长白山野生平盖灵芝蛋白质营养价值分析

本研究旨在分析长白山野生平盖灵芝蛋白质营养价值。以长白山野生平盖灵芝为原料,测定其蛋白质以及氨基酸含量。采用蛋白质氨基酸评分(amino acid score,AAS)、化学评分(chemical score,CS)、氨基酸比值系数(ratio coefficient of amino acid,RC)、比值系数分(score of RC,SRC)、必需氨基酸指数(essential amino acid index,EAAI)、营养指数(nutritional indexes,NI)以及生物价(biological value,BV)对其蛋白质营养价值进行综合评价。结果表明:长白山野生平盖灵芝子实体中蛋白质、总氨基酸(total amino acids,TAA)、支链氨基酸(branched chain amino acids,BCAA)、风味氨基酸、必需氨基酸(essential amino acids,EAA)和非必需氨基酸(non-essential amino acids,NEAA)含量分别为12.14%、10.43%、2.16%、5.66%、4.01%和6.43%;EAA/NEAA和EAA/TAA分别为62.33%和38.39%;依据AAS和CS,第一、二限制性氨基酸(limiting amino acid,LAA)分别是甲硫氨酸+胱氨酸、赖氨酸。综上,长白山野生平盖灵重金属含量达到国家标准,蛋白质中氨基酸相对平衡,但在实际生产中应注意添加甲硫氨酸+胱氨酸和赖氨酸。     

性别对舍饲育肥牦牛肉品质的影响

为研究性别对舍饲育肥牦牛肉品质的影响,选取2.5岁健康麦洼公牦牛和母牦牛各6头,舍饲育肥194 d后全部屠宰,采集背最长肌,测定肉质相关指标。结果表明:公牦牛组肌肉蒸煮损失显著低于母牦牛组(P<0.05),而肉色和pH等指标差异不显著(P>0.05);公牦牛组肌肉的剪切力、总胶原蛋白含量、胶原蛋白热溶解度、可溶性胶原蛋白含量显著高于母牦牛组(P<0.05),而肌纤维密度、直径和面积差异不显著(P>0.05);性别对肌肉中抗氧化性指标含量无显著影响(P>0.05);公牦牛组肌肉中粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量显著低于母牦牛(P<0.05),粗灰分显著高于母牦牛(P<0.05);公牦牛组必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例(the ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acids,EAA/TAA)和必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值(the ratio of essential amino acids to non-essential amino acids,EAA/NEAA)显著高于母牦牛组(P<0.05),而鲜味氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例(the ratio of umami amino acids to total amino acids,FAA/TAA)显著低于母牦牛组(P<0.05);公牦牛组胱氨酸含量显著低于母牦牛组(P<0.05),亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸和组氨酸含量显著高于母牦牛组(P<0.05),其它氨基酸差异不显著(P>0.05)。山嵛酸、11,14-二十碳烯酸和γ-亚麻酸仅在母牦牛组肌肉中检出,母牦牛组肌肉中顺-10-十七碳烯酸显著高于公牦牛组(P<0.05),其余脂肪酸差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上所述,与公牦牛相比,母牦牛肌肉的剪切力更低,而粗蛋白和肌内脂肪含量更高,且鲜味氨基酸的含量和脂肪酸组成高于公牦牛,具有作为优质牦牛肉生产的潜力。     

海参及其加工废液基本化学成分分析及蛋白质营养评价

对海参及其废液的成分进行测定,并在此基础上,对海参及其废液的氨基酸营养进行全面的评价。结果表明,干重样品中,海参中蛋白质、多糖、总皂苷的含量都高于废液,粗脂肪含量低于废液。氨基酸分析表明,2种样品中都至少含有17种氨基酸,每克蛋白中总氨基酸(total amino acid,TAA)的含量、总必需氨基酸(essential amino acid,EAA)的含量及比值(EAA/TAA),废液都高于海参。采用模糊识别法、氨基酸评分(amino acid score,AAS)、化学评分(chemical score,CS)、氨基酸比值系数(ratio coefficient,RC)及比值系数分(score of ratio coefficient,SRC)对氨基酸进行评价,结果显示,废液的蛋白质品质高于海参,具有较高的营养价值。     

