棉籽饼去毒七法

棉籽饼去毒七法浓阳市辽中化工总厂（１１０２００）薛允连棉籽饼是榨油的副产品，是一种很好的蛋白质饲料。含蛋白质４０％以上，可与豆饼媲美。但由于棉籽饼内含有约０．１５％左右的游离棉酚毒素，未经去毒直接作畜禽饲料，会引起牲畜中毒。棉籽饼只有经过去毒处理后才...     

绵籽饼脱毒方法研究进展

棉籽饼含有丰富的蛋白质，同时含有对畜禽有毒害的游离棉酚，研究适宜的工业化生产方法脱除或钝化棉籽饼粕中的游离棉酚，使之变成优质蛋白饲料，对促进饲料工业的发展具有重大的现实意义。本文介绍了化学法、物理法、微生物法、复合法、膨化法等脱除棉籽饼中游离棉酚的工艺特点、研究进展和发展前景。     

微生物发酵棉籽饼粕脱毒与利用研究进展

蛋白质饲料资源紧缺,价格不断攀升已成为影响畜牧业发展的一个突出问题.棉籽饼粕是一种优质的蛋白质饲料资源,但由于含有有毒物质游离棉酚,制约了其在畜牧业中的应用.在棉籽饼粕脱毒方法中,微生物发酵法被认为是最具有发展潜力的脱毒方法之一.本文综述了棉籽饼粕的营养价值、游离棉酚对动物的危害、微生物发酵脱毒与利用研究进展及其应用前景.     

棉籽饼脱毒方法研究进展

棉籽饼含有丰富的蛋白质,同时含有对畜禽有毒害的游离棉酚,研究适宜的工业化生产方法脱除或钝化棉籽饼粕中的游离棉酚,使之变成优质蛋白饲料,对促进饲料工业的发展具有重大的现实意义。本文介绍了化学法,物理法,微生物法,复合法,膨化法等脱除棉籽饼中游离棉酚的工艺特点,研究进展和发展前景。     

复合固体发酵对棉籽饼脱毒效果的影响研究

通过测定发酵底物中游离棉酚(FG)、粗蛋白质(CP)含量,体外法测定饲料蛋白质消失率等方法研究热带假丝酵母ZD-3(Candida tropicalisZD-3)与黑曲霉ZD-8(Aspergillus nigerZD-8)复合固体发酵对棉籽饼粕脱毒效果的影响;碳酸钠以及矿物质处理对棉籽饼复合发酵脱毒效果的影响。试验结果表明:复合发酵可极显著(P<0.01)地降低棉籽饼底物游离棉酚含量,脱毒率为91.64%;棉籽饼底物粗蛋白含量提高27.83%;粗蛋白体外消化率提高20.90%。结果表明,复合发酵效果明显优于单菌发酵棉籽饼底物的效果,不但达到棉酚脱毒的目的,而且发酵饲料营养价值显著提高。底物中添加碳酸钠及复合矿物质可促进棉籽饼的发酵脱毒效率。     

热带假丝酵母发酵对底物中棉酚含量的影响

研究了热带假丝酵母(ZD-3)对棉籽饼、棉籽饼混合底物进行熟料和生料发酵,根据发酵产物中总棉酚、游离棉酚和结合棉酚含量的变化,探讨微生物发酵脱毒机理.结果表明:棉籽饼及其混合底物经热带假丝酵母发酵处理,可显著降低游离棉酚及结合棉酚含量;棉籽饼混合底物加热处理(熟料发酵)及添加硫酸亚铁,可显著提高发酵脱毒效率.     

