木薯半连续同步糖化发酵乙醇

研究了用木薯为原料,半连续同步糖化发酵生产乙醇的工艺。工艺条件为:原料粉碎粒度:Φ1.5mm,料水比:1∶2.3,α-淀粉酶、糖化酶的添加量分别为9U/g木薯粉,120U/g木薯粉,95℃下蒸煮90min～110min,60℃下前糖化35min～40min。前期发酵温度28℃,中后期发酵温度32℃,总发酵时间69h。在此条件下酒精度达到13.5%vol,半连续发酵17d,为进一步研究以木薯为原料生产乙醇工业化提供了依据。     

纤维素酶水解稻草纸浆制取乙醇的研究

对Candida shehatae发酵稻草纸浆水解液生产乙醇的工艺进行了初步研究.分别对影响酶水解和发酵阶段的各因素进行了优化.结果表明,利用正交试验确定的最佳酶水解条件为:酶用量150U/g料,底物浓度2%,反应温度55℃,pH4.8,反应时间8 h,酶解得率可达到73.20%.初始葡萄糖浓度为60g/L,装液量100mL/250mL,无机氮源为(NH4)2SO4,转速为100r/min,温度为28℃,pH值为5.5,发酵时间为48h,在此条件下乙醇得率可达49.72%,能达到理论得率的97%,转化率最高为0.36g/g(乙醇/稻草纸浆).     

马克斯克鲁维酵母木薯乙醇发酵工艺研究

通过单因素试验对一株耐高温马克斯克鲁维酵母（Kluyveromyces marxianus）HY32的木薯乙醇发酵工艺进行了研究。结果表明,HY32利用木薯发酵乙醇的最佳工艺条件为料水比1∶5（g∶mL）,发酵时间96 h,接种量11%,发酵温度40 ℃,液化时间1 h,液化温度95 ℃,液化酶添加量为20 U/g淀粉,糖化酶添加量为150 U/g淀粉,硫酸铵添加量6 g/L,初始pH=5.0。在此条件下,HY32发酵木薯酒精度可达8.90%vol,淀粉利用率与淀粉出酒率分别为87.120%和49.48%,残糖量为0.03 g/L。与未优化的初始发酵条件相比,发酵醪的酒精度提高了16.65%。     

麦秆碱预处理和同步糖化发酵工艺优化研究

通过响应面法和正交实验分别优化了麦秆的碱预处理工艺条件和同步糖化发酵工艺条件。首先以麦秆为底物通过Box-behnken设计研究了预处理温度、NaOH质量分数、预处理时间和底物质量浓度对总还原糖含量的影响;然后通过正交实验对碱预处理麦秆的同步糖化发酵工艺进行优化。结果表明:最佳碱预处理工艺条件为预处理温度137.64℃、NaOH质量分数6.72%、预处理时间41.93 min和底物质量浓度9.23 g/L,此时总还原糖含量最高,为496.00 mg/g,为未预处理底物的5.12倍,说明碱预处理可以较好地提高麦秆的糖化率;最佳同步糖化发酵工艺条件为发酵温度39℃、酵母接种量0.1%、酶质量浓度0.2 g/L和发酵时间2 d,此时乙醇含量最高,为22.84g/L。     

酸预处理麦秆半同步和同步糖化发酵制乙醇条件优化

麦秆首先进行盐酸预处理,然后以盐酸预处理麦秆为底物通过正交实验优化了底物半同步和同步糖化发酵制乙醇条件。利用XRD对原料、酸预处理麦秆和发酵麦秆的结构特征进行分析。结果表明:盐酸预处理的麦秆半同步糖化发酵制乙醇的最佳条件为发酵温度36℃、酵母接种量0.1%、酶质量浓度0.8 g/L和发酵时间2 d,此时乙醇含量为19.16 g/L;盐酸预处理的麦秆同步糖化发酵制乙醇的最佳条件为发酵温度39℃、酵母接种量0.1%、酶质量浓度0.5 g/L和发酵时间4 d,此时乙醇含量为19.44 g/L;同步糖化发酵优于半同步糖化发酵;XRD分析表明酸预处理和发酵后,麦秆的结晶度降低。     

