水产品中组胺控制降解技术研究概述

组胺是鱼体中游离组氨酸,在组胺酸脱羧酶催化下,发生脱羧反应而形成的一种胺类.为了更好地让消费者、水产品生产者了解组胺,本文重点介绍了水产品中组胺的控制及降解技术,揭示了组胺控制的最新理论成果,为提高低值鱼类安全生产及精深加工产业整体技术水平产生积极的意义.     

鲭鱼品质评价及品质变化与组胺含量研究进展

海水鱼类的新鲜度体现了鱼肉的可食用价值,海水鱼中的青皮红肉鱼类含有较高的组氨酸,会因保存不当导致体内组胺含量升高,对消费者健康产生危害。组胺是一种食源性化学危害,易导致过敏人群产生中毒现象。组胺中毒又称为鲭鱼中毒,是组胺引起毛细血管扩张和支气管收缩所致,研究表明鲭科鱼类的组氨酸含量高,组氨酸会在产组胺微生物的组氨酸脱羧酶的作用下产生组胺,判定组胺中毒的最有效的方法是检测鲭鱼体内的组胺含量,低水平的组胺并不会对人体产生危害,组胺摄入量过多会对人体产生危害,组胺已成为评价鲭鱼品质的标准之一。本文主要对鲭鱼品质的感官评定和理化评定(组胺、K值、挥发性盐基氮等)方式进行综述,并对组胺产生的影响因素如微生物、温度、鱼的种类等进行综述,为鲭鱼品质鉴定和组胺含量的控制提供依据。     

水产品中组胺产生机制及影响因素研究概述

组胺是鱼体中游离组氨酸,在组胺酸脱羧酶催化下,发生脱羧反应而形成的一种胺类。组胺通过与细胞膜上的两类受体(H1和H2)作用而发挥毒性。为了更好地让消费者、生产者了解组胺,本文重点阐述了水产品中组胺的产生机制及水产品中组按生成的影响因素,为从事水产品的生产者、经营者、消费者以及相关行业工作者提供理论基础。     

进出口食品中组胺的ELISA快速测定

本文建立了一种进出口食品中组胺的酶联免疫快速测定方法。针对目前国内市场常见的Abraxis、r-Biopharm和Neogen三种试剂盒,进行比较选择最优试剂盒,并对酶联免疫分析定量检测组胺残留试剂盒进行选择性(交叉反应)测试、特异性与检测限测试以及对进出口食品样品组胺的回收率和精密度测试。结果显示,选择r-Biopharm试剂盒来检测样品中的组胺准确性较好,其对N-酰基-组胺交叉性为100%,对N-甲基-组胺、5-羟基吲哚乙酸、咪唑乙酸、L-组氨酸、N-甲基咪唑乙酸及血清素等组胺类似物交叉反应都小于1%,进出口食品中红葡萄酒的检测限(LOD)为250μg/kg,牛奶的LOD为100μg/kg,奶酪的LOD为2.5 mg/kg,鱼粉的LOD为100 mg/kg,样品的平均回收率在86.4%～95.6%,相对标准偏差2.7%～3.9%,经五个试验室的回收验证均具有较好的回收率,经HPLC确证假阳性率≤2.5%,表明酶联免疫分析定量法可快速、准确实现对食品中组胺残留量的快速筛选。     

咸鳓鱼中产组胺菌的分离与鉴定

针对细菌引起的腌制水产品中生物胺残留问题,胺以传统工艺腌制的咸鳓鱼为对象,利用组胺菌筛选培养基,从不同腌制时期的咸鳓鱼样品中对产组胺微生物进行了筛选,通过16S r DNA测序完成了分离菌株种属鉴定,采用PCR扩增检测了分离菌株组氨酸脱羧酶基因携带情况,并用高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)检测了分离菌株发酵液中组胺的含量。结果表明,分离纯化后共获得32株疑似产生物胺细菌,分布于3个属8个种。葡萄球菌属细菌是优势分离菌株,共计29株,以腐生葡萄球菌数量最多,共16株;24株分离菌株携带组氨酸脱羧酶基因; 23株分离菌株发酵液中测出不同浓度的组胺含量,产组胺菌发酵液组胺平均含量达38. 10μg/m L,其中,1株腐生葡萄球菌菌株发酵液中组胺质量浓度高达100. 21μg/m L,是分离菌株中组胺积累能力最强的菌株。咸鳓鱼生产中产组胺菌的研究,对评估咸鳓鱼的安全性,科学指导其发酵菌株筛选具有理论指导意义。     

