植物乳杆菌和棒状乳杆菌对发酵萝卜干风味品质的影响

以白萝卜为原料,经初步脱水制成半干萝卜干,分别接种植物乳杆菌L1和棒状乳杆菌L3以及混合菌种发酵萝卜干。以自然腌制发酵为对照,测定萝卜干发酵过程中的pH值和总酸的变化,并对发酵后萝卜干的质构、色差、氨基酸成分和挥发性风味物质进行分析,探讨2种乳酸菌对萝卜干发酵风味品质的影响。结果表明,接种乳酸菌发酵能加快pH值的下降和总酸的上升。混菌发酵的萝卜干总酸和游离氨基酸含量最高,分别达到0.729 g/100 g和16.01 mg/g。接种棒状乳杆菌L3的萝卜干色泽与未发酵萝卜干最为接近。接种植物乳杆菌L1的萝卜干质地、口感都最好。从4组萝卜干中共检测出挥发性风味成分61种,混菌发酵的风味物质种类虽不是最多但风味评价最好,某些特有的香气较突出。综合品质指标数据和感官评价结果,最后选用混合菌种作为发酵剂,所得产品的色泽、质地和风味俱佳,品质高于自然发酵和单一菌种发酵的萝卜干。     

乳杆菌发酵剂对酸肉挥发性风味成分的影响

分别采用植物乳杆菌、清酒乳杆菌和类植物乳杆菌作为发酵剂对酸肉发酵过程中挥发性风味成分的影响。 电子鼻分析结果表明,酸肉的整体风味随发酵时间的增加差异显著;利用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术对酸肉发 酵过程中的挥发性风味物质进行检测,结果表明,酯类物质的相对含量显著增加,且增加的主要是乙酯类物质,发 酵结束时,添加植物乳杆菌、类植物乳杆菌和清酒乳杆菌组酸肉的乙酯类物质相对含量（56%、53%和60%）均显 著高于对照组（47%）,说明乳杆菌发酵剂的添加有利于酸肉中乙酯类物质的形成;通过Heatmap聚类分析发现, 发酵结束时,添加乳杆菌发酵剂的3 组酸肉整体风味比较接近,但与对照组差异较大,说明乳杆菌发酵剂的添加影 响了酸肉的风味品质。此外,发酵过程中添加发酵剂的酸肉中乳酸菌数量增加较快,肠杆菌数量显著降低,这保证 了酸肉的食用安全性。     

发酵乳风味及其分析技术研究进展

发酵乳制品具有悠久的历史, 富含蛋白质、脂肪、糖类和矿物质等营养物质, 具有调节机体功能、预防和治疗疾病、延长寿命等保健功能功效, 此外因其具有独特的发酵风味及组织状态, 深受消费者欢迎。发酵乳风味是评估其品质的主要指标之一, 乳酸菌在发酵过程中可以生成多种风味化合物, 其中主要包括酸类、酮类、酯类、醛类, 这些化合物的种类和含量均会影响发酵乳的品质?本文主要概述了发酵乳中挥发性风味物质的组成及形成机理, 同时对发酵乳关键风味化合物的分析技术进行了总结, 为发酵乳风味及其品质提高、新产品开发及关键技术工艺升级提供理论基础与依据。     

传统食品源乳酸菌对酸面团面包风味的影响

乳酸菌在酸面团制作中扮演着重要角色,对其风味等品质有显著影响。不同种类的乳酸菌在性能上存在差异,为了选育特色酸面团用乳酸菌发酵剂,开发差异化酸面团面包,本研究对来自不同种类传统发酵食品中的乳酸菌,进行糖代谢能力、产有机酸能力及风味特征评估,并验证其对酸面团和面包风味的影响。结果显示,有6株乳酸菌具有较强的糖代谢能力和产酸性能,风味特征优良。其产生的挥发性风味物质主要包括醇类、酯类、酮类、醛类、酸类和其他类化合物。其中有2株植物乳杆菌可为酸面团面包贡献酸味、果味和酒酿味等特殊风味。这些筛选出的菌株为开发具有特征性香气成分的酸面团发酵剂提供了资源,具有工业应用潜力。     

成品发酵乳主要风味物质与风味指标的相关性研究

研究成品发酵乳在4℃、室温和37℃储存条件下主要风味物质的变化,包括羰基化合物乙醛、双乙酰以及挥发酸和酸性物质,同时考察发酵乳的风味强度和风味协调性等感官品评指标.结果显示发酵乳的主要风味化合物质量分数均呈增加趋势,且增长速度先快后慢.风味比较协调的发酵乳,其乙醛与双乙酰质量分数的比例在0.56-0.70之间.风味物质和风味评分分数的相关分析证明,发酵乳中的各风味化合物相关显著,且对发酵乳的风味强度和风味协调性均有不同程度的影响.     

