壳聚糖成膜溶液的相关性质及其膜的热稳定性研究

主要探讨壳聚糖溶液在成膜过程中相关性质的变化和成膜后性质的研究。以两种脱乙酰度（DD）的壳聚糖和山梨醇作为研究对象,用乙酸配制溶液,分析不同浓度的基质对溶液pH和电导率的影响。其次,对壳聚糖形成的膜用扫描电镜（SEM）观察表面和断面的微观结构,用差示扫描量热仪（DSC）对壳聚糖成膜前后的热力学特性进行测试。结果表明,在壳聚糖溶液体系中,主要是山梨醇、乙酸和壳聚糖的各种离子结合形成粘稠的溶液。山梨醇与两种脱乙酰度的壳聚糖均有很好的相容性,能够形成均匀、连续的膜。壳聚糖成膜后吸热峰的温度升高而放热峰的温度降低,吸热和放热的热焓值均降低。     

壳聚糖的膜性质及其在果蔬保鲜方面的应用研究进展

综述了壳聚糖的成膜性及其在食品保鲜方面的应用研究进展,讨论了壳聚糖的结构包括分子量、脱乙酰化度以及衍生化反应与交联反应对膜性质的影响.壳聚糖膜的组分包括酸的种类和浓度、增塑剂的种类和浓度与其他高分子材料复合等对膜性质的影响.介绍了壳聚糖对果蔬的涂膜保鲜效果.本文对开发壳聚糖在果蔬防腐保鲜方面的应用具有理论指导意义.     

壳聚糖的成膜性及其工业应用进展

综述了壳聚糖的结构及成膜材料的组成与膜性质的关系，简要讨论了壳聚糖的脱乙酰化度、交联度与相对分子量的大小等内在结构因素，以及成膜时的pH、增塑剂的类型和浓度、其它高分子材料与膜的存放时间等外界成膜条件对壳聚糖膜的通透性、柔顺性、抗拉强度等性质的影响。介绍了天然壳聚糖资源及壳聚糖膜在食品保鲜、医疗及膜分离等方面的应用进展，从而展示其研究开发的广阔前景。     

壳聚糖溶液的流变学性质及应用研究

对壳聚糖稀溶液的流变学性质进行了研究,探讨了分子量和脱乙酰度结构参数以及温度、浓度、剪切速率、pH、离子强度等环境因素对壳聚糖稀溶液流变性质的影响。结果表明:壳聚糖溶液的黏度随分子量的增大而增大;随着脱乙酰度的增大和pH的增大,壳聚糖溶液的黏度先减小后增大,分别在脱乙酰度70.8%和pH4.9时黏度达到最小;离子强度的增大导致壳聚糖溶液的黏度降低。壳聚糖溶液是剪切变稀的假塑性流体,其黏度随浓度的增加逐渐增加,随温度的升高而减小,在0~80℃范围内,温度对壳聚糖溶液的黏度的影响符合Arrhenius模型,活化能为32.60kJ/mol。因此当作为食品增稠剂时,应该选用高分子量、高脱乙酰度的壳聚糖,添加到酸性低盐食品体系中。     

脱乙酰度、pH和离子强度对壳聚糖溶液流变性质的影响

本文对壳聚糖稀溶液的流变学性质进行了研究,重点探讨了脱乙酰度、pH值和离子强度对壳聚糖稀溶液的流变学性质的影响。结果表明:随着脱乙酰度的增大和pH值的增大,壳聚糖溶液的黏度先减小后增大,分别在脱乙酰度70.8%和pH 4.9时黏度达到最小;离子强度的增大导致壳聚糖溶液的黏度降低。黏度的变化与壳聚糖溶液的带电情况有直接关系,随着脱乙酰度的增大,壳聚糖溶液的Zeta电位和电导率一直在增大;随着溶液pH值的升高,溶液的Zeta电位在降低;而随着溶液离子强度和pH值的增加,溶液的电导率在增加。     