4种饲料养殖小龙虾营养分析及品质评价

目的研究湖北公安常见4种小龙虾养殖饲料对小龙虾营养价值的影响,并评价其品质。方法采用国内外通用的营养测试方法测定饲料及养殖小龙虾的肌肉营养成分。结果小龙虾肌肉水分含量在79.0%~79.3%之间,粗蛋白质含量在19.07%~19.53%之间,粗脂肪和灰分含量分别为0.20%和1.30%。4种饲料养殖的小龙虾肌肉均检测出17种氨基酸,4种虾肌肉中的鲜味氨基酸(delicious amino acid,DAA)含量在8.26%~8.71%之间,DAA含量占总氨基酸(total amino acid,TAA)比值约在44.00%左右;4种虾肉的必需氨基酸(essential amino acid,EAA)含量在7.59%~7.77%之间,EAA占总氨基酸的比值约40%,4种虾肉DAA和EAA之间无显著性差异;氨基酸的组成比例均符合联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(Food and Agriculture Organizatio/World Health Organization,FAO/WHO)标准;4种饲料养殖的小龙虾肌肉均检测出22种脂肪酸,总不饱和脂肪酸与总饱和脂肪酸的比值(TUFA/TSFA)为2.50,脂肪质量较高;4种虾肉的二十碳五烯酸(eicosapntemacnioc acid,EPA)含量约在12.80%~14.50%之间,不饱和脂肪酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)含量约在4.11%~4.67%之间,EPA+DHA含量约为18.0%左右;小龙虾肌肉中富含钾、磷、锌等元素。结论湖北公安常见4种饲料对养殖小龙虾肌肉的营养成分无明显差异影响,4种养殖小龙虾的饲料均能满足小龙虾的生长需求。     

沙子空心李果干营养成分分析

以沙子空心李果干为研究对象,对其基本营养成分、矿质元素以及氨基酸进行测定与分析。结果表明:沙子空李果干中膳食纤维、灰分、总糖、总酸、总蛋白质、脂肪的含量分别为8.06、1.7、57.4、0.141、0.86、0.2 g/100 g;维生素C与烟酸含量分别为1.22、0.382 mg/100 g;矿质元素含量大小顺序为CaNaFeZnSe,其中Ca含量达到5.33 mg/100 g;检测出16种氨基酸,苏氨酸含量最高为0.87 g/100 g,丙氨酸次之为0.23 g/100 g,酪氨酸最低,含量为0.026 g/100 g,从氨基酸评分中看出沿河沙子空心李的第一限制氨基酸是异亮氨酸,其中必需氨基酸总量/氨基酸总量(essential amino acid to total amino,EAA/TAA)为62.7%,必需氨基酸总量/非必需氨基酸总量(essential amino acid to non-essential amino acid,EAA/NEAA)为1.86,均高于国际粮油组织与世界卫生组织(Food and Argriculture Organization and World Health Oranization,FAO/WHO)提出的理想蛋白质的标准,说明沿河沙子空心李果干中的蛋白质是优质蛋白。     

烘焙处理对小球藻营养成分及其抗氧化活性的影响

该研究探讨了不同烘焙温度对小球藻蛋白质、氨基酸、总糖等生化组成的影响。结果表明,烘焙前,小球藻的蛋白质、总糖和总脂肪酸的含量分别为31.37、10.06和11.55 g/100 g。当温度不超过100℃时,烘焙处理对小球藻的总蛋白质、总脂及总糖含量影响不大;当温度升至150℃时,总糖含量即大幅下降;总蛋白和总脂在200℃烘焙处理后,其含量也急剧减少。经过不同温度的烘焙处理后,小球藻的必需氨基酸与总氨基酸比值(essential amino acid/total amino acid,EAA/TAA)和必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值(essential amino acid/none essectial amino acid,EAA/NEAA)值仍接近联合国粮农组织(Food and Agriculture Organization,FAO)和世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)提出的参考值,说明烘焙处理并未影响小球藻的氨基酸营养价值。小球藻热水提取物的抗氧化活性对烘焙温度很敏感。当温度超过150℃时,小球藻清除羟基自由基的能力受到严重破坏。     

不同品种竹笋营养品质分析与综合评价

为探究方竹笋、马蹄笋、大头笋、麻竹笋、甜笋的主要营养成分含量差异,对其基本成分、氨基酸及矿物质含量进行分析。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定矿物质含量,采用氨基酸分析仪测定游离氨基酸含量,进行氨基酸比值分析及主成分综合评价。结果表明:方竹笋的蛋白质含量(3.73 g/100 g)、K含量(4031.52 mg/kg)、Ca含量(276.82 mg/kg)、马蹄笋的粗纤维含量(1.59 g/100 g)显著高于其他四个品种。矿物质元素分析中,甜竹笋Mg、Fe、Mn含量较其他竹笋高,分别为153.16 mg/kg、5.57 mg/kg、17.46 mg/kg,大头笋和甜笋含有少量的Se,有害元素Cr、Pb、Hg含量均在允许国家允许范围内,因此,方竹笋可作为补充蛋白质和K、Ca元素的来源,马蹄笋可被看作是高富含膳食纤维的食物,甜竹笋可作为补充Fe元素的来源,大头笋和甜笋可作为富硒蔬菜。通过必需氨基酸与氨基酸总量比值(essential amino acid/total amino acid,EAA/TAA)和必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值(essential amino acid/nonesse...     