棉籽蛋白的开发利用

棉籽饼粕可作为一种蛋白质资源用于动物饲料中，在一定程度上弥补蛋白资源的不足，但是由于棉籽饼粕中含有大量的游离棉酚，棉酚有一定的毒性，就限制了它的有效利用。于是有关棉籽饼粕的脱毒问题引起了国家和有关部门的重视，成为一个重要的研究课题。     

微生物脱毒强化棉籽饼的研究与应用

利用选育的４株酵母菌对棉籽饼进行混合脱毒，脱毒后的棉籽饼不仅游离棉酚含量降低到２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ以下，而且营养成分得到强化，用该产品替代豆饼饲喂蛋种鸡，奶牛，罗非鱼，对其生产性能无影响，且降低了饲料的成本。     

棉籽饼粕化学脱毒研究

本文报导了直接浸出棉粕和预榨浸出棉粕在脱毒剂“CCDG”型作用下,经直接蒸汽处理脱除棉酚毒素作饲料蛋白的一种化学脱毒新方法。该法具有工艺简便,脱毒剂无毒,来源广泛,易于配制,成本低等优点,适合我国现有预榨浸出和直接浸出工艺的油厂生产脱毒棉籽饼粕脱毒棉粕经分析测定:总棉酚含量≤1.0%; 游离棉酚含量<0.04%。达到了国内外公认的脱毒标准,可作蛋白饲料添加。脱毒粕经动物喂养试验,结果表明:去毒效果明显,该化学脱毒法是一种有效的脱毒新方法。     

棉籽饼粕脱毒工艺的研究

在棉籽饼粕中投加尿素并加热处理，能有效地与饼粕中游离棉酚结合而脱除毒性。本法对含游离棉酚０．１６４９％的饼粕，投加尿素加热处理，脱毒后饼粕中游离棉酚含量降到０．０３０７％，处理后饼粕中蛋白质含量的５４．８１％，用作肉用仔鸡饲料，经喂养试验表明效果好于常用配合饲料。     

棉籽饼粕在饲料中的应用

本文评述了开发棉籽饼粕对发展我国养殖业的作用；目前影响我国棉籽饼粕作饲料的一些原因；现行制油工艺生产的棉籽饼粕在饲料中的应用；我国研究的工厂化生产去毒棉籽饼粕的一些不同工艺等问题。     

利用有腺体棉籽粕生产食用棉仁分离蛋白的实践

棉仁蛋白是一种潜在的重要食品资源,由于棉酚的存在一直未被人类充分利用。通过甲醇脱酚、4#溶剂脱脂、低温连续脱溶的棉籽粕生产工艺和碱溶酸沉的蛋白生产工艺,于2001年首次实现了工业化利用有腺体棉籽粕生产食用棉仁分离蛋白的实践,获得了高安全性的棉仁分离蛋白。     

Increasing dietary levels of cracked pima cottonseed increase plasma gossypol but do not influence productive performance of lactating Holstein cows

Lactating Holstein cows were fed diets with increasing levels of cracked Pima cottonseed to determine its effects on plasma gossypol concentrations as well as milk yield and composition and dry matter (DM) intake in a short-term study. All diets contained 12.8% cottonseed, 43.5% concentrate, and 43.7% chopped alfalfa hay on a DM basis. The proportion of whole Upland cottonseed to cracked Pima cottonseed in the four dietswas 100:0, 67:33, 33:67, and 0:100. Four primiparous cows were fed the diets in a 4 x 4 Latin square design, and three multiparous cows were fed the diets in a Youden square design with five periods. All periods were 35 d. Upland and cracked Pima cottonseed contained 0.64 and 1.00% total gossypol (DM) with 41 and 52% of gossypol as the (-) isomer, respectively. Gossypol is a natural defense compound in the plant that protects it against pests and diseases, but can have antinutritional quality effects when consumed by dairy cattle. Total plasma gossypol concentrations increased linearly with increasing proportions (100:0, 67:33, 33:67, and 0:100) of cracked Pima cottonseed in the diet for primiparous (4.4, 6.0, 7.7, and 8.9 microg/ml) and multiparous (4.3, 7.3, 9.7, and 11.4 microg/ml) cows, respectively. While primiparous cows responded similarly to gossypol intake, the response of plasma gossypol intake in multiparous cows differed among cows. This indicates the importance of animal variation when relating plasma gossypol levels with gossypol intake. Milk yield, as well as its components and DM intake, were not affected by increasing dietary inclusion levels of cracked Pima cottonseedup to 8.6% of DM intake for either primiparous or multiparous cows, even though plasma gossypol concentrations increased sharply over this dietary inclusion range. Although the highest dietary inclusion level of Pima cottonseed (i.e., 12.8%) numerically depressed performance of cows of both parities, these differences failed to reach statistical significance in these short-term trials with few cows.     