壳聚糖脱乙酰度及其热焓性质研究

研究了离子交换层析色谱分离壳聚糖，分离出不同脱乙酰度的壳聚糖组分，测定了各组分以及未分离的壳聚糖的脱乙酰度和壳聚糖样品的热焓性质，并对壳聚糖溶液浓度与粘度的关系进行了研究。     

生物可降解包装膜

以明胶和壳聚糖作为成膜介质 ,探讨了交联剂质量浓度、pH、增塑剂质量浓度、成膜温度、成膜材料质量浓度等对膜的抗拉强度、穿刺强度和水溶性的影响 ,得到了具有良好抗水抗油能力并具有一定强度的明胶膜和壳聚糖膜 .     

废铬革屑胶原蛋白与壳聚糖复合成膜的研究(续)

从废弃蓝皮屑中提取出胶原蛋白,对甲壳素脱乙酰制备壳聚糖,然后将两者与甘油共混制成复合膜,并对膜的机械性能、透水气率、吸水率进行了测定。试验研究了胶原蛋白分子质量、甘油用量、胶原蛋白与壳聚糖质量比、成膜溶液pH值及成膜温度对膜性能的影响。试验结果表明:甘油用量的质量浓度(相对于成膜溶液的总体积) 0 0 2 0kg/L ,胶原蛋白与壳聚糖质量比为0 1 6,成膜溶液pH值为3 81 ,成膜温度为5 0℃时,复合膜的抗拉强度和延伸率均为最大,分别为8 1 4MPa和5 1 6%。     

废铬革屑胶原蛋白与壳聚糖复合成膜的研究

从废弃蓝革屑中提取出胶原蛋白,对甲壳素脱乙酰制备壳聚糖,然后将两者与甘油共混制成复合膜,并对膜的机械性能、透水气率、吸水率进行了测定。试验研究了胶原蛋白分子质量、甘油用量、胶原蛋白与壳聚糖质量比、成膜溶液pH值及成膜温度对膜性能的影响。试验结果表明:甘油用量的质量浓度(相对于成膜溶液的总体积) 0 . 0 2 0kg/L ,胶原蛋白与壳聚糖质量比为0. 1 6,成膜溶液pH值为3 81 ,成膜温度为5 0℃时,复合膜的抗拉强度和延伸率均为最大,分别为8. 1 4MPa和5. 1 6%。     

双突跃电位滴定法测定壳聚糖脱乙酰度的影响因素

研究了双突跃电位滴定法测定壳聚糖脱乙酰度的准确性以及壳聚糖溶液质量浓度、粘度、不同脱乙酰度等因素对滴定终点测定结果的影响.结果表明:壳聚糖样品质量浓度控制在2～6g/L,利用双突跃电位滴定法可以测定壳聚糖的脱乙酰度,不同样品脱乙酰度测定结果RSD(相对标准偏差)小于0.61%(n=3),该方法具有较高地准确性,可以用于壳聚糖生产和加工过程中的质量控制与检测.     

胶原蛋白与壳聚糖复合膜的机械性能

以鮰鱼皮胶原蛋白与壳聚糖为原料制备可食用复合膜。通过正交试验考察胶原蛋白与壳聚糖的质量比、增塑剂种类及添加量、热处理温度及时间等工艺参数对可食用复合膜性能的影响。结果表明：胶原蛋白与壳聚糖质量比和热处理温度对拉伸强度影响较大;甘油添加量对复合膜断裂伸长率影响显著,而热处理时间对复合膜断裂伸长率有较小的影响。最佳机械性能复合膜制备工艺为：胶原蛋白与壳聚糖质量比为6∶4,甘油添加量（以总溶质计）20%、热处理温度为70 ℃、热处理时间为30 min。在此条件下,得到的复合膜表面光滑无气泡,拉伸强度为（21.98±0.33）MPa,断裂伸长率为（127.35±3.03）%。     

Chitosan Film Mechanical and Permeation Properties as Affected by Acid, Plasticizer, and Storage