荣成鲜海带及其干、盐制品的营养成分分析

目的对荣成鲜海带及其干、盐制品的营养成分进行全面分析与评价。方法采用常规方法测定荣成干海带、荣成盐渍海带的营养成分,并与荣成鲜海带进行对比。结果荣成盐渍海带中粗纤维、膳食纤维、总糖、褐藻胶含量较高,荣成干海带中甘露醇含量较高;3种海带共检测出16种氨基酸,其中7种为必需氨基酸,蛋白质组成均符合FAO/WHO推荐的理想蛋白质模式,且荣成盐渍海带的必需氨基酸/总氨基酸(essential amino acid/total amino acids,EAA/TAA)和必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸(essential amino acid/non-essential amino acid,EAA/NEAA)值最高;荣成鲜海带的必需氨基酸指数(essential amino acid index,EAAI)最高,为74,荣成干海带的EAAI最低,为59;以氨基酸评分(amino acid score,AAS)为标准时,3种海带的第一限制性氨基酸都为赖氨酸,而以化学评分(chemical score,CS)为标准时,荣成干海带的第一限制性氨基酸是赖氨酸,荣成盐渍海带和荣成鲜海带的第一限制性氨基酸是赖氨酸和异亮氨酸。3种海带中矿物质元素含量丰富,其中盐渍海带中钠的含量最高,为8.24×10~4(干重计)。重金属分析表明3种海带重金属含量都符合食品安全国家标准。结论本研究中采集的荣成鲜海带及其干、盐制品具有较好的营养价值。     

河川沙塘鳢肌肉营养成分的分析和评价

为了解河川沙塘鳢肌肉的营养价值,采用生化分析手段对生态养殖的2 龄冬季河川沙塘鳢进行肌肉营养成分分析和品质评价。结果显示,冬季河川沙塘鳢的肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量分别为78.08%、18.26%、1.11%和1.30%。18 种被检出的常见氨基酸中含量最高的3 种氨基酸是谷氨酸、天冬氨酸和赖氨酸;肌肉鲜样中氨基酸总量（total amino acid,TAA）、必需氨基酸（essential amino acids,EAA）、半必需氨基酸（half essential amino acids,HEAA）和鲜味氨基酸（delicious amino acid,DAA）分别为19.47%、7.74%、1.80%和7.09%;EAA/TAA、EAA/非必需氨基酸（nonessential amino acids,NEAA）、DAA/TAA分别为39.75%、77.92%和36.42%;第1、第2限制性氨基酸分别是色氨酸和缬氨酸;必需氨基酸指数和支链氨基酸与芳香族氨基酸的比值（F值）分别为74.86和2.15。肌肉干样中检出6 种饱和脂肪酸（total saturated fatty acids,SFA）、4 种单不饱和脂肪酸（monounsaturated fatty acids,MUFA）和10 种多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFA）;ΣSFA、ΣMUFA、ΣPUFA、Σn-3 PUFA、二十碳五烯酸＋二十二碳六烯酸和Σn-6 PUFA分别为31.83%、20.91%、47.27%、30.60%、23.58%和15.56%,ΣSFA/ΣUFA和Σn-3 PUFA/Σn-6 PUFA分别为0.47%和1.97%。结果表明,河川沙塘鳢是一种营养价值较高、味道鲜美的优质鱼类,且有一定的保健作用;冬季河川沙塘鳢肌肉营养价值高于繁殖季节的,其粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量较高且氨基酸和脂肪酸组成较优。     

