麦麸膳食纤维加工和利用研究进展

麦麸是膳食纤维的重要来源,主要以不溶性膳食纤维(insoluble dietary fiber,IDF)为主,可溶性膳食纤维(soluble dietary fiber,SDF)含量较少。麦麸膳食纤维不仅有良好的生理功能特性,而且加工特性良好。由于SDF的功能特性优于IDF,实际生产中,一般会通过特殊的改性手段或酶解方法来提高SDF的含量。主要综述了近年来麦麸膳食纤维的提取加工方式,及其在食品应用中所展现的加工特性如凝胶性、黏稠性、水合特性、持油性以及抗氧化和清除自由基的特性。     

脱蛋白结合超微粉碎对豆渣膳食纤维成分及功能特性影响

研究脱蛋白方法结合超微粉碎处理豆渣对其化学组成和功能特性的影响,当豆渣样品进行酶或碱处理时,它的总膳食纤维(TDF),不溶性膳食纤维(IDF)的质量分数分别增加了18.6-32.9%,22.6-34.4%,并且它们的功能特性(持水力,膨胀力和持油力)显著(p < 0.05)增加,但可溶性膳食纤维(SDF)质量分数与处理前豆渣没有显着差异。经超微粉随后,随着豆渣膳食纤维粒径减小,豆渣膳食纤维中可溶性膳食纤维质量分数提高了170% 以上,持水力和膨胀力显着下降(p < 0.05),持油力先下降后上升。结果表明,应用碱性蛋白酶和超微粉碎进行前处理,得到的豆渣中TDF和SDF的含量最高,这可能是在食品中加工高质量膳食纤维的潜在方法。     

不同离子液体处理对豆渣膳食纤维成分变化及物化特性的影响

为明析离子液体对豆渣膳食纤维成分及物化特性的影响,从而拓宽豆渣在食品中的应用,以富含水不溶性膳食纤维(IDF)的鲜豆渣为原料,研究不同种类离子液体处理后膳食纤维成分变化和物化特性。结果表明:离子液体处理可以显著提高豆渣中水溶性膳食纤维(SDF)含量,其提高效果随着离子液体阳离子基团的延长而减弱,含乙酸根的离子液体的提高效果优于含氯离子的离子液体。1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑乙酸盐的效果最好,可将豆渣中SDF含量从最初5.97×10-2 g/g提高到0.17 g/g,SDF/IDF比值从0.17提高到0.69。离子液体处理改变了豆渣中SDF和IDF的单糖组成,豆渣的微观结构因溶胀而变形,结晶结构遭到破坏。离子液体处理后,豆渣膳食纤维的持水力增加10%,持油力增加16%。离子液体可作为提高豆渣中SDF含量,改善豆渣膳食纤维水合性质的有效途径。     

豆渣膳食纤维对酥性饼干特性的影响

将豆渣中酶法提取的可溶性膳食纤维(豆渣SDF)、不溶性膳食纤维(豆渣IDF)以及商业菊粉,分别添加到酥性饼干中,研究其对饼干的物理化学特性和感官品质的影响。结果表明:添加豆渣IDF的饼干持水性和硬度较高,添加豆渣SDF和菊粉的饼干松密度值和过氧化值较低,且两者的松密度值没有较大差异,而添加豆渣IDF的饼干与之相反,添加4%豆渣SDF的饼干感官评定结果最优,且总膳食纤维、水分和脂肪含量较空白高,而蛋白质和灰分含量没有明显变化。     

豆渣膳食纤维生物改性和高效提取技术研究

针对豆渣的可溶性膳食纤维含量较少,通过采用生物发酵和纤维素酶处理技术对大豆膳食纤维进行改性,提高豆渣中可溶性膳食纤维(SDF)含量。在对改性豆渣提取SDF后,采用复合酶辅以超声波提取IDF工艺技术,在复合酶添加量0.6%,超声波功,400w,作用温度50oC,作用时间30min条件时,膳食纤维提取率87.21%,产品持水率、膨胀率得到提高。     

膳食纤维改性技术研究进展

膳食纤维是不能被人体消化的多糖类碳水化合物及木质素的总称,由水溶性膳食纤维(SDF)和非水溶性膳食纤维(IDF)组成。SDF组成比例是影响膳食纤维生理功能的重要因素。膳食纤维改性技术是提高SDF含量,提升膳食纤维物理化学特性及生理功能的关键技术。本文结合当今国内外研究结论,从物理、化学、生物和联合处理四个方面就膳食纤维改性技术研究进展进行综述,探讨了改性对膳食纤维品质的影响,旨在为相关领域研究者提供理论参考。     