棉籽油生产过程中棉酚的影响与对策

介绍了棉籽中棉酚的存在与性质,以及棉酚在棉籽油生产过程中可能发生的变化及影响。在毛油制取过程中采用润湿蒸炒,加稀碱液蒸炒,湿式膨化等预处理工序都可有效降低毛油中棉酚含量并提高粕的品质。碱炼是公认的脱除棉酚最有效的方法,但炼耗较高。在脱除棉酚和磷脂后棉籽油也可以进行物理精炼,并可获得良好的工艺效果。提出了在棉籽油中加入适量的邻氨基苯甲酸,再结合其他工序脱除棉酚的方法。     

Effects of source of gossypol and supplemental iron on plasma gossypol in Holstein steers

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate factors influencing concentrations of plasma total gossypol (TG) in 30 Holstein steers fed cottonseed products. At the end of each 28-d experiment, steers were weighed and blood samples were collected and analyzed for plasma TG concentrations. During the entire study, steers did not show any overt signs of gossypol toxicity. In the 28 d before experiment 1, 30 steers with a body weight (BW) of 273 kg were fed a standardization diet with 15.0% Upland whole cottonseed (WCS) that resulted in a mean intake of 9.08 g/d of TG per steer/d and a plasma TG of 1.66 μg/mL. In experiment 1, 30 steers were fed 1 of 5 diets with 15.0% Upland WCS, but different levels of supplemental Fe [0, 150, 300, 450, and 600 mg/kg of diet dry matter (DM)]. Average daily gain was not affected by level of Fe in the diet, but DM intake, plasma TG, and plasma TG response decreased linearly as Fe in diets increased. In experiment 2, steers were fed diets with 15.0% Upland cottonseed as whole, cracked, roasted, cracked-roasted, or extruded. Analysis of the seed revealed that roasting or extrusion markedly reduced free gossypol (FG) content. Minor effects on animal performance were observed, but plasma TG decreased with roasting or extrusion of seeds, with the greatest reduction when the seed was cracked and then roasted. In experiment 3, steers were fed 2 levels of WCS (7.0 or 14.0% of DM) with 3 levels of cottonseed meal (2.8, 5.5, or 8.5% of DM) in the diet. Animal performance was not altered by diet, but plasma gossypol concentrations and responses were greater in steers fed diets with more WCS, because of the greater FG intake. In experiment 4, 24 steers were fed diets with 15.0% cottonseed (Upland or Pima) either as whole or cracked. Pima cottonseed increased TG and FG intakes, which resulted in greater plasma TG concentration and response. Animal response to processing of cottonseed tended to differ according to type of cottonseed. However, feeding Pima and cracking of cottonseed increased gossypol availability and plasma TG concentrations.     

农产品中棉酚的检测技术研究进展

棉酚是一种有毒化合物,棉籽、棉籽油、棉籽粕等农产品中含有棉酚,在畜禽饲料中添加脱毒不完全的棉籽粕作为蛋白源,可能使棉酚在动物体内蓄积并通过食物链的作用对人体健康造成潜在危害,因此,包括鸡蛋、牛奶等在内的农产品中也可能含有棉酚。本文结合棉酚毒性总结了检测农产品中棉酚含量的方法,得出高效液相色谱串联质谱技术为检测农产品中棉酚含量较适宜的方法,以期为建立更高效、绿色、快速、准确的检测方法提供参考。     

