Valorisation of theanine from decaffeinated tea dust in bakery functional food

Nowadays, consumers appreciate the positive properties of decaffeinated tea for their well‐being. During decaffeination process, a very fine tea dust powder is obtained as by‐product, which contains the same quantity of bioactives as decaffeinated tea: the antioxidant polyphenols and the amino acid theanine. The aim was to add value to theanine gained from black tea powder dust and to develop theanine‐enriched bread. A theanine containing powder was obtained by column separation of decaffeinated tea dust extract and spray‐drying using carrier supports. This powder contains also the very polar compounds from decaffeinated tea such as amino acids, sugars and minerals. Breads with 110, 220 and 330 ppm of theanine, respectively, were prepared with the theanine powder. Physical properties, theanine and total polyphenolic content in bread were analysed. Bread and other bakery food serve as good products to add value to bioactive tea dust ingredients.     

茶叶中有效成分综合提取的研究

以绿茶为原料，采用ZJL大孔离了交换树脂和ZJX大孔吸附树脂从茶叶的浸提液中提取茶氨酸、咖啡因、茶多酚和茶多糖。通过对树脂的静态、动态吸附性能的实验研究，确定了咖啡因、茶氨酸、茶多酚及茶多糖联合分离提取的工艺。研究结果表明：该工艺能有效的从茶叶中提取咖啡因、茶氨酸和茶多酚，提取的咖啡因纯度达83．23％，提取率为1．9％，茶氨酸纯度达85．43％，提取率为0．94％，提取的茶多酚纯度达95．62％，提取率为12．35％，且茶多酚中的咖啡因含量低于0．7％，茶多糖的纯度达51％，提取率为1．1％。     

金花白茶加工过程中主要滋味物质的动态变化

以2017年福建寿眉散茶为原料,按照渥堆、汽蒸、压制定型、发花、干燥等加工工艺制成金花白茶。通过对加工过程中8个有代表性的工艺节点取样检测,以探明金花白茶加工过程中茶多酚、儿茶素、咖啡碱、氨基酸、水浸出物、可溶性糖、黄酮、茶三素等主要滋味物质含量的动态变化,并探究各类滋味物质的动态变化对其滋味品质的影响。结果表明,金花白茶加工过程中,茶多酚、儿茶素、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖、茶黄素及茶红素含量均逐渐降低,金花白茶较原料降幅分别为24.26%、52.89%、27.44%、9.38%、48.83%及30.96%。黄酮总量、没食子酸及茶褐素含量逐渐增加,金花白茶较原料增幅分别为20.46%、10.92%及77.31%。水浸出物、咖啡碱、茶氨酸含量略有增加,增幅为2.89%、7.70%、8.63%。这些变化有利于金花白茶滋味浓醇厚不苦涩,汤色红浓明亮品质的形成。同时结合感官审评发现,茶多酚、茶黄素、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸及茶褐素均与金花白茶滋味品质显著或极显著相关。     

白茶多酚对D-半乳糖致小鼠肾损伤模型的改善作用

该研究建立D-半乳糖诱导小鼠肾损伤模型,用不同剂量[250、500 mg/(kg·d)]白茶多酚灌胃小鼠42 d,于第6周末测量小鼠肾组织中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capa...     

Investigation of the presence and significance of theanine in the tea plant

Theanine was determined in black teas and tea plants by a combination method of thin-layer chromatography (t.l.c.) and densitometry. It was shown that in 20 samples of black tea from different qualities and sources the amount varied from 0.33 to 1.59 g 100 g^?1 dry wt. The highest quality black teas possessed the lowest amount of theanine, but it is subject to chemical degradation during black tea manufacture. The investigation of physiological function of theanine in the tea plant showed that during germination the theanine level reached a maximum after 45 days. This indicates that at this period of the growth of the tea plant theanine acted as a source of nitrogen and as a starting point for the synthesis of the carbon skeletal compounds of the tea plant. Theanine was found to exist in all parts of the tea plant but it accumulated more in young and active tissues and also in younger plants, which emphasises its metabolic role in the tea plant. The distribution of theanine in the shoots indicated that the first leaf was the principal site for the synthesis of polyphenolic compounds from theanine.     