食品检测

测定食品中组胺的简便方法 食用各种新鲜的和加工过的鱼而引起食物中毒事件,是与这些食物存在较高量的组胺有关。食物中组胺主要是微生物的作用,脱去了组氨酸中羧基后形成的,因而在一些发酵食品中也都含有一定量的组胺,如酸泡菜、乳酪、酒类等,通常食物中存在的少量组胺并不构成对人体危害,但如果一次摄入组胺量超过70毫克时,将会出现昏迷症状。 由于存在着摄入组胺而引起食物中毒的可能性,因此在例行的产品质量控制中,必须增加组胺     

间接竞争酶联免疫吸附测定水产品中的组胺残留

本文通过制备特异性识别组胺衍生物的多克隆抗体,建立了针对水产品中组胺的间接竞争酶联免疫吸附分析方法(ic-ELISA)。以组胺等为反应原料经三步化学反应合成组胺半抗原,采用活泼酯法将组胺半抗原分别与牛血清蛋白(BSA)和卵清蛋白(OVA)偶联作为包被原和免疫原,用紫外扫描法进行鉴定,结果显示组胺半抗原与载体蛋白偶联成功。通过免疫新西兰大白兔制备组胺抗血清,采用辛酸-硫酸铵方法纯化血清获得了相应的特异性多克隆抗体。通过对ic ELISA系列反应条件的摸索,确定了各组分的最适工作条件。试验结果表明:该方法对于组胺的IC50为0.91 ng/mL,与组氨酸、N-酰基组氨酸、3-甲基组胺等多种类似物及其衍生物均无交叉反应,方法特异性良好;线性检测范围为0.1～8.1 ng/mL,检出限为0.10 ng/mL;按照10、20、30 ng/g的添加量添加组胺至鱼、虾和贝类样品中,测得其回收率为98.9%～130.1%。方法检测的准确性好灵敏度高,适用于实际水产样品中组胺的检测。     

金枪鱼组胺检测技术研究进展

组胺是一种有潜在危害的含氮低分子量有机化合物,广泛存在于各种食品中,在以金枪鱼为代表的红肉鱼中容易大量产生。摄入过量的组胺会对人体产生危害,组胺已经成为判断金枪鱼质量的标准之一。对近年来金枪鱼肉中组胺的检测技术进行了综述,包括分光光度法、反相高效液相色谱法、离子色谱法、薄层色谱法、毛细管电泳法、电化学法和比色法等,并对检测技术的研究前景进行了展望。     

高效液相色谱法测定发酵食品中组胺的含量

建立了柱前衍生—高效液相色谱分析食品中组胺含量的方法,通过对广州市售不同品牌的大豆发酵制品、酸奶和啤酒中组胺含量的测定,对各种食品的组胺含量有一个初步的了解,为保障食品安全提供技术依据。检测结果为豆豉中组胺平均浓度为464.28 mg/kg,豆酱为481.50 mg/kg,酱油为461.78 mg/L,三类大豆发酵制品组胺浓度平均值没有明显区别;酸奶样品中组胺平均含量为312.15 mg/kg;啤酒样品中组胺平均含量为2.36 mg/L。广州市售的大豆发酵制品、酸奶和啤酒中均有组胺检出,其中大豆发酵制品中组胺含量普遍较高。     

葡萄酒中组胺含量检测不确定度评定

根据GB 5009.208—2016食品安全国家标准食品中生物胺的测定,对葡萄酒中组胺含量进行检测,并采用GUM法评定测定结果的扩展不确定度。根据计算公式分析不确定度来源,建立测量模型和不确定度来源因果图,计算出各不确定度分量,找出对组胺检测不确定度影响较大的因素并加以有效控制,对提高葡萄酒中组胺检测结果的准确度具有重要意义。     

Multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous detection of histamine-, tyramine-, and putrescine-producing lactic acid bacteria in foods