The effects of acid (acetic, formic, lactic, propionic) concentrations, plasticizer concentrations, and storage time (up to 9 wk) on mechanical properties, water vapor permeability, and oxygen permeability of solution-cast chitosan films were determined. Measured water vapor permeability coefficients ranged from 5.35 to 13.20 × 10^?1 g/m·day·atm. Oxygen permeated coefficients ranged from 0.08 to 31.67 × 10^?3 cc O₂ m·day·atm. Neither property was affected by storage time. Tensile strength (6.85–31.88 Mpa) also was not time dependent, but elongation (14–70%) decreased with storage time. Lactic acid solutions produced the lowest oxygen permeability values, formic acid the highest. Films formed with 7.5% lactic acid solutions had uniquely high values for elongation at break.     

Properties of Chitosan Films as a Function of pH and Solvent Type

ABSTRACT: Two different deacetylated chitosans were dissolved in formic, acetic, lactic, or propionic acid to prepare chitosan films. The pH values of the film-forming solutions were adjusted to 3, 4, and 5. Water vapor permeability (WVP), tensile strength (TS), elongation (E), and total soluble matter (TSM) were significantly ( P < 0.05) affected by acid type, pH, and degree of deacetylation (DA). Low DA (LDA) chitosan films had lower WVP and TSM, higher TS compared with high DA (HDA) chitosan films. The E values were not affected by DA. As pH increased, WVP and TSM of chitosan films tended to increase while TS decreased significantly ( P < 0.05). Chitosan films with acetic and propionic acid solvents had low WVP and TSM and high TS, while films with lactic acid solvent had high E and TSM and the lowest TS. Fourier-transform infrared showed peak shifting in the spectra with different solvents and at different pH values. Chitosan films with lactic acid solvent showed a peak shift to a lower frequency range. The NH₃⁺ band was absent in the pH 5.0 chitosan film spectra.     

抗菌性玉米醇溶蛋白/壳聚糖复合膜的制备与性质

采用分步法,先配制壳聚糖/醋酸/乙醇溶液体系,再向其中加入玉米醇溶蛋白,最后利用流延法制成玉米醇溶蛋白/壳聚糖(zein/chitosan,Z/C)复合膜,探讨壳聚糖质量分数对Z/C复合膜理化性质与抗菌特性的影响。结果表明:在壳聚糖质量分数为2%~8%范围内,混合溶液的黏度和电导率随壳聚糖质量分数变化成阶梯状变化,且壳聚糖的添加对复合膜性质有显著影响,Z/C复合膜的断后伸长率从1.00%提高到6.67%,接触角从65.97°减小到53.61°,水蒸气透过率从5.23 g·m/(m2·h·Pa)提高到9.16 g·m/(m2·h·Pa);扫描电子显微镜观察,复合后薄膜保持光滑、均一;大肠杆菌抑菌实验表明添加壳聚糖使复合膜具有较强的抗菌特性。     

壳聚糖涂膜包装对鲜切莴苣保鲜效果的研究

以壳聚糖为成膜剂,4%的柠檬酸为溶剂配制成壳聚糖成膜液,再加入硬脂酸为增塑剂,同时加入抗坏血酸等添加剂,用浸渍的方法在鲜切莴苣表面形成壳聚糖膜,然后使其在0～4℃环境下保存5天,通过测定莴苣的硬度、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性、褐变强度(BD)、叶绿素的含量等指标进行保鲜效果分析。研究表明:用2%壳聚糖涂膜对鲜切莴苣具有良好的保鲜效果。     

Effect of Molecular Weight,Acid, and Plasticizer on the Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of β‐Chitosan Based Films