沃金黑牛母牛与阉公牛牛肉品质比较及影响因素分析

目的 对比沃金黑牛母牛与阉公牛牛肉品质, 分析其影响因素。方法 随机选取18头健康、无病、发育正常的30个月龄沃金黑牛(母牛9头, 阉公牛9头)为研究对象, 测定其背最长肌的水分、粗蛋白、肌内脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸、质构特性, 并基于主成分分析考察影响沃金黑牛肉肉质的因素。结果 母牛和阉公牛牛肉的水分、粗蛋白、肌内脂肪以及各氨基酸含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。母牛牛肉必需氨基酸(essential amino acid, EAA)/总氨基酸(total amino acid, TAA)为39.74%, 阉公牛EAA/TAA为39.83%, 符合联合国粮食及农业组织/世界卫生组织(Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, FAO/WHO)的理想模式。母牛和阉公牛牛肉氨基酸评分(amino acid score, AAS)接近1, 化学评分(chemical score, CS)与标准蛋白的组成还有一定差距。母牛牛肉单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsaturated fatty acid, MUFA)含量极显著低于阉公牛(P<0.01), 而多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid, PUFA)含量显著高于阉公牛(P<0.05)。母牛牛肉MUFA:饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acid, SFA)极显著低于阉公牛(P<0.05), PUFA:SFA显著高于阉公牛(P<0.05)。母牛和阉公牛各质构指标均无显著差异, 咀嚼度、黏性、硬度、黏合力为影响肉质的主要因素, 且质构指标优先性强于营养指标。结论 阉公牛脂肪酸含量与母牛差异显著, 水分含量、粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量、氨基酸含量与组成、质构指标之间差异均不显著。质构指标比营养指标更能影响沃金黑牛肉的品质。     

不同杂交肉牛背最长肌氨基酸含量分析

分析研究不同杂交肉牛背最长肌肉氨基酸含量。试验选择年龄、体质量和体况接近的安格斯、利木赞、西门塔尔牛与本地黄牛的杂交公牛18头;按不同杂交牛种分为1组(AG×L)、2组(LM×L)、3组(SM×L),每组为6头,各组随机选择3头屠宰,取其背最长肌为实验材料。结果表明:1)不同杂交肉牛粗蛋白(CP)及总氨基酸(TAA)、必需氨基酸(EAA)和风味系游离氨基酸(FAA)含量为试验1组>2组>3组;其氨基酸组成即EAA/TAA和EAA/UAA(非必需氨基酸)为试验1组>3组>2组(P>0.05)。2)氨基酸评分,根据FAO/WHO模式比例,其蛋氨酸、缬氨酸是限制性氨基酸,其他必需氨基酸含量均高于FAO/WHO标准值。     

The evolution of lean beef: identifying lean beef in today's U.S. marketplace

Changes in cattle breeding and management coupled with extensive trimming of visible fat from retail cuts have resulted in the wide-spread availability of lean beef to U.S. consumers. Despite these changes, there is limited awareness regarding the reduced total fat content and the favorable fatty acid profile of beef. Relative to the calories it contributes, the impact of beef on the nutritional quality of the American diet via its contribution of protein and certain key micronutrients is often under appreciated. The following discussion documents the progressive reduction in fat content of U.S. beef during the past 30 years, highlights ongoing efforts to update United States Department of Agriculture nutrient data for beef, and summarizes findings from randomized controlled trials of beef and plasma lipid outcomes. Beef is a popular, nutrient-dense food and the availability of at least 29 lean cuts of beef in the U.S. marketplace can help consumers meet their cardiovascular health goals.     

Development of discrimination SNP markers for Hanwoo (Korean native cattle)

In the Korean meat market, the native cattle, Hanwoo beef, are preferred over imported beef and domestic Holstein beef despite its relatively high price. In order to hold the beef industry accountable and support consumers' right to know, correct beef-origin labeling is required. For this purpose, we developed 90 single-nucleotide polymorphism markers to discriminate between Hanwoo and other breeds including Holstein using 1602 cattle DNAs. The probability of discrimination was found to be 100% in a subsequent validation set consisting of 632 DNAs. Our study suggests that improved beef-origin discrimination can be achieved by using a combined genetic model that takes into account small genetic differences among a large number of markers. These markers could be useful for discriminating between Hanwoo and imported breeds including domestic Holsteins, and would contribute to the prevention of falsified beef origin.     

西门塔尔杂交牛不同部位肉间的差异性

测定雄性西门塔尔杂交牛（西门塔尔牛♀×南阳黄牛♂）的肩肉、霖肉、黄瓜条、臀肉、牛腱和牛腩6 个部位肉的蛋白质、脂肪、水分及胶原蛋白含量、pH值、色差、质构、剪切力以及凝胶乳化特性指标。结果表明：西门塔尔杂交牛的牛腩具有高蛋白、高脂肪、低水分含量等特点,且剪切力较高、蒸煮损失较低;霖肉含高蛋白、低胶原蛋白和低水分含量,保水性与凝胶特性较好,但其脂肪含量较低;臀肉具有较高的弹性、咀嚼性和保水性,但凝胶特性和乳化特性较差;肩肉的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性均适中,保水性较差;牛腱的蛋白含量、脂肪含量、解冻损失较低,凝胶弹性和乳化稳定性好;黄瓜条弹性、嫩度、凝胶保水性和乳化性均较好,但解冻损失较大。上述结果表明,西门塔尔杂交牛不同部位肉的特性有显著差异,不同特性的部位肉适宜的加工方式不同。     