In a screening of primers, we have selected three pairs of primers for a multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, which potentially produce histamine, tyramine, and putrescine on fermented foods. These primers were based on sequences from histidine, tyrosine, and ornithine decarboxylases from LAB. Under the optimized conditions, the assay yielded a 367-bp DNA fragment from histidine decarboxylases, a 924-bp fragment from tyrosine decarboxylases, and a 1,446-bp fragment from ornithine decarboxylases. When the DNAs of several target organisms were included in the same reaction, two or three corresponding amplicons of different sizes were observed. This assay was useful for the detection of amine-producing bacteria in control collection strains and in a LAB collection. No amplification was observed with DNA from nonproducing LAB strains. This article is the first describing a multiplex PCR approach for the simultaneous detection of potentially amine-producing LAB in foods. It can be easily incorporated into the routine screening for the accurate selection of starter LAB and in food control laboratories.     

Improved enzymatic method for the rapid determination of histamine in wine.

Fermented foods are frequently contaminated by histamine generated by microorganisms possessing histidine decarboxylase activity. The ingestion of large amounts of histamine can cause serious toxicological problems in man. Thus, it becomes important to set a reliable method for rapid histamine quantification in foods. The detection of bacteria exhibiting histidine decarboxylase activity is also important to estimate the risk of contamination of food. Previous enzymatic methods used to quantify histamine in fish gave erroneously high values due to interference when applied to wine. A new enzymatic method is described that allows the direct determination of histamine concentrations in this type of sample. It can be used for the detection of histamine in synthetic media, grape must or wine (white, rose, red) without polyphenols or sugar interferences. This new enzymatic method shows a good correlation (R2 = 0.996, p < 0.001) between the histamine concentrations and absorbances in the interval 0.4-160 mg l(-1). Comparison between this enzymatic method and a high-performance liquid chromatography method showed a high correlation (R2 =0.9987, p<0.001). A miniaturized enzymatic method is also proposed, which is particularly useful when high numbers of samples must be analysed.     

Formaldehyde and hexamethylenetetramine as food additives: chemical interactions and toxicology.

Formaldehyde (FA) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) are used in cheese production to control gas-forming clostridia; FA also occurs naturally in some foods at levels of 1-20 mg/kg. The toxicology of FA and HMT are briefly discussed together with their reaction in foods. The most abundant end-product of FA in cheese is spinacine derived from the N-terminal histidine residue in gamma 2-casein. Acute and short term toxicological studies on spinacine enable a No Observed Effect Level of 300 mg/kg body weight/day to be determined, leading to an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for man of 3 mg/kg body weight/day. From these data a Tolerance Level (TL) of 1800 mg spinacine/kg cheese can be derived, leading to a Safety Margin (SM) of 12.9. It is concluded that there is no appreciable health risk from consumption of cheese made using formaldehyde (Grana Padano) or hexamethylenetetramine (Provolone).     

Updated molecular knowledge about histamine biosynthesis by bacteria

Histamine poisoning is caused by the ingestion of food containing high levels of histamine, a biogenic amine. Histamine could be expected in virtually all foods that contain proteins or free histidine and that are subject to conditions enabling microbial activity. In most histamine-containing foods the majority of the histamine is generated by decarboxylation of the histidine through histidine decarboxylase enzymes derived from the bacteria present in food. Bacterial histidine decarboxylases have been extensively studied and characterized in different organisms and two different enzymes groups have been distinguished, pyridoxal phosphate- and the pyruvoyl-dependent. Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent histidine decarboxylases are encountered in gram-negative bacteria belonging to various species. Pyruvoyl-dependent histidine decarboxylases are found in gram-positive bacteria and specially in lactic acid bacteria implicated in food fermentation or spoilage. The molecular organization of the genes involved in histamine production have been elucidated in several histamine-producer bacteria. This molecular knowledge has led to the development of molecular methods for the rapid detection of bacteria possessing the ability to produce histamine. The detection of histamine-producer bacteria is of great importance for its potential health hazard as well as from an economic point of view since products exceeding recommended limits can be refused in commercial transactions.     

