马铃薯片常压油炸工艺优化研究

对影响常压油炸马铃薯片品质的工艺参数进行了优化研究。结果表明,在柠檬酸溶液浓度为0.10%～0.25%、预干燥时间为10～40min和油炸温度为170～200℃的范围内,以薯片的丙烯酰胺含量、含油量和脆度为指标,常压油炸薯片的最佳工艺条件为:薯片切片采用柠檬酸溶液浓度为0.20%的柠檬酸水溶液浸泡后,于85℃预干燥30min,最后用180℃恒温油炸至熟。     

常压油炸马铃薯脆片加工工艺参数的研究

以适于油炸加工的马铃薯品种--大西洋为原料,研究了切片厚度、坯料烘干时间(含水量)、被膜剂浓度、油炸时间、油炸温度对常压油炸马铃薯脆片品质的影响,确定了常压油炸马铃薯脆片的加工工艺参数,即马铃薯切片厚度为2.0mm,油炸坯料于50℃温度下烘80min,含水量控制在60%左右,油炸前用0.8%的CMC-Na溶液被膜,在180℃油温下炸制2min。     

花生红衣枣茶饮料加工工艺研究

本文主要以花生红衣和红枣为主要原料,通过实验确定花生红衣枣茶饮料加工工艺路线(流程),以花生红衣汁、红枣、白砂糖、柠檬酸四大感官因素做正交试验,得出产品最佳配方是枣汁30%、花生红衣汁20%、白砂糖9%、柠檬酸0.06%,并做稳定剂的选择实验,选出最佳的稳定剂为CMC-Na(最佳浓度在0.08%~0.10%),以及做花生红衣汁萃取风味实验,确定出最佳萃取温度75℃,最后还制定出花生红衣枣茶饮料的产品质量标准以便产品的质量控制。     

加工工艺对油炸马铃薯片品质的影响

本文研究了油炸马铃薯片加工过程中切片预干燥时间、油炸温度和不同浸泡处理对油炸马铃薯片品质的影响,通过薯片炸前炸后色泽变化、亮度、丙烯酰胺含量、水分含量、含油量及感官指标等理化指标进行评估。结果表明,油炸马铃薯片的色泽变化和丙烯酰胺含量随油炸温度升高增大,预干燥时间越长切片炸前水分含量越低,油炸时间越短,但随着预干燥时间的增加油炸薯片色泽变化也越大。油炸马铃薯片的最佳生产工艺为:鲜切马铃薯片先在85℃清水中热烫3.5 min,再用0.3%CaCl2溶液中室温浸泡30 min,浸泡后切片在60℃下热风干燥箱干燥15 min,130℃油炸即可得到色泽变化最小、丙烯酰胺含量低的油炸薯片。     

响应面法优化真空油炸-热风联合干燥桃脆片工艺

以真空油炸温度、分阶段干燥的水分转换点、后期热风干燥阶段温度为影响因素,以桃脆片含油率为评价指标进行响应面优化分析,得出联合干燥最佳工艺参数为切片厚度2mm、漂烫3min、真空油炸温度87.1℃、水分转换点15.9%、热风干燥温度65.5℃。根据实际操作条件,调整最佳联合干燥工艺为切片厚度2mm、漂烫3min、真空油炸温度87℃、分阶段干燥的水分转换点16%、热风干燥温度66℃。验证实验表明,最佳工艺条件下测得联合干燥桃脆片的含油率为12.5%,与理论预测值的误差为5.9%。     

婴幼儿苹果胡萝卜泥的制备及其质构特性研究

以苹果和胡萝卜作为原料、白砂糖作为甜味剂、柠檬酸作为酸味剂、马铃薯淀粉作为稳定剂制备婴幼儿苹果胡萝卜泥,由单因素实验确定配料含量对质构的影响,再经正交实验通过质构评定和实验测定确定最佳配方。结果表明:苹果与胡萝卜配比,白砂糖、马铃薯淀粉添加量会影响产品的质构,柠檬酸则对其没有显著影响。通过正交实验得到的最佳配方是:苹果∶胡萝卜为5∶4,加入4%白砂糖、0.2%柠檬酸、0.5%马铃薯淀粉和0.5%水。     

香蕉片的真空油炸工艺及质构品质初探

通过单因素及正交试验,以感观特性及脆性等质构特性为指标,研究大蕉脆片的真空油炸工艺。从新鲜大蕉前处理方法、油炸温度、时间等对大蕉脆片的真空油炸生产工艺进行研究。结果显示原料品种与成熟度对其质构有显著影响。在护色环节,0.10%抗坏血酸、0.2%柠檬酸、20%糖浆浸泡后得到蕉片的护色效果最好。漂烫温度78℃、漂烫时间25min、油炸温度100℃、油炸时间30min得到的蕉片品质最好。     

复合马铃薯片油炸工艺研究

以马铃薯淀粉和马铃薯全粉为主要原料,对复合马铃薯片的油炸工艺参数进行了研究。采用正交试验,确定了生产低含油量、低丙烯酰胺(AA)含量、高脆度复合薯片的最佳油炸工艺参数,即油炸前坯料的含水量控制在20%左右,含盐量2%左右,油温以160℃为佳,炸制时间为40 s,油炸薯片丙烯酰胺含量为0.28 mg/kg,在市售薯片基础上降低26.32%;含油量为23.36%,降低了1.47个百分点。     

正交试验优化马铃薯片真空低温油炸工艺

以适于油炸加工的马铃薯品种‘大西洋’为原料,对真空低温油炸薯片工艺进行优化试验。采用四因素三水平正交试验分析法,得出最佳工艺条件为油炸温度100℃、时间90s、真空度为0.04～0.06MPa,在该最优条件下,所得油炸薯片产品的丙烯酰胺含量为0.64mg/kg,明显低于市售传统油炸薯片;且含油量(27%)降低了5%,但是脆度(469.725g)却与市售传统油炸薯片相当。     

淮山热加工丙烯酰胺生成的因素及规律研究

研究了淮山热加工的温度、预干燥时间、柠檬酸浓度、烘制时间和喷雾干燥、热风干燥、油炸3种方式对丙烯酰胺生成的主要影响。结果表明,丙烯酰胺生成含量与温度成正相关,与预干燥时间、柠檬酸浓度、烘制时间成负相关;3种热加工方法均有丙烯酰胺生成,但热风干燥在烘制温度低于80℃以下未检出丙烯酰胺。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.