known probiotic strain, showed no inhibition. None of the strains was capable of inhibiting the growth of E. coli or S. enterica. The observed inhibition by bifidobacteria was related to hydrogen peroxide formation and possible production of heat-stable proteinaceous compounds. The results suggest that production of antimicrobial substances other than organic acids is not common among Bifidobacterium strains typical of elderly subjects. However, specific strains were identified which showed considerable inhibitory activity against S. aureus.     

东北虎肠道降胆固醇双歧杆菌的分离鉴定

为开发能安全高效降血脂和预防心血管疾病的保健食品,用双歧杆菌的选择性培养基(TPY),从东北虎肠道(粪便)分离、筛选出双歧杆菌,选取体外降胆固醇能力最强的菌株培养物灌胃高脂模型大鼠,研究其对大鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、血清甘油三酯(TG)、血清高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)以及体重和肝、肾、脾重量的影响,并用VITEK 32 全自动微生物鉴定系统对其进行鉴定。结果显示：筛选得到10 株双歧杆菌;其中菌株4 的体外降胆固醇能力最高,达57.14%;它能避免大鼠发胖,降低高脂模型大鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、血清甘油三酯(TG)、大鼠肝脏内的脂肪存积量和动脉硬化指数,提高大鼠 HDL-C/TC 值;它被鉴定为两歧双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium bifidum),适于开发安全高效降血脂和预防心血管疾病的保健食品。     

Culture-dependent and culture-independent qualitative analysis of probiotic products claimed to contain bifidobacteria

A total of 58 probiotic products obtained worldwide, which were claimed to contain Bifidobacterium strains (including 22 yoghurts, 5 dairy fruit drinks, 28 food supplements and 3 pharmaceutical preparations) were investigated in parallel using a culture-dependent and a culture-independent approach. Three isolation media previously reported as selective for Bifidobacterium were evaluated for their suitability in the quality analysis of these products. Subsequently, possible bifidobacterial colonies were picked from the best medium and identified by means of rep-PCR fingerprinting using the BOX primer (BOX-PCR). Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, formerly classified as Bifidobacterium lactis, was most frequently found, but strains belonging to Bifidobacterium longum biotypes longum and infantis, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium breve were recovered also. In parallel, all products were also subjected to culture-independent analysis which involved a nested-PCR step on total bacterial DNA extracted directly from the product, followed by separation of the amplicons by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and subsequent identification of species from the band patterns. By conventional cultivation, 70.7% of the products analysed were found to contain culturable bifidobacteria whereas by culture-independent DGGE analysis members of the genus Bifidobacterium could be detected in 96.5% of the analysed products. Genotypic characterization of a number of bifidobacterial isolates at the strain level by means of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed a relatively high degree of genomic homogeneity among the Bifidobacterium strains currently used in the probiotic industry.