洋河系列绵柔型白酒香气成分研究

利用液液萃取法提取洋河系列绵柔型白酒中的香气化合物,通过气相色谱-闻香法(GC-O)及气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)技术对其进行鉴定。在具有典型绵柔型特征的海之蓝、天之蓝和梦之蓝三种酒中分别检测出55、57和59种呈香化合物。研究发现洋河系列绵柔型白酒的主要风味物质为己酸乙酯,对其风味有较大贡献的还有己酸、丁酸乙酯、二甲基三硫、三甲基吡嗪、γ-壬内酯。此外,在海之蓝中苯乙醛、3-甲基丁醇、庚酸乙酯、己酸-3-甲基丁酯、丁酸、乙酸对其风味贡献较大;天之蓝中1-辛烯-3-酮、辛酸乙酯、2-乙酰基-5-甲基呋喃、丁酸香气强度较大;梦之蓝中1-辛烯-3-酮、己酸-3-甲基丁酯、2-羟基-3-甲基丁酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、4-甲基苯酚、庚酸乙酯香气强度较大。     

兼香型白酒中风味物质的定性分析

采用液液萃取法萃取兼香型白酒中的风味物质,通过气质联用(GC-MS)技术对兼香型白酒中的微量成分进行了定性分析鉴定,共检测到了128种风味物质,在酸性、碱性、中性环境下分别萃取出89、25、14种物质。其中己酸乙酯、2-羟基丙酸乙酯、2-羟基-4-甲基戊酸乙酯、丁二酸二乙酯、2-丁醇、正丙醇、3-甲基丁醇、正己醇、苯乙醇、乙酸、丙酸、正丁酸、3-甲基丁酸、正戊酸、正己酸、糠醛十六种风味物质含量最多。为进一步深入认识兼香型白酒中的风味物质奠定了基础。     

基于感官定量描述分析法和GC-MS对山庄老酒3种香型白酒挥发性特征风味的分析

采用感官定量描述分析法对山庄老酒3种香型（浓香型、酱香型、芝麻香型）9种白酒风味结构进行分析，结果表明不同香型的山庄老酒在风味属性和滋味属性上均有明显差异。采用液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对系列酒挥发性化合物组成进行检测分析，共定性定量出高浓度挥发性风味化合物74种，其中种类较丰富的主要为酯类、醇类和酸类。香气活性值法分析表明，对山庄老酒具有香气贡献的特征化合物有10种，结合偏最小二乘分析和相关性分析研究酒样感官属性与特征香气化合物之间的相关性，结果表明酱香、曲香和空杯香与乙酸具有较好的相关性，丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、丁酸和己酸是醇香、酯香、粮香、甜香和果香主要的相关性风味化合物，焦香和糊香与肉豆蔻酸乙酯、油酸乙酯、亚油酸乙酯和2,3-丁二醇的相关性较强。本研究解析了山庄老酒3种香型白酒的风味结构特征，为深入研究浓香、酱香和芝麻香3种香型白酒风味形成的机理提供参考依据。     

一种典型酱香型白酒甜香风味酒挥发性香气成分分析

该实验运用感官品评方法从24种酱香型白酒中选取了一种典型酱香型白酒甜香风味酒,采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）和液-液萃取（LLE）两种样品预处理方法结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）剖析了其香气物质,通过香气活力值（OAV）分析,初步推断具有甜香风味的物质种类。结果表明,从典型酱香型甜香风味酒鉴定出90种挥发性成分,其中,酯类34种、醇类12种、醛酮类11种、芳香族类11种、酸类7种、含氮化合物4种、呋喃类物质5种、萜烯类物质6种;其中,对香气贡献最大的物质（OAV≥100）是辛酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、3-甲基丁酸乙酯、戊酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸-2-苯乙酯、2-苯乙酸乙酯、3-苯丙酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、十二酸乙酯和乙酸异戊酯。     

洋河绵柔型白酒关键风味成分

在前期研究洋河绵柔型白酒微量成分和风味物质的基础上,对绵柔型白酒中66个风味化合物应用顶空-固相微萃取(HS-SPME)进行全定量分析,并通过计算香气活力值(odor activity value,OAV),发现绵柔型白酒的关键风味物质是己酸乙酯(OAV>27000,平均34799);重要风味化合物有2-甲基丁酸乙酯、二甲基三硫、戊酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯;一般香气化合物有戊酸、2-甲基丙酸乙酯、异戊醛、异戊酸乙酯和己酸。结果表明,绵柔型白酒在关键香气成分上与浓香型白酒相同,但其他香气成分与浓香型白酒相比有一定区别。     