Abstract: Effects of chitosan molecular weight (1815 and 366 kDa), type of acid (1% acetic, formic, and propionic acid, or 0.5% lactic acid) and plasticizer (0, 25% glycerol or sorbital w/w chitosan) on the mechanical, water barrier, and antibacterial properties of β‐chitosan films were investigated. Tensile strength (TS) of high molecular weight (Hw) films was 53% higher than that of low molecular weight (Lw) ones, acetate, and propionate films had the highest TS (43 and 40 MPa) among tested acids, and plasticizer‐reduced film TS 34%. Film elongation at break (EL) was higher in Hw films than in Lw ones, in which formate and acetate films were the highest (9% and 8%, respectively), and plasticizer increased the film EL 128%. Molecular weight of chitosan did not influence water vapor permeability (WVP) of the films. Acetate and propionate films had lower WVP than other acid types of films, and plasticizer increased film WVP about 35%. No difference was found between glycerol and sorbitol films in terms of film mechanical and water barrier properties. Lw β‐chitosan films showed significant antibacterial activity against E. coli and L. innocua. This study demonstrated that β‐chitosan films are compatible to α‐chitosan films in physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity, yet with simple sample preparation. Practical Application: β‐chitosan based edible films at molecular weight of about 300 kDa showed great antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. The films have similar mechanical and water barrier properties to α‐chitosan based films at the similar molecular weight, but simple sample preparation procedures and more attractive color. The release of active chitosan fragment from the film matrix acts as an antibacterial agent, making β‐chitosan films suitable as intelligent food wraps or coatings for a wide range of food products to control moisture loss and prevent surface bacterial growth.     

Preparation and characterization of pullulan–chitosan and pullulan–carboxymethyl chitosan blended films

The characteristics of pullulan–chitosan and pullulan–carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCH) blended films were investigated. The viscosity of the film-forming solutions, mechanical properties, barrier properties (water and oxygen), water solubility, and color are reported. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were used to study the interactions and compatibility between the polysaccharides. The addition of the chitosan or CMCH to pullulan effectively modified the mechanical and oxygen barrier property of the film. The improvements in the film properties have been related to strong interactions between chitosan/CMCH and pullulan polymers, which were observed with FTIR spectroscopy. The ratio of pullulan and chitosan to achieve films with optimum mechanical properties, oxygen and water barrier properties was identified to be 1:1. Increased concentrations of chitosan lead to the formation of inter-molecular hydrogen bonds rather than the intra-molecular hydrogen bonds which were suggested from XRD measurements.     

Sorption Behavior of Crawfish Chitosan Films as Affected by Chitosan Extraction Processes and Solvent Types

Effects of chitosan extraction processes and solvent types on sorption behavior of unplasticized crawfish chitosan films were investigated. Four different chitosans prepared from crawfish shell were dissolved in 1% v/v acetic, formic, lactic, or malic acids at 1% w/v concentration. Chitosans dissolved in acetic or formic acid formed flexible and transparent films that are desirable for packaging applications. Chitosan acetate films maintained lower moisture contents at any relative humidity level compared with chitosan formate films. The type of chitosan significantly influenced the sorption isotherms of chitosan formate films but not chitosan acetate films. The Guggenheim‐Anderson‐de Boer, Oswin, and Caurie models (R²= 0.98, 0.95, and 0.95, respectively) could be used to predict sorption behavior of crawfish chitosan acetate and formate films.     

响应面分析法优化微生物溶菌酶微胶囊制备工艺

以海藻酸钠、壳聚糖为壁材,采用响应面法试验对微生物溶菌酶微胶囊制备条件进行优化。选取7 种因素进行Plackett-Burman筛选,得出海藻酸钠质量浓度、壳聚糖质量浓度及醋酸质量浓度是影响包埋率的3 个主要因素。进一步进行最陡爬坡试验逼近中心区域。最后,通过Box-Behnken试验建立回归方程,获得主因素的最佳水平,即质量浓度分别为：海藻酸钠2.00 g/100 mL、壳聚糖0.35 g/100 mL、醋酸0.33 g/100 mL,预测微生物溶菌酶最高包埋率为94.635%,经实验验证后所得的包埋率为92.10%。