酸肉发酵中挥发性风味物质的变化及对品质的影响

该文以SPME-GC-MS和模糊数学感官评价研究长时间发酵对酸肉挥发性风味物质的影响及对感官品质的变化。结果显示,不同发酵时段酸肉挥发性风味物质种类和含量处于动态变化中,发酵90 d时挥发性物质总数较高并保持稳定,主要有酯类、醛类和酸类等。结合特征性风味成分变化、剖面分析及主成分分析显示,新鲜猪肉风味主要受醛类影响;发酵30 d时,酸肉呈青草味,主要受酯类和醇类影响;发酵30～90 d,主要受酮类和酸类影响,发酵肉香成为酸肉主体风味,同时有青草味及瓜果清香等味道辅助,构成了酸肉独特的风味特征。发酵150 d左右主要受碳氢化合物、酯类、醇类和其他类影响,呈橡胶、脂肪等刺激性气味。综上,酸肉以发酵方式保藏时间不宜超过90 d,以发酵60 d左右风味品质较好。该文从风味和感官品质角度分析为传统酸肉以发酵的方式保藏提供有关风味化学的研究数据。     

植物乳杆菌基因yesN对中式发酵香肠风味的影响

目的:研究植物乳杆菌基因yesN缺失对中式发酵香肠挥发性风味、总酸、总游离氨基酸的影响。方法:采用植物乳杆菌基因yesN缺失菌株SNB制备中式发酵香肠,检测发酵香肠挥发性风味物质成分、酸度、总游离氨基酸等指标,并与自然发酵制备香肠和以野生植物乳杆菌为发酵剂制备的香肠进行对比,确定蔗糖利用缺陷植物乳杆菌菌株对中式发酵香肠风味的影响。结果显示:突变菌株在支链氨基酸降解形成的风味物质,总游离氨基酸、总可滴定酸等指标均更接近于自然发酵香肠。结论:突变菌株具有作为模型菌株应用于中式发酵香肠发酵剂筛选的潜力。     

乳制品风味研究进展

乳制品风味是影响其质量的重要因素之一。乳中含有丰富的风味物质,例如酸、糖、脂、氨基酸和蛋白质等。而且,在乳制品的加工过程中也会形成许多风味物质,例如蛋白质和脂质的分解,高温下糖类与氨基酸的反应等。与此同时,不良的风味物质主要来源于脂质的酶促和非酶促氧化,以及腐败微生物的污染。本文综述了乳制品风味物质的主要成分、造成风味失调的主要原因、风味物质的分析方法以及风味添加剂的使用进展。     

乳酸菌发酵酸豆奶中不良风味物质研究进展

随着植物基蛋白饮料在国内外的迅速发展, 酸豆奶必将进入新时代。酸豆奶是指以大豆为主要原料经过乳酸菌发酵后所得的产品, 在植物基蛋白饮料中占有重要地位, 良好的气味特征和口感特征对酸豆奶产品来说至关重要, 而豆腥味、苦涩味等不良风味的存在限制了酸豆奶的发展。酸豆奶风味物质种类繁多, 挥发性风味物质、非挥发性风味物质的成分和含量极大程度上决定了酸豆奶的感官品质。本研究就酸豆奶的发酵菌种、不良风味物质的来源、风味物质的分类和检测方法进行综述, 从发酵菌种与酸豆奶中不良风味物质的角度出发, 为解决酸豆奶在工业生产中不良风味问题提供思路。     

黄秋葵汁乳酸菌混菌发酵条件优化

为制备风味优良的乳酸发酵黄秋葵汁,研究了肠膜明串珠菌和植物乳杆菌以不同组合在发酵黄秋葵汁中的生长、产酸、感官品质以及挥发性风味成分。结果表明：植物乳杆菌单菌发酵黄秋葵汁可以在24 h内将pH值降到4.5以下,活菌数可达107 CFU/mL。肠膜明串珠菌单菌发酵黄秋葵汁无法顺利产酸。肠膜明串珠菌和植物乳杆菌以其菌液体积比2∶1混合发酵黄秋葵汁,可迅速将pH值降到4.5以下,活菌数可达108 CFU/mL,且感官品质优于植物乳杆菌单菌发酵。气相色谱-质谱联用方法分析可知,混菌发酵生成的挥发性成分比植物乳杆菌单菌发酵种类更多、含量更高。黄秋葵汁乳酸发酵最佳工艺条件为：肠膜明串珠菌和植物乳杆菌菌液以2∶1比例混合、接种量5%、发酵温度35 ℃、发酵时间72 h。     

