响应面法优化三种天然产物对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制作用

选取槲皮素、没食子酸和葛根素三种天然产物作为研究对象,测定三种天然产物对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制作用及酶抑制剂作用类型。在单因素实验基础上,以对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制率为响应值,应用响应面法对三种天然产物进行复配优化。结果显示,槲皮素、没食子酸和葛根素溶液对黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制的IC₅₀分别为44.86、183.61和555.20 μg/mL,抑制效果为:槲皮素 > 没食子酸 > 葛根素,且均为可逆反应。响应面模型可靠,最优复配浓度为:槲皮素83.25 μg/mL,没食子酸166.50 μg/mL,葛根素650.00 μg/mL,对黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制率为96.92%±0.17%,与模型预测抑制率96.97%极为接近。本实验不仅减少抑制剂的用量,提高效率,而且为开发利用天然产物及抗痛风食品研发奠定基础。     

肉桂醛缩氨基脲对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制作用研究

为研究肉桂醛缩氨基脲对黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)的抑制作用,以黄嘌呤为底物,测定肉桂醛缩氨基脲对黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的IC50、抑制类型和抑制常数。抑制类型由Lineweaver-Burk双倒数作图法来判断,并计算相应的抑制常数(KI和KIS)。还研究了肉桂醛缩氨基脲对小鼠血尿酸质量浓度、血清XOD活性和肝脏XOD活性的影响。肉桂醛缩氨基脲对黄嘌呤氧化酶活性抑制效果显著,IC50为55.48μmol/L,是混合型可逆抑制,抑制常数KI为27.25μmol/L,KIS为50.30μmol/L。与模型组相比,肉桂醛缩氨基脲能显著降低小鼠血清尿酸质量浓度、血清XOD活性和肝脏XOD,呈显著性差异(P0.05,n=10)。活性顺序是:别嘌呤醇肉桂醛缩氨基脲肉桂醛。肉桂醛缩氨基脲对黄嘌呤氧化酶活性抑制效果显著,能显著降低小鼠血尿酸质量浓度、血清XOD活性和肝脏XOD活性,是值得进一步研究的降低尿酸、治疗痛风的候选药物。     

梅花总黄酮对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制作用及其抗氧化活性评价

评价了梅花总黄酮对黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）的抑制作用及其抗氧化活性。通过体外评价实验测定梅花总黄酮对XOD的抑制作用,并分别采用DPPH自由基法、铁离子还原法（FRAP）和血液总抗氧化能力测定法评价其抗氧化活性。结果显示,梅花总黄酮对XOD的抑制呈现浓度依赖关系,半抑制浓度（IC50值）为85.45μg/mL;梅花总黄酮清除DPPH自由基的能力强于竹叶黄酮,但弱于维生素C和芦丁;梅花总黄酮还原铁离子的FRAP值为3.38mmol/mg,是芦丁的1.44倍和竹叶黄酮的1.29倍;血液总抗氧化能力的测定结果从强到弱依次为：维生素C〉梅花总黄酮〉竹叶黄酮〉芦丁。研究表明,源自青梅花的生物总黄酮具有优良的生物抗氧化能力和显著的XOD抑制活性,可作为潜在的抗氧化应激和预防高尿酸血症的膳食功能因子进行深入研究和开发。     

黄嘌呤氧化酶多酚抑制剂的筛选及其作用机制

黄嘌呤氧化酶(xanthine oxidase,XOD)是人体内次黄嘌呤和黄嘌呤代谢产生尿酸的关键酶,而多酚单体可抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶从而减少尿酸合成进而缓解痛风症状。为探究来源于天然产物的多酚单体对XOD的抑制作用机制,首先研究几种常见活性较好的多酚单体对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制率,及其对XOD的抑制动力学,并且通过荧光猝灭实验与分子对接模拟多酚单体与XOD之间的相互作用形式。在6种多酚单体中,白藜芦醇、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG)和橙皮苷对黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的抑制效果较好,室温下IC50分别为261.22、150.51、97.08μmol/L,是黄嘌呤氧化酶的竞争性抑制剂。荧光猝灭实验表明,单体与XOD结合使酶的内源荧光发生了猝灭现象,猝灭机制为静态猝灭。分子对接模拟表明,多酚单体能与XOD的氨基酸残基结合,结合位点位于钼蝶呤(molybdopterin,Mo-Pt)辅因子或黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(flavine-adenine dinucleotide,FAD)结构域的异恶嗪环附近。多酚单体是有效的XOD竞争性抑制剂,可以通过抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶的活性有效降低尿酸水平,在天然产物的开发和功能性食品的应用中具有很好的前景。     