红松松仁膜衣膳食纤维的功能性质

以红松松仁膜衣为原料,制备可溶性膳食纤维(Soluble dietary fiber,SDF)和不溶性膳食纤维(Insoluble dietary fiber,IDF),对IDF进行木聚糖酶改性,制备改性可溶性膳食纤维(Modified soluble dietary,MSDF)和改性不溶性膳食纤维(Modified insoluble dietary fiber,MIDF),测定葡萄糖、胆固醇、胆酸钠吸附能力及葡萄糖透析延迟指数。结果表明:MSDF的葡萄糖吸附能力较SDF显著提高,且MIDF的葡萄糖吸附能力较IDF极显著提高;模拟胃环境,改性后的膳食纤维的胆固醇吸附能力均有提高,且MSDF显著高于SDF;MIDF胆酸钠的吸附能力极显著高于IDF,可达60.73mg/g,是IDF的2.98倍;MIDF的葡萄糖透析延迟指数高于IDF,且120 min时趋于稳定,可达21.69%,较IDF显著提高了7.24%。因此,木聚糖酶可提高松仁膜衣膳食纤维的功能性质,且木聚糖酶改性是一种适合松仁膜衣膳食纤维改性的优良方法。     

豆渣膳食纤维及豆渣超微化制品对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

用豆渣膳食纤维及豆渣超微化制品灌胃BALB/c小鼠,研究其对小鼠肠道菌群的影响。正常对照组用生理盐水进行灌胃,实验组分别以低剂量(0.5g/(kg.d))、高剂量(2.5g/(kg.d))灌胃水溶性膳食纤维(SDF)、非水溶性膳食纤维(IDF)、超微粉碎豆渣(SPO)和螺杆挤压-超微粉碎豆渣(ESPO)。实验期间,每周同一时间取小鼠粪便,采用选择性培养基检测小鼠粪便中乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、肠杆菌和肠球菌的数量。结果表明:灌胃的各个阶段,各实验组在灌胃豆渣膳食纤维及豆渣制品后对小鼠的肠道菌群均有明显影响,其中高剂量IDF、低剂量SDF和低剂量的ESPO对小鼠肠道菌群调理作用明显,在增加乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的同时,一定程度上抑制了肠球菌和肠杆菌的增长。     

应用酶-重量法测定秋葵荚中的膳食纤维

应用酶-重量法测定秋葵荚中总膳食纤维(TDF)、可溶性膳食纤维(SDF)及不溶性膳食纤维(IDF)的含量。结果表明,秋葵荚中TDF含量为41.95%,SDF含量为8.41%,IDF含量为35.08%,SDF含量占TDF含量的20.04%。可以开发成为一种制备具有良好功能特性的膳食纤维制品的原材料。     

芸豆渣膳食纤维超声辅助酶法提取工艺优化及特性研究

超声波辅助复合酶(1.0%碱性蛋白酶和0.2%耐高温α-淀粉酶)酶解脱脂后的奶白花芸豆豆渣,提取其中的膳食纤维。研究了超声条件对水不溶性膳食纤维(IDF)和水溶性膳食纤维(SDF)提取率的影响,优化了提取工艺条件,并研究了芸豆渣膳食纤维的结构及理化性质。试验结果表明:超声时间25 min、功率250 W、温度60℃时,IDF提取率达到60.11%,SDF提取率为5.63%;两种膳食纤维的红外光谱中有特征吸收峰;SDF持水力比IDF高出1.828g/g,持油力高出0.69g/g。     

不溶性膳食纤维的提取、表征及改性研究进展

合理摄入膳食纤维对机体健康至关重要。为了开发兼顾营养、感官与健康的膳食纤维强化食品,不溶性膳食纤维的分离提取与改性研究广受关注。大量研究运用物理作用力、化学反应或酶解等手段,对样品组成、结构以及性质进行改造,以强化其在食品加工与营养健康方面功能特性。改性产物作为添加成分对于食品的加工过程、产品品质及健康功效方面具有积极影响,有利于各类膳食纤维强化产品的开发。本文对近年来国内外文献报道的不溶性膳食纤维的提取、改性及应用相关研究成果进行梳理总结,以期为调控膳食纤维功能特性、开发高品质健康功能食品提供参考。     

