基于LabVIEW的柴油机失火故障诊断系统设计

针对柴油机工作中的失火故障问题,我们提出并设计了一种基于LabVIEW的柴油机失火故障诊断系统。该系统具有对柴油机进行信号采集、信号特征提取以及故障诊断的功能,能够对柴油机工作状态的检测及诊断。系统中将实验室虚拟仪器环境与故障诊断技术相结合并应用于柴油机失火故障检测与诊断,利用小波分析结合LabVIEW编程开发,使该系统可以对故障信号进行特征提取;系统运用LabVIEW和MATLAB混合编程技术,通过支持向量机实现了柴油机失火故障的诊断识别。工程实践应用表明:该系统可以对柴油机工作状态的测量结果进行显示、处理、存储、分析和判断,证明了系统的正确性和可行性。     

基于融合理论的车用柴油机失火在线诊断

为避免车用柴油机失火故障发生,基于信息融合理论,制定了柴油机失火诊断策略和失火率预测模型;利用轻型车排放转鼓循环的动力与排放等试验数据,对柴油机失火及失火率进行了判别与预测.根据国Ⅳ的OBD系统项目试验条款,通过失火控制器设定失火故障,进行了车用柴油机失火诊断、失火率预测和排放测试等试验.结果表明:诊断训练误差为0.08％,失火诊断的准确率为99.92％,失火率的诊断误差为0.05％,证实了制定的柴油机失火诊断策略是切实可行的;表明了信息融合方法是柴油机失火诊断、失火率预测的理论基础,为车用柴油机满足OBD排放规定提供了保障.     

基于变分模态分解和交叉小波变换的柴油机失火故障诊断

针对强噪声干扰下柴油机失火故障难以诊断的问题,提出一种基于变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)与交叉小波变换(cross wavelet transform,XWT)的柴油机失火故障诊断方法。该方法首先通过VMD将缸盖振动信号进行分解、自适应消噪及信号重构,再利用XWT对任意两个连续工作循环信号进行时频相关分析,进一步消除振动信号中的干扰噪声以提取柴油机燃烧特征,最后通过计算时频空间各缸能量占比进行柴油机失火故障诊断。通过对仿真信号分析及柴油机失火故障诊断,结果表明:该方法可以消除强噪声干扰,提取柴油机燃烧周期瞬态振动冲击特征,有效地识别柴油机失火故障。     

基于排气噪声EMD的柴油机失火故障诊断

针对坦克柴油机失火故障诊断问题,在实车上模拟了失火故障,应用EMD对不同状态下的排气噪声信号进行了经验模态分解,利用Hilbert变换求取了主固有模态分量(IMF)的瞬时频率函数,以其围绕周期性排气噪声基频的波动方差和平均穿越率为特征参数,建立了一种诊断柴油机失火故障的方法。应用结果表明了诊断方法的可行性。     

电控柴油机的在线失火诊断策略研究

为了满足日益严格的排放法规，电控发动机均要求装备OBD(在线诊断)系统。而在线的失火诊断则是电控柴油机故障诊断项目中的一个重要内容。为此采用曲轴的瞬时角加速度对发动机的失火故障进行监测，并制定了相应的诊断策略。实机试验表明，该失火诊断策略能实时有效地诊断出失火故障。     

基于非平稳周期循环特征增强的柴油机失火故障诊断研究

利用缸盖振动信号诊断柴油机失火故障时,由于柴油机工作背景噪声复杂,必须消除信号中的非周期分量和随机干扰,保留与柴油机工作循环有关的周期分量。提出一种非平稳周期循环特征增强方法,首先利用连续小波变换实现信号的时-频表示,进一步将信号的时-频特征映射到角-频空间上某一角度范围内,实现了周期瞬态特征的增强;最后,通过角-频空间中各缸工作相位内的能量与整个角度范围内能量之比,实现柴油机失火故障缸的准确定位。     

