去凝集素芸豆粉理化与功能特性的研究

研究去凝集素芸豆粉理化与功能特性。溶剂浸提法制备去凝集素芸豆粉,测定其基本营养成分、堆积密度、吸水性指数、水溶性指数、吸水性、吸油性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性和泡沫稳定性等理化及功能性质。实验表明,去凝集素处理能够显著降低芸豆粉中蛋白质、总糖含量、吸水性指数、水溶性指数、吸水性、乳化性与起泡性(p0.05),但对芸豆粉吸油能力、乳化稳定性及泡沫稳定性具有显著提高作用(p0.05)。结果表明,去凝集素芸豆粉相对于普通芸豆粉仍保留了较好的营养成分组成及理化、功能特性,营养、理化及功能特性,可能更适用于复配杂粮膨化食品开发。     

不同预处理方式对芸豆粉理化特性的影响

试验以紫花芸豆、农家紫花芸豆、红芸豆及白芸豆为对象,研究经超微粉碎处理后芸豆粉的组成成分、堆积密度、吸水性指数、水溶性指数、吸水能力、吸油能力、乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性和起泡稳定性。方法2处理后的农家紫花芸豆的吸水性指数最高为5.74 g/g,经过方法3处理过后的农家紫花芸豆的水溶性指数和红芸豆的吸水力都达到最高值分别为35.38%、2.27 g/g,紫花芸豆在经过方法1处理后其吸油力最高为0.50 g/g,4种方法处理后的芸豆粉的堆积密度在(0.63~0.86)g/m L之间,波动范围小,乳化性和乳化稳定性的最优值均出现在红芸豆粉中,5%的豆粉悬浮液可使农家紫花芸豆粉具有良好的起泡性及泡沫稳定性。试验为芸豆资源的开发与利用提供初步理论依据。     

黄土高原小粒大豆全粉理化与功能特性

以黄土高原12种小粒大豆为试验材料,以大粒黄豆为对照,对小粒大豆全粉理化特性和功能特性进行分析。结果表明,12种小粒大豆的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、碳水化合物和灰分质量分数分别在40.21%~43.74%、14.20%~16.90%、18.74%~20.18%和4.00%~4.74%;不同小粒大豆豆粉之间的理化特性和功能特性有差异,小粒大豆豆粉的ΔE值、堆积密度、吸水性指数、水溶性指数、吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性分别在21.18~24.17、0.52~0.61 g/m L、3.74~4.66 g/g、37.59%~50.20%、1.47~1.95 g/g、0.78~0.95 g/g、34%~46%和85%~97%之间。与对照相比,12种小粒大豆脂肪含量较低,但蛋白质含量无显著差异,12种小粒大豆豆粉具有较高的吸水性指数和吸水能力,但水溶性指数和吸油能力较差,乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性和泡沫稳定性差异显著。     

大鲵皮胶原蛋白肽理化性质和功能特性研究

高温高压辅助提取大鲵皮胶原蛋白肽,并研究大鲵皮胶原蛋白肽的的主要的理化性质,如:水分、灰分、透射比、氨基酸组成和氮溶解指数等以及功能特性,如:吸水性、保水性、湿润性、吸油性、乳化性与乳化稳定性、起泡性与泡沫稳定性和凝胶性等。结果表明大鲵皮胶原蛋白肽的理化指标高于轻工业标准,含有7种人体必需氨基酸,并且具有良好的氮溶解指数、吸水性、保水性、湿润性、吸油性、相对较弱的乳化性和乳化稳定性、起泡性泡沫稳定性,低浓度下无胶凝现象,因此可直接用于食品生产中。     