肉类电子鼻识别模型的建立

采用电子鼻对牦牛肉、牛肉和鸭肉样品进行检测,同时对经热处理的牦牛肉和牛肉样品进行分析.通过对所获得的数据进行主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和判别因子分析(discriminant factor analysis,DFA),建立用于识别不同肉类的DFA模型,并对模型进行验证,DFA模型对于未知样品的识别率达到100%,能够有效的区分和识别牦牛肉、牛肉和鸭肉样品.电子鼻分析的结果显示,热处理对牦牛肉的挥发性物质影响较大,而对牛肉的影响较小.     

Physiological quantities of naturally occurring steroid hormones (androgens and progestogens), precursors and metabolites in beef of differing sexual origin

 The present investigation gives a comprehensive overview of the naturally occurring steroid hormones, their precursors and metabolites in the food-stuff beef. Thus, comparison values have been established using modern analytical techniques for the evaluation of the alimentary administration of hormones via beef and for the evaluation of detected residues. The utilization of hormone patterns in meat samples enables the sexual origin of the meat to be determined. Hormone patterns are less influenced by individual variations than are individual steroids. Hence the validity of such statements of origin is greater in comparison to those based on the examination of individual steroids. The progesterone/pregnenolone quotient allows, when used in combination with measurement of the androgens testosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone and the metabolite epitestosterone, a clear differentiation between beef originating from male and from female cattle. Received: 15 November 1996     

DFD牛肉研究进展

牛肉是主要肉类产品之一,能够为消费者提供丰富的蛋白质。随着社会进步和人们生活水平的提高,人们更加看重肉品质量。但是,目前我国肉牛产业链的各个环节尚不完善,导致了劣质牛肉的产生和较高的DFD（dark,firm and dry）牛肉发生率。本文综述了DFD牛肉的发生机理及其影响因素,同时阐述了恰当的肉牛宰前管理方式和DFD牛肉的控制措施,为我国肉牛产业的发展提供一定参考。     

Prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef cattle

A large number of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains have caused major outbreaks and sporadic cases of human illnesses, including mild diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and the life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome. These illnesses have been traced to both O157 and non-O157 STEC. In a large number of STEC-associated outbreaks, the infections were attributed to consumption of ground beef or other beef products contaminated with cattle feces. Thus, beef cattle are considered reservoirs of STEC and can pose significant health risks to humans. The global nature of the human food supply suggests that safety concerns with beef will continue and the challenges facing the beef industry will increase at the production and processing levels. To be prepared to address these concerns and challenges, it is critical to assess the role of beef cattle in human STEC infections. In this review, published reports on STEC in beef cattle were evaluated to achieve the following specific objectives: (i) assess the prevalence of STEC in beef cattle, and (ii) determine the potential health risks of STEC strains from beef cattle. The latter objective is critically important because many beef STEC isolates are highly virulent. Global testing of beef cattle feces revealed wide ranges of prevalence rates for O157 STEC (i.e., 0.2 to 27.8%) and non-O157 STEC (i.e., 2.1 to 70.1%). Of the 261 STEC serotypes found in beef cattle, 44 cause hemolytic uremic syndrome and 37 cause other illnesses.     

Development of a beef flavor lexicon and its application to compare the flavor profile and consumer acceptance of rib steaks from grass- or grain-fed cattle

Ten panelists were selected from the local community to develop a meat lexicon composed of 18 terms that describe flavor attributes found in red meats. This flavor lexicon was used to compare the flavor profile of meat from beef cattle finished on grass or grain. Steaks from grass-fed animals were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in barny, bitter, gamey, and grassy flavor, and lower in juicy and umami notes. Gamey, barny, bitter and grassy were some of the attributes inversely correlated to the degree of liking of the meat and therefore can be classified as “negative” attributes. Brothy, umami, roast beef, juicy, browned, fatty and salty are some of the attributes positively correlated to the degree of liking of beef and therefore can be identified as attributes that drive consumers’ acceptance. Steaks from grass-fed cattle were rated by consumers as slightly liked (6.08 on a 9-point scale), while steaks from grain-fed animals were rated as moderately liked (7.05 on a 9-point scale).