全脂低温脱酚棉籽蛋白生产实践

棉籽经过清理、剥壳、风选、调质、轧坯、干燥、脱酚等工段生产出全脂低温脱酚棉籽蛋白。该产品棉酚含量小于400 mg/kg, KOH蛋白质溶解度大于60%,蛋白含量不低于43%,是一种综合性价比较高的饲料原料,全过程低温处理保留了棉籽油的营养价值,较好地控制了KOH蛋白质溶解度;与传统棉籽蛋白相比,增强了产品的功能性、简化了生产工艺、降低了生产成本、提高企业市场竟争力。     

粪肠球菌发酵生棉粕的工艺条件优化

为降低棉粕中游离棉酚含量,对粪肠球菌固态发酵生棉粕降解游离棉酚工艺条件进行了优化。首先对影响粪肠球菌固态发酵棉粕降解游离棉酚的料水比、初始pH、发酵时间、接种量、发酵温度进行单因素研究,确定对结果有较大影响的料水比、初始pH和发酵时间3个因素。然后利用Box-Behnken设计,对其进行优化。结果表明,料水比、初始pH和发酵时间的最佳条件分别是1∶0.53、6.57和3.06d。按照优化的条件发酵棉粕后游离棉酚含量降为231.68 mg/kg,降解率达67.85%。     

超声波强化技术在萃取皂脚棉酚中的应用

棉油皂脚为棉毛油碱炼的下脚料,但其中含有的棉酚却具有抗肿瘤作用。为了高效地从棉油皂脚中分离出醋酸棉酚,联合使用超声波萃取和超声波诱导结晶强化技术,探讨了超声萃取时间、热处理时间、酸度和超声结晶时间对醋酸棉酚粗品质量和含量的影响。结果表明:利用超声波萃取和诱导结晶协同效应可以直接从棉油皂脚中获得醋酸棉酚含量高达96%的粗品,并且经纯化后,具有和标准品相同的熔点范围。超声波强化技术可以将醋酸棉酚的生产周期缩短为传统工艺的25%,提高了产品纯度,减轻了重结晶压力,是未来分离纯化醋酸棉酚的一种先进技术。     

The effects of varying gossypol intake from whole cottonseed and cottonseed meal on lactation and blood parameters in lactating dairy cows

Effects of varying amounts of gossypol from whole Upland cottonseed (WCS) and cottonseed meal (CSM) were evaluated in 40 midlactation Holstein cows. After 14 d of pretreatment, cows were assigned to 1 of the 5 treatments for 84 d: control (no gossypol), 931 mg/kg total gossypol (TG) and 850 mg/kg free gossypol (FG) from WCS (moderate TG and high FG); 924 mg/kg TG and 91 mg/kg FG from CSM (moderate TG and low FG), 945 mg/kg TG and 479 mg/kg FG with equal amounts of TG from WCS and CSM (moderate TG and FG), or 1894 mg/kg TG and 960 mg/kg FG with equal amounts of TG from WCS and CSM (high TG and FG). Concentrations of plasma gossypol (PG) and its isomers were directly proportional to FG intake. Concentrations of PG reached a plateau after 28 d on treatment, and they were highest in cows receiving a diet with high TG and FG. Erythrocyte fragility differed among treatments and increased with increasing FG intake. Plasma gossypol returned to negligible concentrations 28 d after withdrawal of cottonseed products from the high TG and FG diet. Serum vitamin A was similar among treatments, but vitamin E increased with increasing FG intake. Serum enzymes were generally unaffected by treatments, but urea N increased in diets higher in TG and FG. Intake of dry matter was higher for the diet high in TG and FG than for the control diet, but was similar for other treatments. Cows receiving the high TG and FG diet produced more milk and 3.5% fat-corrected milk, with no changes in milk composition. Feeding a diet containing 1894 mg/kg TG and 960 mg/kg FG for 84 d increased PG concentrations and erythrocyte fragility and resulted in minor changes in blood metabolites and enzymes, but no detrimental effect on lactation performance was observed. Indicators of liver, kidney, and muscle cell viability suggest that the higher amounts of gossypol consumed in this study had only minor effects on those tissues in lactating dairy cows.