四种芸豆蛋白的理化与功能特性分析

以紫花芸豆、白芸豆、黑芸豆、红芸豆等4种芸豆为研究对象,分别提取4种云豆的蛋白质,从研究4种杂豆蛋白的理化性质和功能特性(乳化性、凝胶性、持水性、持油性)入手,四种芸豆蛋白的理化与功能特性分析。四种芸豆在相同的提取条件下,所得到的蛋白纯度存在差异,其中黑芸豆的蛋白纯度最高,达到了77.54%。四种芸豆蛋白均为全价蛋白,其中8种必需氨基酸的比例均显著高于大豆蛋白及国家标准。四种芸豆蛋白的吸油性、吸水性、乳化性、发泡性等都具有一定的差异,其中乳化性、吸水、吸油性和凝胶性等性能比较突出。     

小粒黑大豆蛋白质功能特性研究

以收集于黄土高原的8种小粒黑大豆为实验材料,4种小粒黄大豆为对照,采用碱溶酸沉法提取蛋白质,对其蛋白质的功能特性进行分析。结果表明,8种小粒黑大豆蛋白的氮溶解指数、吸水性、吸油性、乳化能力及乳化稳定性、起泡能力、凝胶强度在51. 72%～62. 07%、2. 29～2. 95 g/g、1. 52～1. 70 g/g、54. 40%～88. 60%、83. 35%～97. 16%、75. 70%～95. 80%、154. 59～203. 66 g之间。小粒黑大豆蛋白的氮溶解指数和吸油性显著低于小粒黄大豆;盐池黑豆、定边小黑豆和靖边王渠子黑豆的蛋白质吸水性显著高于小粒黄大豆;乳化能力及乳化稳定性均优于小粒黄大豆,起泡性和泡沫稳定性差于粒小粒黄大豆;除子洲小黑豆、横山老黑豆和偏关小黑豆外,小粒黑大豆蛋白的凝胶强度显著高于小粒黄大豆。不同品种间小粒黑大豆蛋白质的氮溶解指数、吸水性、吸油性、乳化稳定性、起泡能力及凝胶强度有显著差异。     

燕麦脱皮率对燕麦粉理化特性和加工品质的影响

系统研究了经不同脱皮次数的燕麦粉的理化特性和加工品质。结果表明：4～9次脱皮的燕麦粉峰值黏度处于较高水平；3～5次脱皮的燕麦粉吸水性指数、水溶性指数、吸水能力和吸油能力居中且比较稳定；综合分析淀粉特性和蛋白质特性，4～5次脱皮(脱皮率约为7%)即适度加工燕麦粉的加工特性更优。     

棉籽蛋白功能特性的研究

考察了棉籽浓缩蛋白、沉淀蛋白和溶解蛋白3种棉籽蛋白的氮溶指数、吸水性、吸油性、起泡性与泡沫稳定性、乳化性与乳化稳定性等功能特性。结果表明,棉籽溶解蛋白的乳化性和起泡性较佳;棉籽浓缩蛋白和沉淀蛋白,除吸油、吸水能力强之外,其他的功能特性均较差。在吸水性方面,棉籽蛋白的吸水性要低于菜籽沉淀蛋白,但高于大豆沉淀蛋白。在吸油性方面,棉籽蛋白均低于菜籽蛋白和大豆蛋白。     

食用豆粉功能特性与糊化特性

目的:对食用豆粉功能特性、糊化特性及其与组成成分间的关系进行研究,为我国食用豆合理开发利用提供理论依据.方法:参照国外食用豆粉功能性系统分析方法,对大型超市市售10种杂豆理化性质、功能特性进行测定,采用快速黏度分析仪(RVA)分析食用豆粉糊化特性.结果:不同食用豆粉的理化性质和功能特性差异显著.食用豆粉蛋白质、淀粉、脂肪和灰分平均含量分别为24.79%、46.82%、2.01%和3.72%,各种豆粉L值、ΔE值、堆积密度、吸水性指数、水溶性指教、吸油能力、乳化性、乳化稳定性和最小凝胶浓度分别在78.14～90.48,9.33～21.00,0.543～0.816g/mL,4.09～6.13,19.44%～29.14%,0.93～1.38g/g,61.14%～92.2%,84.15%～96.9%和12%～16%之间.菜豆属杂豆类,具有较高的吸水能力、吸油能力、乳化性和乳化稳定性.各种豆粉的糊化特性显著不同,糊化温度、峰值黏度、最终黏度和回生值分别为73.2～83.0℃,96.2～216.8,118.5～243.8和28.3～103.2(RVU).鹰嘴豆具有最低的峰值黏度(96.2RVU)、低谷黏度(90.1 RVU)、最终黏度(118.5 RVU)和回生值(28.3RVU).绿豆糊化温度最低(73.2℃),利马豆最高(83.0℃).结论:食用豆粉营养成分、功能特性和糊化特性呈显著差异.本研究结果可为杂豆的开发提供依据,也可根据需要合理选择杂豆用于加工生产.     

