小麦面筋蛋白盐酸脱酰胺工艺优化及其酶解敏感性

文以小麦面筋蛋白为原料,优化了盐酸对小麦面筋蛋白的脱酰胺工艺,比较了最佳脱酰胺工艺下的小麦面筋蛋白在胰酶、风味蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶酶解过程中蛋白回收率和水解度的变化,并对其酶解36 h酶解液的自由基吸收能力(ORAC)抗氧化特性进行分析评价。研究结果表明,盐酸脱酰胺的工艺条件是:小麦面筋蛋白浓度为24%,0.30 mol/L的HCl,65℃,24 h脱酰胺;在该工艺条件下,胰酶酶解液蛋白回收率和水解度最高,酶解效果最好;高脱酰胺程度小麦面筋蛋白在胰酶酶解36h后酶解液的蛋白回收率和水解度高于低脱酰胺程度的酶解液;ORAC抗氧化特性分析表明高脱酰胺程度小麦面筋蛋白酶解液的ORAC值高于低脱酰胺程度的酶解液,其ORAC值最高为(689.67±10.22)μmol Trolox/g。     

复合改性对谷朊粉溶解性的影响研究

为了提高小麦面筋蛋白的溶解度,通过超声波功率、底物浓度、加酶量、温度和pH值的正交实验,研究了超声波-酶法复合改性小麦面筋蛋白的反应条件。以水解度和溶解度为评价指标,确定了在超声波作用下小麦面筋蛋白最佳的酶解条件:超声波功率210W,谷朊粉质量分数8%,加酶量质量分数0.6%,pH9.0,温度65℃,水解1h。结果表明,在该条件下小麦面筋蛋白的溶解度明显提高,溶解度达到12.16mg/ml。     

小麦面筋蛋白酶法改性研究

采用中性蛋白酶水解小麦面筋蛋白,对酶解条件及酶解物的功能性质进行了系统研究,采用SDS-PAGE分析酶解前后小麦面筋蛋白的变化,并对巯基含量进行分析测定,酶解后的小麦面筋蛋白功能性质显著提高.     

酶解十二烷基硫酸钠预处理面筋蛋白工艺优化

为提高小麦面筋蛋白的酶解效率,采用碱性蛋白酶酶解十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)预处理的小麦面筋蛋白,以水解度(DH)、多肽得率为指标,研究酶解时间、SDS添加量、底物浓度、酶浓度、pH对酶解效率的影响.在单因素试验的基础上进行L9(34)正交试验,结果表明:SDS能显著提高酶解效率,酶解小麦面筋蛋白制备多肽的最优工艺条件为:酶解时间4h,SDS添加量4 mg/mL,底物浓度8 g/100 mL,酶浓度9 mg/mL,此时,DH、多肽得率分别为12.36％、57.24％.     

酶法水解小麦面筋蛋白研究

分别采用Alcalase、Neutrase、Protamex、Flavorzyme、胃酶、木瓜蛋白酶对小麦面筋蛋白进行水解研究,结果表明,Alcalase能有效水解面筋蛋白,并确定其最佳水解条件:pH 9．0,温度60℃,底物浓度5％,酶浓度E/S为1％,即0．03AU/g蛋白,反应时间4hr左右,在此条件下,水解度可达 20％左右。     

小麦面筋蛋白酶法改性研究

本研究采用中性蛋白酶水解小麦面筋蛋白,就几种因素对水解程度的影响、酶解条件及酶解物的功能性质进行了系统研究,并分析了酶解前后巯基含量的变化,酶解后的小麦面筋蛋白功能性质显著提高。     

复合酶法制备小麦面筋蛋白咸味酶解液的工艺优化

为优化小麦面筋蛋白咸味酶解液的制备工艺,并考察其咸度及分子量大小。基于单因素实验,采用Box-Behnken响应面法,以酶添加量、酶解pH、底物浓度以及酶解温度为考察因素,水解度为指标,优化小麦面筋蛋白咸味酶解液的制备工艺,并采用电子舌测定其咸度;高效液相色谱测定其分子量分布。结果表明:制备小麦面筋蛋白咸味酶解液的最优工艺为底物浓度4.9%,酶解温度55.7 ℃,pH7.4,复合酶添加量3799 U/g（蛋白）,在此条件下,小麦面筋蛋白咸味酶解液的水解度为（33.12%±0.45%）,实测值与理论值相差较小,表明此模型可用于优化小麦面筋蛋白咸味酶解液的制备工艺。该法得到的2%小麦面筋蛋白咸味酶解液咸度为（7.63±0.02）,分子量分布主要集中在1000 Da以下。此研究为面筋蛋白咸味肽以及咸味香精的开发和应用奠定了基础。     

柠檬酸处理对小麦面筋蛋白酶解特性的影响

以复合蛋白酶为水解酶,试验研究了小麦面筋蛋白酶解前柠檬酸预处理对其酶解特性的影响.通过单因素试验和正交试验确定柠檬酸预处理的最佳工艺条件为:柠檬酸浓度为0.1%(m/V),温度为50℃,处理时间为30min.同时研究了柠檬酸处理后小麦面筋蛋白在酶解过程中的水解度和蛋白提取率的变化规律.     

小麦面筋蛋白酶解特性研究

采用风味蛋白酶对小麦面筋蛋白进行深度水解,通过单因素实验,分析了底物浓度、温度、pH、酶用量、反应时间对水解度和蛋白质提取率的影响,并通过正交实验确定制备酶改性小麦面筋蛋白的最佳工艺参数为:底物浓度5%,T=50℃,pH6.5,酶用量=80LAPU/g,水解时间7h。反应最终可得水解度和蛋白质提取率均很高,且没有苦味的植物蛋白水解液,其中酶解液的水解度可达28.03%,蛋白质提取率可达52%。     

面筋蛋白酶解增溶及其乳化性能的研究

木瓜蛋白酶水解面筋蛋白可提高水溶性和改善乳化性能，适宜的水解条件为：酶解温度55℃、酶解pH值3,0、酶液浓度1．0％、底物浓度20％、水解时间3h-4h。水解度控制在8％～15％，可使酶解面筋蛋白在广泛pH范围，特别是等电点附近，均具有优良的水溶性和乳化性能。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.