配制型酸乳饮料的稳定性和风味研究

配制型酸乳饮料不仅营养丰富,风味酸甜可口,而且生产工艺相对简单,在市场上很有竞争力。研究配制型酸乳饮料的生产工艺,结果表明:当全脂奶粉含量为5%时,同时添加耐酸CMC0.2%和阿拉伯可尔0.1%两种稳定剂,稳定性很好,口感细腻无异味。进一步添加1.0%的变性淀粉TAX-TRA,可以增加酸乳饮料风味、厚实感明显加强、余味更足。当酸乳饮料pH为4.0时,添加10%蔗糖或6%蔗糖和0.02%安赛蜜都可以使饮料酸甜可口。     

Increasing omega fatty acid content in cow's milk through diet manipulation: Effect on milk flavor

Milk with an increased content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was obtained by incorporating fish oil into the feed of cows. The 4 feed treatments used were a control diet of 57% forage and 43% concentrate mix with EnerGII fat supplement at 1.65% of dietary DM, or EnerGII in the basal diet was partially replaced with 1) 0.21% partially ruminally inert calcium salts of 71% fish oil given at 0.41% of DM; 2) 0.41% inert calcium salts of 71% fish oil given at 0.83% of DM; or 3) 0.83% inert calcium salts of 43% fish oil given at 0.83% of DM. The cows were milked after 5 and 8 wk and the EPA, DHA, and CLA contents in the pasteurized whole milk were determined. The presence of off-flavors in the milk was investigated after 3 and 10 d of storage. Twelve judges were trained to evaluate the presence of grassy, fishy, oily, oxidized, and rancid off-flavors. Although levels of EPA, DHA, vaccenic acid, and CLA increased for all 4 treatments, a trained sensory panel detected no difference in milk flavor between treatments and the control, with little or no intensity of off-flavors. Results suggest that feeding fish oil and EnerGII at varying levels enhanced CLA, EPA, DHA, and total n-3 fatty acids in milk over the length of the experiment without negatively affecting milk flavor. This creates the potential for a more marketable and healthful product.     

Probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Probio-M8 improves the properties and organic acid metabolism of fermented goat milk

The addition of Bifidobacterium to goat milk has dual effects on health, for which various inherent nutrients of goat milk are retained and live probiotics are provided. We explored the effect of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Probio-M8 (Probio-M8) on fermentation characteristics, formation of organic acid, sensory properties, and storage characteristics of fermented goat milk (with added 4.0% sucrose). Addition of Probio-M8 decreased the fermentation time and significantly increased the content of functional organic acids, such as acetic acid, and functional long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. Furthermore, the contents of medium-chain and short-chain fatty acids, which are related to “goaty” flavor, were significantly lower in the Probio-M8 treatment compared with the control. The number of living Probio-M8 decreased from 8.27 log cfu/mL (1.80 × 10⁸ cfu/mL) to 7.94 log cfu/mL (0.79 × 10⁸ cfu/mL) after 28 d of storage. Titratable acidity and pH value did not differ between the control group and experimental group (containing Probio-M8). Sensory evaluation indicated a lower goaty flavor and odor in the Probio-M8 fermented milk. Our results suggest that the addition of the probiotic Probio-M8 could improve the sensory, physicochemical, and functional properties of fermented goat milk.     

Differences in particle characteristics and oxidized flavor as affected by heat-related processes of milk powder

Understanding the formation of oxidized flavor will be highly useful in the improvement of milk powder quality. Effects of preheating, concentration and spray-drying on the particle characteristics and the oxidized flavor stability of milk powder were investigated. The surface composition and free radicals were analyzed using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron spin resonance spectrometry, respectively. The concentrations of selected oxidized volatiles hexanal and 2-heptanone were determined using solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Levels of hexanal and 2-heptanone in fresh milk powder were higher than those in raw milk and heated milk, which drastically increased with increasing time of storage. Differences in the morphological observations, free fat, and surface composition of fresh milk powder were found among different heat-related processes. During storage, a radical (g value, a characteristic constant whose value serves to identify any given free radical, was 2.0054) was detected in milk powder. The specific population of the radical increased from 2.99 × 10⁷ at 3 mo to 1.23 × 10⁸ at 6 mo of storage. Addition of ascorbic acid in milk powder changed the type of radicals and reduced the oxidation off-flavor. According to the Pearson correlations, not the surface compositions but the morphological characteristics of milk powder particles should be considered in maintaining the stability of oxidized flavor in storage.     