基于黄嘌呤氧化酶活性抑制和斑马鱼高尿酸血症模型的降尿酸功效食药材筛选

结合体外（黄嘌呤氧化酶活性抑制）和体内（斑马鱼高尿酸血症模型）方法,对15种食药材乙醇粗提物的降尿酸活性进行筛选。体外实验设置空白组、酶反应组、抑制剂组、对照组,酶标仪295 nm测定吸光度,计算15种食药材对黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）活性的抑制率;体内实验随机选取受精后第5 d（5dpf）的斑马鱼,设置空白组、模型组（200 μmol/L PO+10 μmol/L XSS）、食药材给药组（200 μmol/L PO+10 μmol/L XSS+不同浓度提取物）、阳性对照组（200 μmol/L PO+10 μmol/L XSS+APL 2 mmol/L）,水溶浸泡,28.5 ℃培养箱中孵育24 h,测定尿酸含量,对具有良好XOD抑制活性的食药材做进一步降尿酸活性验证。体外试验结果表明,15种乙醇粗提物均具有XOD抑制活性,其中8种在400 μg/mL时抑制率达到50%以上,分别为:红景天、兔耳草、牡丹皮、败酱草、黄柏、绿萝花、决明子、雪菊。体内试验结果表明,8种处理组尿酸水平与模型组相比显著降低（P<0.05或P<0.01）,均显示出降尿酸活性。     

芦丁、槲皮素对α-淀粉酶抑制活性研究

以α-淀粉酶为评价指标,探讨了芦丁和槲皮素的辅助降血糖功能。研究结果芦丁和槲皮素对α-淀粉酶抑制均呈阳性,表明芦丁和槲皮素都具有辅助降血糖的功能。芦丁溶液、槲皮素溶液和阿卡波糖对α-淀粉酶的半抑制浓度分别为0.258mg/mL、0.233mg/mL、0.095mg/mL。芦丁、槲皮素、阿卡波糖对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用大小顺序为:阿卡波糖>槲皮素>芦丁。     

麦麸提取物对晚期糖基化终产物的抑制研究

本文运用配位效应将木犀草素与金属离子Zn2+和Mn2+反应生成了木犀草素配合物,采用了红外、紫外、热重及元素分析对配合物进行了结构表征,同时研究了对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制作用,比较了木犀草素及其配合物抑制能力的大小,确定了对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制作用类型。结果表明,木犀草素与金属离子Zn2+和Mn2+发生了配位反应,形成了稳定的配合物,配合位点位于A环的5-OH及C环的4-C=O处。相比于木犀草素,木犀草素配合物对黄嘌呤氧化酶表现出更好的抑制效果,通过固定黄嘌呤底物浓度为0.6 mmol/L,酶浓度对酶活力作图可知,木犀草素及其配合物对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制类型均属于可逆抑制,通过固定黄嘌呤氧化酶浓度为10 μg/mL,用Lineweaver-Burk双倒数作图,木犀草素及其配合物对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制类型表现为竞争性抑制。     

氧化白藜芦醇协同抗坏血酸抑制余甘子酶促褐变的机制研究

通过研究氧化白藜芦醇协同抗坏血酸对余甘子酶促褐变的抑制作用,以及对其多酚氧化酶的酶抑制动力学研究,探明氧化白藜芦醇联合抗坏血酸协同抑制褐变酶的作用机理。结果表明,0.02%氧化白藜芦醇、0.15%抗坏血酸、0.02%氧化白藜芦醇+0.15%抗坏血酸均能减缓余甘子的酶促褐变,对3种褐变酶即多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性均有较好的抑制作用;0.02%氧化白藜芦醇+0.15%抗坏血酸联合处理对余甘子的酶促褐变及对PPO、POD、PAL的抑制活性强于单独使用。酶抑制动力学结果表明,氧化白藜芦醇对PPO的IC50为(3.300±0.010) μmol/L,抑制机理为可逆的混合型抑制,而氧化白藜芦醇+抗坏血酸(1∶7)的IC50为(1.600±0.020) μmol/L,抑制机理为可逆的竞争性抑制,协同使用导致抑制方式也发生改变。氧化白藜芦醇对PPO的抑制常数KI为0.904 μmol/L,对PPO-底物形成的复合物的抑制常数KIS为14.285 μmol/L,而氧化白藜芦醇+抗坏血酸(1∶7)对PPO的抑制常数KI为0.840 μmol/L,联合处理对PPO的抑制性加强。     