基于统计模拟的柴油机失火故障的诊断方法

针对军队装备试验价格昂贵，试验次数较少，试验具有继承性等特点，可以运用小样本统计分析方法进行装备故障状态的诊断。提出了基于柴油机排气噪声来检测其失火故障，通过提取其频域特性参数(峰值比h21和总能量)，运用统计模拟Bootstrap方法，模拟得到在大量试验数据下特征值的置信区间，绘制出各种特征参数的直方图，实现了正常、掉1缸、掉2缸故障的定量诊断。结果证明，Bootstrap方法能解决实际中由于成本或现场条件的限制而无法多次采样的问题，较客观地反映故障现象的本质，可针对不同状态的故障进行模式识别，减少试验次数，节省试验经费。     

基于曲轴扭振信息识别的柴油机失火气缸判别方法

为解决柴油发动机在高转速、低负荷工况下难以准确判断出发生失火故障的气缸的问题,提出了通过检测曲轴转速信号中的扭振信号起始点来判定失火气缸的故障诊断方法。该方法首先通过分析单缸失火时的转速信号以确定曲轴扭振的自由频率,然后基于该频率构造正弦检测信号,将该检测信号与各缸做功转角范围内的转速信号做内积运算,并得到的内积值作为失火气缸的指示特征。在6缸柴油机上的失火试验证明该方法能够在高转速低负荷情况下准确识别发动机的单缸失火和两缸失火,弥补了传统失火诊断方法工况覆盖率低的不足。     

宽域氧传感器用于发动机失火监测的研究

分析了宽域氧传感器诊断发动机失火的原理,以TJ376QE电控汽油机为例模拟失火故障,并进行了试验研究.结果表明,宽域氧传感器能够判断发动机失火故障,即使在高速的工况下也能够准确地检测失火;特征信号的幅值随负荷加大而变大,延迟随负荷加大而减小,更有利于对失火的检测.     

直喷式柴油机起动过程燃烧分析

为了快速、定性分析柴油机起动过程中的燃烧状态,在直喷式柴油机上进行冷机与热机起动过程实验,提出用瞬时转速和示功图对柴油机起动进行燃烧分析的方法．实验结果表明,冷机起动过程中有失火现象,用瞬时转速可以判断着火首循环和失火循环．根据示功图形状及燃烧状态,定义了4种燃烧状态以及相对应的4种典型示功图形式,将起动过程划分为4个阶段．热机起动初始期和过渡期很短,而冷机起动有明显的4个阶段．不完全燃烧或失火是柴油机起动过程、燃烧过程控制优化的重点,多出现在起动初始期和过渡期．     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

The Solar Office in context

The goal of sustainability in buildings can only hope to be realised if buildings are designed to both conserve and generate energy. The Solar Office at Doxford International is designed to minimise the use of energy while its external fabric is designed to replace such energy that is used. The recently completed building is now subject of a comprehensive monitoring programme. The programme covers both the performance of the 73 kW_p photovoltaic installation and the environmental conditions within the building as a whole. Hour by hour findings are posted on a dedicated web site. Photovoltaics could have the same impact on building form and layout as the invention of the passenger lift at the end of the last century.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Hydrogen recovery from the photovoltaic electroflocculation-flotation process for harvesting Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae

In this paper, an integrated process using photovoltaic power to harvest microalgae by electro-flocculation (EF) and hydrogen recovery is presented. It is mainly favorable in regions with high solar radiation. The electro-flocculation efficiency (EFE) of Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae was investigated using various types of electrodes (aluminum, iron, zinc, copper and a non-sacrificial electrode of carbon). The best results regarding the EFE, and biomass contamination were achieved with aluminum and carbon electrodes where the electrical energy demand of the process for harvesting 1 kg of algae biomass was 0.28 and 0.34 kWh, respectively, while the energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 0.052 and 0.005 kWh kg^?1, respectively. The highest harvesting efficiency of 95.83 ± 0.87% was obtained with the aluminum electrode.The experimental hydrogen yields obtained were comparable with those calculated from theory. With a low net energy demand, microalgae EF may be a useful and low-cost technology.