干茶叶蛋白和新鲜茶叶蛋白性质研究

分别用碱法从新鲜茶叶和干茶叶中提取出茶叶蛋白,对两种蛋白的溶解性、分子量、氨基酸成分、吸水性、吸油性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、凝胶性等功能性质进行了研究.结果表明,干茶叶蛋白的吸油性、凝胶性和乳化性比新鲜茶叶蛋白好,而溶解性、吸水性、乳化稳定性、起泡性和起泡稳定性不如新鲜茶叶蛋白.对两种茶叶蛋白的分子量分布和氨基酸成分也做了研究.     

Physicochemical and functional properties of whole legume flour

The physicochemical, functional and pasting properties of whole flours from pinto bean, lima bean, red kidney bean, black bean, navy bean, small red bean, black eye bean, mung bean, lentil and chickpea were investigated. Significant differences in physicochemical characteristics and functional properties were observed (P < 0.05). Bulk densities, water absorption indices, water solubility indices, oil absorption capacities, emulsion activities, and emulsion stabilities ranged from 0.543 g/mL to 0.816 g/mL, 4.09 g/g to 6.13 g/g, 19.44 g/100 g to 29.14 g/100 g, 0.93 g/g to 1.38 g/g, 61.14%–92.20%, and 84.15%–96.90%, respectively. Phaseolus legume flour exhibited higher water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, emulsion activity, and emulsion stability compared with other kinds of legume flour. Pasting properties were significantly different (P < 0.05). Pasting temperatures and the peak, final, and setback viscosities of the flours ranged from 73.2 °C to 83.0 °C, 96.2 RVU to 216.8 RVU, 118.5 RVU to 243.8 RVU, and 28.3 RVU to 103.2 RVU, respectively.     

Functional properties of barinas nut flour (Caryodendron orinocense Karst., Euphorbiaceae) compared to those of soybean

Protein solubility studies showed that the protein of Caryodendron orinocense flour was soluble at both acidic and basic pH, and NaCl (0.5 m) increased the solubility of all flours tested. The water absorption capacity was less, while the oil absorption was higher for Caryodendron flour than soybean flour. Both flours presented similar emulsion capacity and stability, while the foaming capacity was much smaller for Caryodendron flours than soybean flour; NaCl increased the foaming capacity of soybean flour; these results might be due to differences in protein concentration. NaCl concentrations greater than 0.25 m increased the emulsifying activity in Caryodendron flours, but did not influence the emulsion stability. The lowest gelation concentration and temperature of gelling were similar to that of soybean flour. These results suggest that Caryodendron flour might have some similar uses as soybean flour in the food industry.     

Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Extruded Instant Functional Rice Porridge Powder as Affected by the Addition of Soybean or Mung Bean

Legumes contain protein, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds, which provide various health benefits. In this study, soybean or mung bean was mixed in rice flour to produce by extrusion instant functional legume‐rice porridge powder. The effects of the type and percentage (10%, 20%, or 30%, w/w) of legumes on the expansion ratio of the extrudates were first evaluated. Amino acid composition, color, and selected physicochemical (bulk density, water absorption index, and water solubility index), thermal (onset temperature, peak temperature, and transition enthalpy), and pasting (peak viscosity, trough viscosity, and final viscosity) properties of the powder were determined. The crystalline structure and formation of amylose–lipid complexes and the total phenolics content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of the powder were also measured. Soybean‐blended porridge powder exhibited higher TPC, 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, amino acid, and fat contents than the mung bean–blended porridge powder. Incorporating either legume affected the product properties by decreasing the lightness and bulk density, while increasing the greenness and yellowness and the peak temperature and transition enthalpy. Expansion capacity of the extrudates increased with percentage of mung bean in the mixture but decreased as the percentage of soybean increased. Amylose–lipid complexes formation was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis results. Addition of soybean or mung bean resulted in significant pasting property changes of the porridge powder.     

Physical and functional characteristics of selected dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) flours

Many varieties of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are available with entirely different physico-chemical and sensory characteristics. Selected dry bean varieties (red kidney, small red kidney, cranberry and black) were processed into flour and analyzed for the physico-chemical and functional characteristics. The bulk density of the beans flours varied significantly (p < 0.05) from 0.515 g/ml for black bean flour to 0.556 g/ml for red kidney bean flour. The small red kidney bean flour had the highest water absorption capacity (2.65 g/g flour) while black bean flour showed the lowest at 2.23 g/g flour. Significant differences were observed for oil absorption capacities of bean flours, which ranged from 1.23 g/g for small red kidney bean flour to 1.52 g/g for red kidney bean flour. The bean flours emulsion capacity and stability and foaming capacity and stability also varied significantly and was variety-dependent. The highest apparent viscosity, 0.462 Pa.s, was recorded for small red kidney bean flour whereas black bean flour exhibited the lowest value of 0.073 Pa.s at 30 g/100 ml water content in the flour dispersions. The force-deformation curves for doughs from different bean flours showed that black bean flour had the highest peak force or hardness value of 90.7 N followed by doughs from cranberry, small red kidney and red kidney bean flours. The results of this study offer useful data on bean flours' potential uses in different food products.     

Effect of Defatted Maize Germ Addition on the Functional and Textural Properties Of Wheat Flour

The objective of this study was to assess functional properties of wheat flour blends with defatted maize germ flour (DMGF), a byproduct of the corn oil industry, at 5–25% levels. The bulk density, oil, and water absorption capacities, emulsion/foaming capacity and stability, objective color, least gelation concentration, and rheological properties (apparent viscosity and dough compression) were determined in control and flour blends. With DMGF addition, bulk density and foaming capacity decreased from 0.62 g/mL to 0.55 g/mL and 33.7% to 25.7%, respectively, both at 25% level. In general, when compared to control, oil and water absorption and emulsion capacities increased significantly in flour blends with >10% DMGF. Overall, regardless of the DMGF level, complete or partial gelling was observed at ≥ 8% gelation concentration. The apparent viscosity increased with increasing DMGF levels (0–25%) in all flour blends and also at all 4 concentrations from 5% to 20%. The control flour dough had a hardness value of 7.56 N, which increased significantly to 84.6N, when the DMGF level increased to 25% in the flour blend. These results indicate that most of the functional properties of wheat flour blends improved with DMGF addition, thus DMGF has a great potential to be used in a variety of food products.     

Germination‐Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis Can Improve the Quality of Soybean Protein

This study aimed to investigate the effects of combined germination and Alcalase hydrolysis on the quality of soybean protein. Protein profiles, water solubility, foaming and emulsifying properties, thixotropic properties, and in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) were tested, the chemical score (CS), essential amino acid index (EAAI), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of soybean protein were also defined. The combined treatment of germination and Alcalase hydrolysis remarkably improved the solubility, emulsification activity index, emulsion stability index, and foaming capacity of soybean protein. Notably, a decrease in foaming stability was detected. The electrophoretic profile showed a weak breakdown of soybean protein during germination. However, a strong breakdown of protein was observed after the hydrolysis with Alcalase. The combined treatment also decreased the CS and EAAI of soybean protein, but only by 18%. Meanwhile, the IVPD and PER of soybean protein were significantly improved. Moreover, the protein of the germinated and hydrolyzed soybean flour demonstrated better swallowing properties. These findings indicated that the combined treatment of germination and enzymatic hydrolysis can improve the quality of soybean protein.     

