关于影响面条食用品质相关因素的探讨

从小麦生产概况、面条发展历史和工艺、国内外对面条食用品质的研究三个方面,分析了我国面条工业发展缓慢的原因,提出了小麦育种-面粉工业-食品工业,三个环节紧密配合,协调发展,形成良性循环的新思路.     

我国传统食品面条研究进展

从小麦生产、小麦蛋白质、面粉特性对面条品质的影响,分析了我国面条工业发展缓慢的原因,提出了小麦育种-面粉工业-制面工业3个环节紧密配合,协调发展,才能形成良性循环的新思路。     

国产优质面条小麦品种筛选与品质研究

为了筛选出国产优质面条小麦品种,通过对种植在不同年份同一地块的不同小麦品种进行了RVA糊化特性的研究,经过多批次的品质分析及制面品质研究,筛选出了郑农16、豫麦47、温麦6号等3个国产优质面条小麦品种.其淀粉品质优良,制作出的面条品质较好,超过了我国优质面条小麦品种935031.     

普通小麦面条品质性状的标记-LMW-GS和醇溶蛋白组成

采用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)和SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE),分析了30个山东省种植面积较大且具有部分代表性的普通小麦品种的低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(LMW-GS)和醇溶蛋白组成,测定了30个品种的蛋白质含量、沉淀值、面团形成时间、稳定性、粉质评价值、最大拉伸阻力和拉伸曲线面积等面粉或面团主要品质性状,分析了低分子量谷蛋白亚基和醇溶蛋白组成与面条小麦品质性状的关系.结果表明,拥有LMW-2/γ-45组合的小麦品种,其面条小麦品质性状明显优于含LMW-1和γ-42组合的小麦品种,可作为面条小麦品种筛选的生化指标,这为进一步发现新的优质种质资源提供了新的途径.为小麦品质育种提供了重要参考.     

利用色彩色差仪评价面条色泽的研究

面条色泽是面条品质评价的重要指标.研究收集了全国222个小麦样品,通过面条制作、面条色泽感官评价,面片色泽测定和小麦粉色泽测定,研究了色彩色差仪在面条品质色泽评价中的应用.建立7个多元回归方程,利用色彩色差计代替感官评价中的色泽评分,考虑到测试操作的简便性和方程预测的效果,方程:色泽y=2.176+0.278×L(煮)-1.515×a(煮)-0.07×b(煮)可直接评价面条色泽.     

小麦粉理化特性与面条评分相关性的研究

收集了全国222个小麦样品,研究小麦粉的RVA快速黏度测定仪参数、降落数值、面筋含量和指数、沉降值等与面条感官评分的相关性。相关性统计分析结果表明:RVA快速黏度仪参数和降落数值与面条感官评价显著相关。对数据进行通径分析,研究各指标对面条总分评价的直接和间接影响。根据所测数据建立多元线性回归方程,面条评价总分y=53.855 80+5.322 09X1-0.120 06X2-0.009 11X3+0.003 93X4,其中X1为峰值时间,X2为面筋含量,X3为回生值,X4为最低黏度,表明淀粉性状特征指标和面筋含量均对面条评分有显著贡献。     

主成分分析法综合评价面条品质

对29个中国北方的推广小麦品种制作的干白面条14个品质指标进行了全面测定,采用主成分分析法提取5个主成分指标构建数学评价模型,综合评价面条的各种品质,优选出了泰山23、洛展1号、豫农949、太空6号等优质的面条专用小麦品种.     

面条及馒头专用粉的品质要求及小麦品种筛选研究

对目前在河南广泛种植的１０个小麦品种及其面粉品质和制成品馒头及面条的食用品质进行了全面的分析评价,提出了生产馒头专用粉、面条专用粉更为全面的质量指标,筛选了适合于生产馒头专用粉、面条专用粉的小麦品种,为小麦育种及专用粉的生产提供了理论依据。     

利用RILs群体分析小麦粉品质性状与面条品质的关系

利用132个小麦重组自交系群体（RILs）,测定了不同群体小麦面粉蛋白质性状、面条感官品质和面条质构特性,研究了品质性状与面条品质的相关关系,在此基础上,用逐步回归法筛选了影响面条感官品质和质构特性的关键因素,对影响面条品质的所有性状做了通径分析。结果表明,面筋指数、吸水率和干湿面筋含量是影响面条感官总评分的关键性状,     

小麦次粉在面条中的应用探索

小麦次粉营养价值高,在食品中具有重要应用价值。关于小麦次粉对面粉的粉质、面条感官品质和面条蒸煮品质的影响进行探索。实验结果表明,小麦次粉降低了面粉的粉质指数,对面条感官品质具有恶化作用,但能够提高面条的蒸煮品质。小麦次粉对面条营养价值贡献较大,能够增加面条吸水率和出品率,提高面条商业价值。通过添加面条改良剂、减小小麦次粉的粒度可以降低小麦次粉对面条的负面影响。     