食品中丙烯酰胺的研究进展

丙烯酰胺具有神经毒性,是一种潜在致癌物,广泛分布于热加工食品中,主要通过美拉德反应形成。本文较为全面地介绍了食品中污染物丙烯酰胺的现状、毒性,以及其形成机制、控制途径等方面的研究进展,并对上述研究进展进行了简要的分析和评述。     

Real-time polymerase chain reaction for quantitative detection of histamine-producing bacteria: use in cheese production

Biogenic amines are toxic substances that appear in foods and beverages as a result of AA decarboxylation. The enzyme histidine decarboxylase catalyzes the decarboxylation of histidine to histamine, the biogenic amine most frequently involved in food poisoning. The aim of the present work was to develop a real-time quantitative PCR assay for the direct detection and quantification of histamine-producing strains in milk and cheese. A set of primers was designed, based on the histidine decarboxylase gene sequence of different gram-positive bacteria. The results show the proposed procedure to be a rapid (total processing time <2 h), specific and highly sensitive technique for detecting potential histamine-producing strains. Chromatographic methods (HPLC) verified the capacity of real-time quantitative PCR to correctly quantify histamine accumulation.     

食品中丙烯酰胺抑制策略的研究进展

丙烯酰胺（acrylamide，AM）是富含碳水化合物的食品发生美拉德反应而产生的一种有毒副产物，对人体的神经系统、免疫系统和遗传物质都有一定的毒性，此外还有潜在的致癌性。因此，检测以及控制食品中的AM含量至关重要。本文结合当前对AM的研究进展从加工食品生产的3 个主要阶段——农业生产阶段、预处理阶段和加工阶段阐述了多种AM抑制策略，并基于具体的抑制机理系统归纳了AM的控制措施，为抑制食品中AM的合成提供新思路。     

食品中无机元素分析方法研究进展

食品中所含的无机元素,对人体的营养健康和摄入安全有至关重要的作用,研究和分析食品中的无机元素,有利于评价食品的营养价值,规避有毒有害食品;了解食品被污染的情况和程度,以便查清和控制污染源;也有利于指导营养强化食品的生产和开发及食品加工工艺的改进和食品质量的提高。因此,在食品生产过程都需要对无机元素含量进行监控和检测。本文综述了目前国内外食品中无机元素分析的主要方法及其特点和质量控制水平,既包含了传统的化学法、物理法,也涵盖了近些年才兴起的纳米技术法、生物技术法等,并列举了这些分析检测方法在近年来的实际应用,阐明了食品中无机元素分析方法的研究发展趋势,旨在为食品中无机元素分析检测研究者和从业者提供一定参考。     

粒用高粱的特性及其在食品工业中开发利用前景

高粱是耐旱性最强的粮食作物;在收获前不会产生显著量的黄曲霉毒素;还适用于盐碱地与酸性地等土壤类型的种植:高粱是一种不含面筋的谷物,可以部分替代小麦粉应用于烘焙食品、面制品等食品中,以满足面筋过敏人群的需求;高粱富含多酚类化合物与单宁酸等抗氧化成分,这些化合物对癌症与心血管疾病有较好的预防和改善作用;对高粱的营养与加工特性、国内外高粱食品的研究开发现状进行了综述,并对高粱食品研究开发的趋势进行了展望,以期促进我国新型、高品质的高粱食品、食品配料与功能保健食品的研究与开发.     

鱼类血红蛋白诱导脂质氧化及其控制的研究进展

脂质氧化不仅使食品的营养、风味、质构和外观发生变化,而且缩短了产品的货架期,降低其食用品质,是造成水产食品品质劣变的重要原因之一。血红蛋白是水产品脂质氧化的重要诱导因子,其自动氧化产生的高铁血红蛋白可以加速脂质氧化反应速率,同时释放的血红素和铁离子也可催化脂质氧化的发生。化学防腐剂在食品中的应用越来越受到限制,天然抗氧化剂的研究与应用已成为热点,了解血红蛋白促氧化的机理,找到适宜的抗氧化技术,有效地控制水产品在贮藏过程中血红蛋白诱导的脂质氧化的发生是非常必要的。因此,本文以血红蛋白诱导的脂质氧化为切入点,介绍了鱼类血红蛋白的结构、促氧化的反应机理和影响因素,以及天然酚类抗氧化物在控制血红蛋白促氧化方面的诸多应用与进展,并提出了目前急需解决的问题和未来的研究趋势。