福鼎大白茶树鲜叶不同茶制品活性成分比较

目的 分析比较福鼎大白茶树鲜叶加工制成的3种茶类中活性成分的含量差异。方法 以福鼎大白茶树鲜叶为原料, 按不同工艺制成绿茶、白茶、红茶, 测定其活性成分(茶多酚、咖啡碱、氨基酸、儿茶素)含量。结果 绿茶中茶多酚及儿茶素总量最高, 红茶较低。绿茶中儿茶素总量约为红茶的10倍, 白茶中儿茶素总量约为红茶的8倍; 氨基酸含量: 白茶高于绿茶及红茶, 红茶中氨基酸最低; 咖啡碱在白茶和绿茶中的含量差别不大, 显著性高于红茶, 但不存在极显著性差异。结论 加工工艺对不同茶类茶多酚及儿茶素类物质含量影响较大, 而对咖啡碱含量的影响不大。     

离子交换吸附分离茶氨酸的研究

本实验以目前工业上生产茶多酚后的废茶水为原料,通过超滤、脱色等预处理后,通过离子交换树脂对茶氨酸进行吸附分离,探索从其中分离制备茶氨酸的工艺。选用001×7阳离子交换树脂,分析了影响茶氨酸交换容量的因素,并对树脂吸附茶氨酸的动力学进行了研究。通过响应面分析法确定固定床离子交换工艺中合适的吸附工艺条件为:pH值为3.4,上样液浓度为3.0mg/ml,上样流速为1.7柱床体积/h。最后确定洗脱工艺条件,用pH11.3的氨水洗脱后得到茶氨酸含量为58%,离子交换过程中茶氨酸的回收率为82%。     

几种茶叶生化成分及其抗氧化活性分析

目的:比较白茶与绿茶、红茶生化成分的差异,探讨生化成分与抗氧化活性的关系。方法:以寿眉、安吉白茶及白琳工夫分别为白茶、绿茶、红茶代表,分析茶叶成分,测定茶汤抗氧化活性,并对二者进行相关性分析。结果:总黄酮含量与年份呈正相关关系,而咖啡碱则相对稳定;白茶茶多酚及儿茶素含量均低于绿茶,但其酯型儿茶素所占比重显著高于绿茶,且游离氨基酸、茶氨酸及总黄酮含量也显著高于其他两种茶类;EGC所占比重与酯型儿茶素均与茶汤抗氧化活性有较强的相关性。结论:白茶与其他茶在成分和抗氧化性上均有显著差异;EGCG与抗氧化活性相关性最强。     

乳酸菌发酵对红茶饮料营养成分、香气成分及抗氧化活性的影响

以植物乳杆菌菌剂发酵红茶饮料为研究对象,分别采用酒石酸铁比色法、茚三酮比色法和标准碱滴定法测定红茶发酵前后的茶多酚、茶氨酸、咖啡碱及乳酸含量;采用4种不同体外抗氧化模型来考察红茶饮料发酵前后的抗氧化活性;并采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析红茶发酵前后主要香气成分。结果表明,发酵后红茶饮料茶多酚和咖啡碱含量比发酵前稍有下降,茶氨酸含量较发酵前显著上升(P0.05);对部分自由基的清除能力较发酵前略有下降;醇类和酮类等香气成分在发酵后较发酵前有明显增加,有利于提升红茶的香气品质。     

Green tea from purple leaf coloured tea clones in Kenya- their quality characteristics

The Kenyan tea industry wishes to diversify its tea products, and in line with this, anthocyanin – rich teas were developed at the Tea Research Foundation of Kenya. These teas have purple-coloured leaves and the green colour is masked. In total, 12 accessions of the purple leaf coloured teas and 2 standard tea varieties were studied. Clones Hanlu and Yabukita are Chinese and Japanese tea varieties, respectively, known for good green tea, and they were used as reference standards. Little if any research had been done to characterize the quality of these purple leaf coloured teas and this study investigated their total polyphenols (TPP), catechins, caffeine, gallic acid and theanine. These are the major green tea quality parameters. Results showed that the new Kenyan tea clones had higher total polyphenols than had the reference standard tea varieties, which had 17.2% and 19.7% while the lowest among the Kenyan clones was 20.8%. On catechin quality index, K-purple and TRFK 91/1 showed high index values of 15.9 and 13.3, respectively, while clones TRFK 83/1 and 73/5 showed low index values of 0.74 and 1.0, respectively. Hanlu had the highest caffeine level with 2.42% while clones TRFK KS 3, TRFK KS 2 and TRFK 83/1 had relatively high caffeine levels among the purple leaf coloured teas, with 2.33%, 2.22% and 2.21%, respectively. Clone TRFK 73/5 had the lowest caffeine content, with 1.16%. Theanine analysis showed that most purple leaf coloured teas had more theanine than had the reference standard clones, except TRFK 83/1 and K-purple, which were lower than the reference standard clones. The implication of the green tea chemical quality parameters is also discussed. It is concluded that all the studied clones/varieties have above the minimum 14% of total polyphenols. Clones K-purple and TRFK 91/1 showed high green tea quality indices with the latter doubling with high levels of theanine; hence its highly recommended for green tea manufacture.     