糖苷结构对苦荞黄酮促进葡萄糖在C2C12小鼠骨骼肌细胞中摄取作用的影响

苦荞是芦丁含量最高的粮食作物,但不同的加工过程会导致芦丁降解为单糖苷结构的异槲皮素及其前体槲皮素,进而影响生物活性。本研究比较芦丁及其降解产物（槲皮素、异槲皮素）这三类含有不同糖苷结构的黄酮在C2C12小鼠骨骼肌细胞中促进葡萄糖摄取的功效差异,并探究其作用机制。研究结果表明,苦荞与水接触会导致苦荞中的核心黄酮组分-芦丁降解为槲皮素。芦丁及其降解产物（槲皮素、异槲皮素）均能有效促进C2C12细胞对葡萄糖的摄取,作用顺序为:槲皮素>异槲皮素>芦丁。糖苷键的增加会降低槲皮素促进骨骼肌细胞糖摄取的效果。芦丁和异槲皮素不能激活胰岛素依赖型信号通路中的IRS-1表达及AKT的磷酸化,但高浓度下（400 μmol/L）,芦丁和异槲皮素可以通过非胰岛素依赖型的信号通路中的p-AMPK/p-ACC促进葡萄糖摄取作用,且异槲皮素的作用大于芦丁。槲皮素虽然抑制了IRS-1的表达及AKT的磷酸化,但槲皮素通过AMPK/ACC的磷酸化显著了促进C2C12细胞对葡萄糖的摄取。本研究揭示芦丁及其降解产物在细胞水平上的降血糖作用及机理的差异,对于充分理解苦荞黄酮降血糖机制提供了科学依据。     

载鲣鱼鱼籽肽微球模拟消化过程中黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性变化

在体外模拟鲣鱼鱼籽肽不同消化阶段对黄嘌呤氧化酶（xanthine oxidase,XOD）的抑制活性,分析不同消化阶段鱼籽肽的分子量分布、氨基酸组成;并利用海藻酸钙对鱼籽肽进行包埋,分析鱼籽肽微球在模拟胃/肠液中的累计释放率及XOD 抑制活性变化。结果表明,经胃消化后鱼籽肽XOD 抑制活性最高,为（76.09±0.12）%;肠消化后,鱼籽肽XOD 抑制活性下降到（53.02±0.48）%;分子量小于3 000 Da 的多肽以及疏水性氨基酸在鱼籽肽XOD 抑制活性中起重要作用;载鱼籽肽海藻酸钙微球在肠液中的累计释放率为（88.79±0.65）%,肠液中XOD 抑制活性为（81.82±0.28）%,利用海藻酸钙包埋鱼籽肽明显提高了其对XOD 的抑制活性。     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发，介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

天然香精香料与生物技术

天然香精香料是高价值的精细化工产品和食品添加剂,但原料来源有限且提取成本高。利用生物技术生产这类产品具有广阔的前景。简述了发酵工程、酶工程、细胞工程和基因工程在香精香料中的应用,并探讨了生物技术在香精香料中的应用前景。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

组学技术与果蔬采后质量和安全控制

果蔬可以提供营养, 有利于人类健康, 而果蔬的后熟及其与环境的相互作用会影响果蔬采后的质量和安全。对果蔬生物学过程的了解和掌握是减少果蔬采后损失和保障果蔬采后质量和安全的关键。在过去的10多年, 基于组学技术的系统生物学在了解果蔬后熟及其与环境相互作用的分子机制方面得到了越来越多的应用。本文对此做了细致的总结, 指出了存在的不足, 并提出了未来的发展方向。     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.