提升我国米粉产业现代化生产水平的可行性分析

我国米粉产业发展迅速,在品种、数量、生产技术和设备的研究开发方面均取得了可喜成绩。然而,米粉现代化生产水平与面条类产业相比仍然差距很大。本文论述了我国米粉产业生产的现状,并结合生产实际,针对原料供应、米粉生产技术与设备等方面的困难,以科技创新的思路提出实际可行的解决办法,以期为提升我国米粉现代化生产水平提供借鉴。     

谷蛋白溶涨指数与面制食品质量控制

选用27个中国小麦样品，研究了谷蛋白溶涨指数对于评价中国白盐面条品质评价的适用性。谷蛋白溶涨指数与面带长度呈极显著负相关，与面带厚度呈极显著正相关。谷蛋白溶涨指数各时间(0min，5min，20min)与面条最佳煮面时间、鲜面条最大拉伸阻力、拉伸能量、拉伸长度均呈极显著正相关(除SIGO与最佳煮面时间呈显著正相关)；谷蛋白溶涨指数与可溶性谷蛋白、不溶性谷蛋白含量、面筋指数及蛋白质含量呈极显著正相关；谷蛋白溶涨指数与煮后面条表面韧性呈显著或极显著负相关，与剪切韧性呈显著正相关。谷蛋白溶涨指数可以作为一种品质指标控制面制食品的质量。     

小米粉含量对小米小麦混合粉及其挂面品质特性的影响研究

将小米粉按照10%~80%的比例添加到小麦粉中,对小米小麦混合粉的粉质特性和糊化特性进行了分析,同时对由混合粉制作成的挂面的品质特性进行了分析研究。结果表明:1)随着小米粉添加量的增加,小米小麦混合粉的峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、回生值、衰减值和峰值时间都在降低,形成时间、稳定时间、粉质指数都是先降低再升高。2)挂面蒸煮损失率不断升高,干物质吸水率不断下降。小米添加量≤30%时,挂面品质比较好,添加量≤60%时,品质尚可,添加量60%时,挂面品质下降比较大。3)小米粉的添加量、小米小麦混合粉的RVA特性、粉质特性与混合粉挂面的蒸煮品质特性有非常高的相关性。     

复合改良剂对面条品质的影响

面条是我国人民的传统主食,它在人们日常生活中占有重要地位。随着现代生活水平的不断提高,人们不仅对面条的外观品质和营养价值有了较高要求,而且对面条的内在品质如弹性和韧性等性能的要求也越来越高。由于地区差异等原因,我国通用小麦粉蛋白质含量较低,质量较差,制出的面条普遍存在不耐煮,易糊汤,口感发粘,咬劲差等不足。因此,我们在研究改进制面工艺的同时,有必要对面条品质改良剂进行深入研究。国内制面业目前采用的面条改良剂主要有复合碱,复合磷酸盐、增稠剂、乳化剂、变性淀粉、食盐及谷朊粉等,添加方式多为自行搭配。由于多数厂家仅对单一品种添加剂的性能有所了解,使用上存在很大盲目性,往往达不到产品要求,产品成本也增加较大。本文采用复合磷酸盐、硬脂酰乳酸钠、谷朊粉、谷氨酰胺转胺酶进行试验,研制复合型面条改良剂配方。     

木薯全粉面条配方的优化

以华南9号木薯全粉替代小麦面粉为原料,辅以谷朊粉、黄原胶、乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯等改良剂制备木薯全粉面条,通过单因素和正交实验优化木薯全粉面条配方,考察指标包括感官评价、断条率及蒸煮损失率。确定木薯全粉面条的最佳配方为:谷朊粉用量6%(g/100 g木薯全粉),黄原胶用量1.5%,乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯用量9%,食盐用量1%,热水(95±2) ℃用量为56%(g/100 g总原料粉)。用最佳配方制作面条,氢氰酸未检出,食用安全;熟断条率为0%,蒸煮损失率为7.8%,均符合挂面行业标准(LS/T 3212-2014)指标要求,表明使用木薯全粉制作面条技术是可行的。     

Quantitative assessment of protein fractions of Chinese wheat flours and their contribution to white salted noodle quality