豆渣汽爆改性及其强化高固酶解作用研究

目的:采用汽爆解离改性联合高固酶解制取豆渣可溶性膳食纤维（soluble dietary fiber,SDF）,研究汽爆对豆渣的改性作用及对其高固酶解过程的强化作用。方法:采用汽爆技术改性处理豆渣,应用扫描电镜、傅里叶红外光谱和差示量热扫描等技术对豆渣改性前后的微观形貌、化学组成与官能团结构、热稳定性进行表征分析;再将汽爆豆渣进行高固酶解转化制取SDF,对比分析汽爆前后豆渣酶解效果。结果:汽爆处理可明显改善豆渣结构与性质,促进不溶性膳食纤维（insoluble dietary fiber,IDF）向SDF转化,最佳汽爆强度条件下豆渣SDF含量提高至原料的3.85倍;汽爆后豆渣微观呈现疏松蜂窝状多孔结构,水溶性提高5.13倍,持水性、持油性和浸水溶胀性降低;汽爆后豆渣最大热解峰温度和焓变值均提高,热稳定性增加。汽爆通过改善上述酶解底物组成结构和体系流动状态,降低豆渣高固酶解过程固体载荷制约,从而提高酶解底物浓度、降低酶用量、缩短酶解时间。在最高固体载荷20%和最低用酶量5 FPU/g的酶解条件下,汽爆豆渣中SDF得率达到43.75%,与原料相比提高3.76倍;汽爆后豆渣高固体载荷条件下酶解反应平衡时间缩短50%左右。结论:汽爆解离改性联合高固酶解处理技术为大量豆渣原料的高效转化和高值利用提供技术支持。     

Effects of different physical technology on compositions and characteristics of bean dregs

The effects of ultrafine grinding (U), high pressure (HP), microwaves (M), high-temperature cooking (HTC) and combination technologies (U-HP, U-M, U-HTC) on the nutritional compositions and characteristics of bean dregs were investigated. The results showed that both single treatments and combination treatments significantly increased the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) content and water solubility of bean dregs; however, the protein content, fat absorption capacity and swelling capacity of bean dregs were decreased compared with those of the control. The combination technologies significantly increased the contents of K, Ca, Na and Fe in bean dregs. HTC and U-HTC had prominent effects on inhibiting trypsin inhibitor activity, which were decreased from 7365 TIU/g to 1210 and 96 TIU/g, respectively. The bean dregs by ultrafine grinding and combined treatments showed honeycomb structure and small particle distribution, and their processing performances improved. In conclusion, combination technologies were effective methods for improving the quality of bean dregs and expanding their development.Industrial relevance: A combined method may have greater effects than any single approach in improving the quality of bean dregs. Ultrafine grinding technology combined with other physical techniques used in bean dregs can solve quality problems; for example, bean dregs are characterized by poor taste, perishability, low soluble fiber content, and high trypsin inhibitor activity, all of which are related to human health and safety. However, to the best of our knowledge, ultrafine grinding combined with other physical techniques has not been used with bean dregs. The present paper highlights the effects of ultrafine grinding technology (U) combined with high pressure (HP), microwave (M), and high temperature cooking (HTC) technologies on the nutritional and functional compositions of bean dregs. The obtained results contribute to enhance SDF content, reduce anti-nutrition factors, and expand development and utilization of bean dregs, which constitute the basis for its application in baked food, flour products and the food industry.     

挤压膨化对豆渣复配粉中膳食纤维的影响

为提高豆渣利用率,改善其风味和口感,拓宽豆渣在食品领域的应用,本研究以豆渣为主要原料,与低筋粉进行调配后制得复配粉,并对其进行挤压膨化处理。以可溶性膳食纤维含量为指标,采用响应面法优化挤压膨化工艺。通过傅立叶红外光谱和粒度仪对挤压膨化前后复配粉的官能团及粒度进行分析,差示量热扫描对其进行稳定性分析。结果表明,最佳挤压膨化加工参数为物料水分30%、挤压温度180℃、螺杆转速160 r/min。此时复配粉中可溶性膳食纤维含量由3.11%提升至15.47%,挤压膨化后复配粉的持水性由3.45 g/g提升至4.86 g/g,复配粉的持油性由2.27 g/g提升至4.85 g/g;挤压膨化后复配粉中的膳食纤维,红外光谱图具有显著的糖类特征吸收峰;挤压膨化后复配粉中的可溶性膳食纤维粒度减小;挤压膨化后复配粉具有高度的热稳定性。综上,经过挤压膨化改性后豆渣复配粉的理化性质有着明显的提升,本研究为豆渣改性利用提供了理论依据。     