Functional Properties of Drum-Dried Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Flours

The chemical and functional properties of three precooked flours pre-pared from citric acid- and sodium bicarbonate-treated chickpeas were compared with those of raw chickpea and soybean flours. The nitrogen solubility and foaming capacity of the precooked flours were markedly reduced by processing. The acid-treated flours showed higher values of oil absorption and viscosity than the sodium bicarbonate-treated flour, but the latter had a higher bulk density. Even at 10% concentration, the acid-treated flour slurries manifested very low viscosities (about 11 centipoises). No significant difference was detected in the water absorption and gelation capacity of the precooked flours.     

制油工艺对棉籽粕中蛋白结构与功能特性的影响

以亚临界流体萃取法、热榨浸出法、冷榨浸出法所得棉籽饼粕为实验材料,采用超声波辅助碱法提取棉籽蛋白,对其蛋白结构与功能特性进行分析。结果表明：棉籽蛋白的主要亚基分子质量为50、45?kDa且只有一个吸热峰,起始温度、变性温度和焓变范围分别为85.6～87.8、94.3～97.7?℃和5.6～7.9?J/g,热榨浸出粕蛋白二硫键的含量最低并且含有许多低分子质量亚基;亚临界流体萃取粕蛋白和冷榨浸出棉籽粕蛋白的二级结构中有较低的β-折叠含量、较高的α-螺旋和β-转角含量;热榨浸出粕蛋白的变性温度最高。亚临界流体萃取粕蛋白具有较高的吸水性、吸油性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、表面疏水性和荧光强度。冷榨浸出粕蛋白的吸水性、吸油性、表面疏水性和荧光强度高于热榨浸出粕蛋白。亚临界流体萃取法所得棉籽粕的蛋白变性程度最小,更多地保留了棉籽蛋白的天然结构和功能特性。     

Functionality of Flours, Protein Fractions and Isolates from Field Peas and Faba Bean

Field pca and faba bean proteins are rich sources of lysine, and air classification of the pin milled flours essentially doubled the protein contents in the protein fractions. The proteins in these flours and protein fractions were highly soluble at acid pH and exhibited only a narrow range of insolubility at pH 4–5. Water holding and oil absorption capacities increased in proportion to protein contents of the flour, protein fraction, and isolate of each legume, including soybean flour and isolate, but oil emulsification properties were uniformly high among all products. The protein fractions exhibited excellent whipp-ability and foam stability compared to soybean controls, and their promising functional properties suggested potential applications in meat emulsions, beverages and bakery products.     

PROCESSING AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF YAM BEANS (SPHENOSTYLIS STENOCARPA)

The proximate and selected functional properties of five flours from yam bean (YB) made after the grains were not processed (raw) and processed as boiled, fermented, roasted and malted, were determined. The functional properties were water and fat absorption, gelation, emulsification and whippability. An improvement was observed for protein content of flours processed beans compared to raw flour. Fermentation improved the oil content of the flour. The emulsifying and foaming capacities (50.7 and 40.20%, respectively) observed for raw flour were significantly higher than those for the flours from processed bean. Gelation was significantly (P < 0.05) increased and decreased by fermentation and malting of the bean, respectively. The water absorption capacities ranged from 131.9% in raw flour to 218.8% in flour boiled beans. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in the fat absorption capacities of all flours except for the one of fermented beans (0.40 mL/g), which was significantly lower than the value (0.73 mL/g) obtained for the flour from boiled beans. Although a high foaming capacity was observed for raw flour, it was less stable when compared with that of the processed bean flours. Overall, YB flour was found to exhibit good functional properties, and has a great potential for use as an ingredient in selected food systems.