Protein quantity and quality play a significant contribution to white salted noodle processing. The objective of this study was to determine the contribution of different protein fractions to 25 Chinese varieties on wheat based noodle quality. The results showed: the average ratio of monomeric protein, soluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin in Chinese Huanghuai winter wheat was 3.7:1.0:1.8. Compared with Canadian wheat varieties, the ratio was 4.4:1.0:2.0. The monomeric protein and insoluble glutenin were lower in the Chinese varieties, the soluble glutenin content was higher; while the dough character was lower than Canadian hard wheat, but most Chinese wheat can make good quality noodles. This may be the defining difference between noodle wheat and bread wheat. The monomeric protein content was significant positive correlated with fresh noodle maximum resistance, and high significant positive with extension distance and area. The soluble and insoluble glutenin were mainly responsible in fresh noodle maximum resistance, extension distance and using a texture analyzer, but were high negative correlated with fresh noodle sheet length (Table 2). For cooked noodles, the soluble glutenin content demonstrated a high significant positive relationship to cutting firmness, and a significant negative correlation to cooking loss. The insoluble glutenin content was high significant positive correlated with cooked noodle thickness, hardness and cutting firmness (Table 3). The results suggested that the monomeric protein is less important than that of the glutenin for fresh noodle resistance. The soluble glutenin content is the most important property for noodle wheat, and soluble glutenin content can be used in the early generations to identity Chinese noodle wheat.     

糯小麦粉配粉对小麦加工品质的影响(Ⅱ)对面条品质影响的研究

利用1种糯小麦粉与2种非糯小麦粉配粉,研究其对配粉面条品质的影响。结果表明:糯小麦粉对面条感官评价中的色泽、食味影响较小,而对面条表观状态、韧性、黏性和光滑性影响较大。糯小麦粉的添加使得面条韧性降低,一定比例的添加有利于黏性和光滑性的改善,25%的糯小麦粉与非糯小麦粉配粉使得面条总评分最高。面条TPA测试中,糯小麦粉的添加使得面条硬度值、胶着性和咀嚼性随着配比的增加而降低,黏附性、黏聚性和回复性随着配比的增加而上升;糯小麦粉的添加还使得面条的剪切应力降低,一定比例的糯小麦配粉有利于面条延伸性的改善。     

面粉糊化特性与鲜湿及煮后面条质构特性关系

为了研究小麦面粉糊化特性对于面条加工品质和食用品质的影响，选用了黄淮冬麦区（陕西省、河南省）的25个主栽小麦品种及2个专用面粉（新疆拉争子粉、日本乌东专用粉）为材料，研究了面粉糊化特性与鲜面条加工特性（面条长度、面条厚度、鲜面条最大拉伸阻力、拉伸长度和拉伸能量）、面条煮后品质（TPA测试、表面韧性、剪切韧性和压缩特性）的关系。研究结果认为对于鲜面条加工而言，低谷粘度、最终粘度、回生值、破损值、峰值时间和峰值温度贡献较大；对于煮后面条质构而言，最终粘度、回生值、破损值、峰值时间和峰值温度更为重要。总之，小麦品种的最终粘度、回生值、破损值对于面条加工和食用品质影响很大。     

Identification of characteristic starch properties of wheat varieties used to commercially produce dried noodles

The starch physicochemical properties of wheat varieties used to commercially produce dried noodles were studied. Scanning electron microscopy and laser microparticle size analyser were used to observe the starch particles; the polymorphism of the waxy (Wx) protein of each wheat variety was also studied. The correlation analysis among commonalities of the starch physicochemical properties and noodle textural properties was performed. Results indicated that the amylose contents of the noodle wheat varieties ranged from 17.8% to 21.7%. There was a significant, positive correlation between the thermodynamic temperature of starch and the volume distribution of particle size. The correlation between the volume distribution of B-type starch granules and noodle springiness was significant, which means that volume distribution of starch particle size could be used as one of the indicators to evaluate the springiness of noodles. Molecular polymorphism identification of Wx protein was also useful to select desirable noodle wheat variety. The results of this study provide useful information for wheat breeding works and wheat variety selection of noodle-making company.     

Multilevel Structure of Wheat Starch and Its Relationship to Noodle Eating Qualities

Although the processing and eating qualities of noodles are largely related to the quality and quantity of wheat protein (gluten), the importance of starch, a major ingredient of wheat flour, is often overlooked. Recent developments on the multilevel structural model of starch have brought new insights into the role of starch for better processing and noodle eating qualities. With critical analysis and discussion, this review outlines the comprehensive relationships between the multilevel (molecular, crystalline, and granular) starch structure, noodle eating qualities, and related physicochemical properties. Further, the major and minor structural features of wheat starch and their contributions toward noodle quality are summarized and presented as a schematic diagram, which shows the effects of starch structure on cooked noodles. These features provide new insights for the scientific community, as well as industry, into the role of starch, along with gluten, on the quality of noodles.