乳酸菌与酵母菌对牦牛酸乳品质形成的影响

为明确乳酸菌和酵母菌在牦牛酸乳品质形成中发挥的作用,以牦牛乳粉为原料、牦牛酸乳为发酵剂发酵酸乳,在发酵过程中分别抑制乳酸菌和酵母菌的活性,测定并比较正常发酵、抑制乳酸菌发酵、抑制酵母菌发酵酸乳的风味、口感、质构等相关指标。结果表明,乳酸菌和酵母菌对牦牛酸乳品质形成均起到关键作用,乳酸菌对酸乳酸度、质构、氨基酸态氮、有机酸、V_(B1)及酮类和酸类风味物质的贡献较大,酵母菌对乙醇、V_(B2)及醇类和酯类风味物质的贡献较大。     

酶解对霉菌发酵乳风味的影响

以霉菌发酵乳为原料，以游离脂肪酸含量和游离氨基酸含量为检测指标，研究脂肪酶和蛋白酶的酶添加量、酶解温度、酶解时间3个因素对发酵乳风味的影响。结果表明，最优酶解条件为脂肪酶添加量1.5%，酶解温度45 ℃，酶解时间5 h，在此条件下游离脂肪酸含量为8.17%；蛋白酶添加量0.15%，酶解温度55 ℃，酶解时间5.5 h，在此条件下，游离氨基酸含量为0.41%。说明酶解可有效增加霉菌发酵乳风味物质，为进一步增强牛乳风味的研究与应用提供了基础。     

Effect of antioxidant (alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid) fortification on light-induced flavor of milk

The effectiveness of added antioxidants against oxidation off-flavor development in light-exposed milk was evaluated using sensory and chemical analysis. Sensory testing for similarity showed no perceivable difference between control milk and milk with added (1) 0.05% alpha-tocopherol (TOC) and (2) 0.025% alpha-tocopherol and 0.025% ascorbic acid (TOC/ASC), but did demonstrate a perceivable difference when adding (3) 0.05% ascorbic acid (ASC) alone. Subsequently, sensory testing for difference showed a significant difference in oxidation off-flavor between light-exposed control milk and light-exposed milk with added TOC/ASC, whereas milk fortified with TOC was not different from control. Gas chromatography-olfactometry showed that more aroma-active flavor compounds were observed in light-exposed milk treated with TOC and TOC/ASC than light-exposed milk with no added antioxidants. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) test verified chemically the extent of oxidation in control and antioxidant-treated milk samples. Milk that was exposed to light for 10 h showed a significantly higher TBARS value (0.92 +/- 0.09 mg/kg) than milk that was protected from light (0.59 +/- 0.184 mg/kg), or milk that was treated with TOC/ASC (0.26 +/- 0.092 mg/kg). Direct addition of low levels of antioxidants (TOC/ASC) to milk protected its flavor over 10 h of light exposed storage.     

Flavor and stability of pasteurized milk with elevated levels of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid

The objectives of this study were to determine if flavor differences between 2% fat pasteurized milks with and without naturally enhanced vaccenic acid (VA) and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) levels could be detected over the commercial shelf life of the product and to determine if milk with elevated VA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA levels was more susceptible to development of light-induced oxidative flavor defects. Cows were fed a control diet or the same ration supplemented with 2% soybean oil and 1% fish oil (CLA diet). The milk, standardized to 2% fat, was pasteurized, homogenized, and stored in plastic containers at 4 degrees C. Oxidation was induced by exposing half of the containers to light. Testing was conducted at 1, 7, and 14 d postpasteurization. Average cis-9, trans-11 CLA content of the milks from the control and CLA diet groups was 0.52 and 4.74 g/100 g of fatty acids, respectively (8-fold increase). Average VA content of the milk from the control and CLA diet groups was 1.43 and 12.06 g/100 g of fatty acids, respectively (7.5-fold increase). Together, VA plus CLA represented almost 17% of the total milk fatty acids. There was no effect of light exposure on fatty acid composition initially or over the 14-d storage period. Although VA, cis-9, trans-11 CLA, and degree of unsaturation were significantly elevated in the milk from the CLA diet group, untrained panelists were unable to detect flavor differences initially or over time in 15 of 16 triangle test evaluations. Similarly, sensory results indicated no difference in susceptibility to the development of oxidized off-flavors between the milk from the control and CLA diet groups, even when oxidation was induced by light exposure.