稻草粉基混合菌发酵产纤维素酶研究

以稻草粉为主要原料,对白腐菌(White-rot fungi)NS75和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)NS83进行固态混合发酵产纤维素酶进行研究。混合菌固态发酵与单菌固态发酵实验结果比较表明,混合菌发酵产生的纤维素酶总体酶活明显高于单菌种发酵,其β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-G)酶活较白腐菌NS75单菌发酵提高了120.9%;葡聚糖内切酶(CMC)酶活比黑曲霉NS83单菌发酵提高了140.8%。单因素实验和正交实验结果表明,当稻草粉麸皮质量比为9∶1,料水比为1∶2,白腐菌NS75与黑曲霉NS83的接种比例为1∶1(v∶v)时,培养第3d开始搅拌,每天搅拌一次,于30℃,培养5d,稻草粉基混合菌发酵产纤维素酶中CMC酶活达到16650U/g,β-G酶活为16108U/g、滤纸酶活(FPA)酶活为3164U/g。     

芭蕉芋原料清液酒精发酵工艺初步研究

以芭蕉芋粉为原料,考察了芭蕉芋原料清液酒精生产工艺,对料水比、液化、糖化、温度、接种量等条件进行初步研究.结果表明,芭蕉芋酒精清液生产最佳工艺为:料水比1∶3.0,拌料水温是60℃,拌料时间为30 min,液化酶用量为6 U/g,液化时间为50 min,糖化酶用量150 U/g,糖化时间30 min,发酵pH 4.2,发酵温度30℃,接种量0.17%(v/v),在此发酵工艺条件下,芭蕉芋发酵醪液的酒精含量达8.8%vol,淀粉利用率为72.14%,原料出酒率达到20.2%.     

碱预处理稻草产生物乙醇的工艺研究

以碳酸钠预处理的稻草为唯一碳源,硫酸铵为氮源,采用烟曲霉（Aspergillus fumigatus）对稻草进行酶解,嗜鞣管囊酵母（Saccharomyces tannophilus）对酶解产物进行发酵生产乙醇,并对酶解及乙醇生产工艺进行研究。结果表明,烟曲霉及嗜鞣管囊酵母发酵碳酸钠预处理稻草生产乙醇的工艺为10 g稻草经90 mL 0.15 mol/L碳酸钠预处理后,调节pH值为4.5,按4%（V/V）的接种量接入烟曲霉种子液,于37 ℃、150 r/min条件下酶解12 h后,按2%（V/V）的接种量接入嗜鞣管囊酵母种子液,于37 ℃、150 r/min条件下发酵16 h,生物乙醇产量达到最高为（26.30±0.86） g/L。     

绿色木霉WL 0422高产纤维素酶的研究

250 mL三角瓶装8.0 g基料(麸皮稻草粉=4.0 g4.0g),(NH4)3PO42.0%,KH2PO4 0.3%,CaCl2 0.1%,MgSO4·7H2O 0.1%,CMC-Na 3.0%(均相对于基料),料水比11.3～1.4,自然pH;于32℃培养108h,期间翻曲2次,CMC酶活力2 488 IU/g干曲.曲盘发酵的料水比改为11.6,其余组分同锥形瓶优化发酵培养基;于32℃培养96 h,期间翻曲2次,CMC酶活力可达2 215 IU/g干曲.     

鲮鱼下脚料酶解液发酵条件的研究

利用活性干酵母发酵鲮鱼下脚料酶解液,考察了料水比、菌种量、发酵时间和发酵温度对鲮鱼下脚料酶解液水解度的影响,并通过正交试验优化其最佳水解条件,结果表明：料水比1∶15（g∶mL）、菌种量1.0%、发酵时间2.0 h、发酵温度25 ℃时,酶解液可得到较高程度的水解,水解度最高可达41%。     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发，介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.     

组学技术与果蔬采后质量和安全控制

果蔬可以提供营养, 有利于人类健康, 而果蔬的后熟及其与环境的相互作用会影响果蔬采后的质量和安全。对果蔬生物学过程的了解和掌握是减少果蔬采后损失和保障果蔬采后质量和安全的关键。在过去的10多年, 基于组学技术的系统生物学在了解果蔬后熟及其与环境相互作用的分子机制方面得到了越来越多的应用。本文对此做了细致的总结, 指出了存在的不足, 并提出了未来的发展方向。     

酚类物质的结构与性质及其与葡萄及葡萄酒的关系

酚类物质是一类大而复杂的化合物。葡萄与葡萄酒中常见的酚类物质可分为类黄酮和非类黄酮两大类，它们是葡萄中重要的次生代谢产物，与葡萄的抗病性、采后生理、贮存、保鲜等密切相关。葡萄酒中的酚类物质来自于葡萄果实、果梗、酵母代谢以及橡木桶，参与形成葡萄酒的味道、骨架、结构和颜色等，对红葡萄酒的特征和质量尤其重要。     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。