红星兼香型白酒香气成分的分析研究

为研究红星兼香型白酒的主要风味物质,对其和其他3种香型（浓香型、清香型、酱香型）白酒通过顶空固相微萃取技术,结合气相色谱-质谱联用仪,共鉴定出138种香气物质,红星兼香型白酒包含116种,化合物种类的丰富程度高于其他3种香型白酒。通过GC-O技术从红星兼香型白酒中嗅闻到35种香气活性物质,按照香气强度值的大小,对红星兼香型白酒香气有重要贡献的化合物有己酸乙酯、己酸、苯乙酸乙酯、苯丙酸乙酯、异戊酸、丁酸乙酯、异戊酸乙酯、3-己烯酸乙酯、乙基糠基醚、庚酸丙酯、戊酸乙酯和乳酸乙酯。本研究为进一步探索红星兼香型白酒的风味特征及产品特色提供了理论依据。     

气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱联用分析兼香型白酒风味成分

采用直接进样法,通过气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱联用(gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry,GC-OMS)技术,对兼香型白酒风味成分进行质谱、保留指数和嗅闻3种方法的定性分析,利用气相色谱-三内标法测定每种化合物在酒中的含量,并结合气味活度值和香气强度值评价其主要成分对总体风味的贡献。结果表明:经气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱联用分析,共检出55种化合物,其中鉴定结构的有54种,占兼香型白酒总风味成分的98.18%;气味活度值及香气强度值分析表明,乙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、戊酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、庚酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、乙酸、丁酸、戊酸、己酸、庚酸、辛酸为兼香型白酒的主体香气成分。     

应用GC-O技术分析牛栏山二锅头白酒中的香气化合物

采用液-液萃取法提取牛栏山二锅头白酒中的香气化合物,进行闻香分析GC-O和GC-MS分离鉴定。一次性检出92种香气化合物,其中对牛栏山二锅头白酒整体香气贡献大的香气成分有25种:3-甲基丁醇、丁酸、3-甲基丁酸、二甲基三硫、香草醛、苯乙醛、乙酸乙酯、苯乙酸乙酯、苯乙酸、2-乙酰基-5-甲基呋喃、三甲基吡嗪、辛酸乙酯、乙酸-2-甲基丙酯、戊酸乙酯、2-羟基己酸乙酯、丁二酸二乙酯、辛酸、2-甲基丙酸、戊酸、2-甲基丙醇、庚醇、4-乙基愈创木酚、乙酸苯乙酯、苯丙酸和四甲基吡嗪。     

应用GC-O分析比较兼香型和浓香型白酒中的香气化合物

采用液-液萃取法（liquid-liquid extraction,LLE）提取兼香型白酒和浓香型白酒中的香气化合物,采用闻香分析（GC-O）和GC-MS分离鉴定。兼香型白酒中共鉴定出90种香气化合物,香气贡献较大的化合物是己酸乙酯、4-乙烯基愈疮木酚、己酸、3-甲基丁醇、3-甲基丁酸乙酯、4-乙基愈疮木酚、香草醛、乙酸-2-苯乙酯和丁酸。对比研究浓香型白酒主要香气化合物后认为,酯类是兼香型白酒一类重要的香气化合物,芳香族化合物、酚类化合物以及杂环化合物对兼香型白酒整体香气贡献比浓香型白酒大。     

现代风味化学技术比较低度与高度五粮液的风味特征

白酒低度化既是市场经济发展的趋势,也是消费者健康消费的选择。本研究利用现代风味化学技术(感官分析、色谱骨架成分分析和闻香分析等)评价了低度(35%vol和39%vol)五粮液的风味特征并比较了与高度五粮液(45%vol和52%vol)的差别。感官分析结果表明,低度五粮液具有色泽透明,香气优雅,酒体醇和协调,绵甜,爽净等特点,其酒体风格与高度五粮液的风格基本一致。色谱骨架成分分析表明,低度白酒在己酸乙酯等骨架成分含量上略低于高度五粮液。闻香分析结果表明,五粮液中香气强度最大的物质包括3-甲基丁醛、丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、丁酸、苯乙醛、3-甲基丁酸、己酸;低度与高度五粮液中果香类骨架物质(己酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯等)的香气强度顺序基本一致,而酸类物质和芳香族类物质在低度与高度五粮液中优势物质的排列顺序不同。本研究首次利用多种风味化学手段分析了低度五粮液的风味特征,对科学认识五粮液特殊酒体风格提供了必要的理论与数据支撑。     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Fungicides in forestry in Great Britain

In Great Britain, fungicides are used in the forest only for the control of root and stem rot, caused by Fames annosus. In forest nurseries they are erriployed on a small scale to control damping-off, grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), needle-cast of pine caused by Lophodermium pinastri, needle-cast of larch caused by Meria laricis, needle blight of Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) caused by Didymascella thujina, and oak mildew (Microsphaera alphitoides).