三种不同改性方法对甘薯渣不溶性膳食纤维改性效果的研究

该研究采用胶体磨湿法粉碎法、超声波辅助酸法、纤维素酶法3种方法处理甘薯渣不溶性膳食纤维(insoluble dietary fiber,IDF),比较改性前后IDF粒径分布、微观形态,并测定分析其理化性质。结果表明,与未改性甘薯渣IDF相比,3种改性方法改性之后,甘薯渣IDF的粒径、分散指数显著降低(P<0.01),持油力、持水力存在显著差异(P<0.01),吸附亚硝酸盐及胆固醇能力都有不同程度的提升。整体而言,这3种改性方法对甘薯渣IDF改性都有效果,并且胶体磨湿法粉碎法改性对甘薯渣IDF的持油力、持水力、吸附亚硝酸盐及胆固醇能力效果最好。甘薯渣改性的IDF可作为功能性成分应用于多种食品。     

Modification of insoluble dietary fiber from garlic straw with ultrasonic treatment

The aim of this study was to investigate modification of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) from garlic straw with ultrasonic processing technology. The functional, physicochemical, and structural properties were evaluated. Based on the uniform design (UD) method, initial temperature of 45 °C, ultrasonic power of 535 W, and time of 41 min were considered as the optimum ultrasonic conditions for preparation of IDF with good in vitro hypolipidemic ability. Ultrasonic‐treated IDF exhibited better functional and physicochemical properties than untreated IDF with significant difference (p < .05). Structural analysis from scanning electron microscope and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy indicated that ultrasonic treatment destroyed the microstructures of IDF from garlic straw, resulted in the honey‐comb network structure and increased hydrophilic groups, which illustrated the good functional and physicochemical properties.

Practical applications

With the trend toward increased consumption of garlic bulb, millions of tons of straw are generally discarded every year. The productive use of such by‐products as garlic straw could offer substantial economic benefits. In this work, ultrasonic technology was chosen for the modification of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) from garlic straw. Uniform design technique helped us to get the optimum ultrasonic conditions for preparation of IDF with good in vitro hypolipidemic ability. The functional and physicochemical properties of garlic IDF were significantly influenced by ultrasonic pretreatment. The positive effect of ultrasound and application of the statistical model may be useful for functional modification and utilization of dietary fiber from garlic straw.     

灵芝型优良膳食纤维方便食品的研制

以甘蔗渣、麦麸、豆渣为原料,经灵芝菌丝体发酵后科学干燥、粉碎得半成品,配以木薯淀粉、面粉,生产保健功能显著的灵芝型膳食方便食品。通过正交试验得出各种发酵材料最佳配比为：膨化产品60kg、糖粉20kg、奶粉18kg。     

水不溶性豆渣膳食纤维改性的工艺优化

为研究磷酸盐改性水不溶性豆渣膳食纤维的工艺条件及膳食纤维结构,以持水性作为特征性考察指标,通过单因素试验、正交试验优化其改性的工艺条件,通过X 射线衍射及电镜观察膳食纤维的结构。结果表明：水不溶性豆渣膳食纤维改性的最佳工艺参数为磷酸氢二钠溶液质量浓度0.1g/100mL、料液比1:60(g/mL)、处理时间1h、处理温度50℃,此条件下的膳食纤维持水性达11.95g/g;磷酸盐改性水不溶性豆渣膳食纤维的结构得到部分改善,表面略有褶皱,结构疏松,带有明显的片状结构,颗粒的表面出现蜂窝状结构,且分布均匀,改性后的水不溶性豆渣膳食纤维在34.76°出现较明显的衍射强度峰,其结晶度为30.57%。     

Treatment with hydrogen peroxide improves the physicochemical properties of dietary fibres from Chinese yam peel

Yam is a common ‘medicine food homology’ vegetable in Asia, and its peel is often considered a food residue during processing or cooking. In this work, the effects of hydrogen peroxide modification on the dietary fibres (DFs) from Chinese yam peel (CYP) were investigated. The structural characteristics of soluble dietary fibre (SDF), insoluble dietary fibre (IDF), modified soluble dietary fibre (MSDF) and modified insoluble dietary fibre (MIDF) were analysed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, granularity analysis, scanning electron microscopy and GC-MS (monosaccharide composition). As results, after modification with hydrogen peroxide, the sizes of the DFs were reduced and MIDF exposed more cellulose. Experiments on the physicochemical and functional properties of DFs showed that MSDF and MIDF obtained a better water holding capacity, oil absorption capacity, swelling capacity and absorption abilities with altered structures, which is of great importance in food processing and development.