Column-chromatographic extraction and separation of polyphenols, caffeine and theanine from green tea

A highly efficient column-chromatographic extraction (CCE) followed by sequential adsorption to extract and separate bioactive compounds from green tea was developed. Tea powder was loaded into columns with 4-fold solvents and eluted through a cyclic CCE. High-quality tea extracts with greater than 90% extraction efficiencies of polyphenols, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, caffeine, theanine and polysaccharides were obtained with 4-fold water circulated five times among different columns at 70 °C. Similar results, except for low polysaccharide extraction (35.5%), were obtained with 4-fold 30% ethanol circulated three times at room temperature. The highly concentrated water extraction was directly passed through columns of polyamide, DM130 macroporous and 732 ion exchange resins, resulting in high-purity polyphenols (99%), caffeine (98%) and theanine (98%) after simple purification of the eluates from each column. This method uses simple equipment, minimum solvents and can be used for both quantitative analysis and continuous preparation of high-quality tea extracts and bioactive compounds.     

不同花色福鼎白茶中挥发性萜类化合物的对映异构体分布

采用顶空固相微萃取法结合手性气相色谱-质谱联用技术对不同花色福鼎白茶的香气成分进行分析,得出白毫银针、白牡丹及寿眉样品中14 种挥发性萜类化合物的对映异构体分布情况。相对定量分析结果表明,S-芳樟醇、S-Z-橙花叔醇及(2S,5R)-芳樟醇氧化物B在大部分白茶样品中具有较高的相对含量,而茶螺烷的4 个对映异构体的相对含量普遍较低。对映异构体比例（enantiomeric ratio,ER）分析结果表明,S-柠檬烯、(2S,5S)-芳樟醇氧化物A、(2S,5R)-芳樟醇氧化物B、S-芳樟醇、(2R,5R)-茶螺烷A、(2R,5S)-茶螺烷B、R-4-萜品醇、S-α-松油醇、S-香茅醇、S-α-紫罗兰酮、S-Z-橙花叔醇、S-E-橙花叔醇、(1R,2R)-茉莉酸甲酯及(1R,2S)-茉莉酸甲酯是大部分福鼎白茶中相应萜类化合物的主导立体构型,其中芳樟醇、茶螺烷B、4-萜品醇、香茅醇、α-紫罗兰酮、芳樟醇氧化物A及Z-橙花叔醇的ER值与福鼎白茶的采摘嫩度呈现一定的相关性。多元统计分析结果表明,12 个萜类化合物对映异构体的含量在不同花色福鼎白茶中存在显著差异,其中R-芳樟醇、(2R,5S)-茶螺烷B、S-α-松油醇、R-E-橙花叔醇、R-Z-橙花叔醇、S-柠檬烯及S-E-橙花叔醇在白毫银针样本中含量最高,(2R,5R)-芳樟醇氧化物A及(2S,5R)-茶螺烷B含量与白毫银针样本呈负相关;S-Z-橙花叔醇及(1S,2S)-茉莉酸甲酯在白牡丹样本中含量普遍较高;而R-α-紫罗兰酮在寿眉样本中有较高的含量分布。本研究为后续白茶香气品质形成机理研究、白茶花色等级判别及指纹图谱构建等提供理论依据。     

茶酒的保健作用

以茶类产品为主要原料,进行微生物发酵得到的茶酒,内含丰富的茶多酚、咖啡碱、氨基酸、固形物等成分,具有营养、保健、医疗3大功能。主要从茶多酚、咖啡碱、茶氨酸这3种主要营养成分分析茶酒的保健作用。     

不同黑茶提取物功能性成分分析及活性评价

探究不同黑茶提取物(天尖茶、茯砖茶、百两茶、六堡茶及普洱茶)中主要功能性组分的差异,评价其功能性活性1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除能力、氧自由基的吸收能力(oxygen radical absorbance capacity,ORAC)及对PC12神经细胞保护作用,并建立功能性组分与其活性的相关性。结果表明,湖南产的茯砖、天尖和百两茶,其提取物中的茶多酚、茶多糖及儿茶素总含量均显著高于普洱和六堡茶提取物,而咖啡碱、没食子酸及茶氨酸含量则以普洱茶提取物最高。茯砖、天尖和百两茶提取物对DPPH自由基的清除能力及对氧自由基的吸收能力均较强,而在PC12神经细胞损伤保护实验中,茯砖、普洱及六堡茶提取物效果明显。通过相关性分析,发现茶多酚(特别是酯型儿茶素表儿茶素没食子酸酯(epicatechin gallate,ECG)和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG))是黑茶提取物DPPH自由基和ORAC活性的主要影响因素,而茶氨酸含量则与PC12细胞保护作用正相关。     

Optimising the extraction of tea polyphenols, (−)‐epigallocatechin gallate and theanine from summer green tea by using response surface methodology

In this study, response surface methodology was applied to determine the optimal conditions for the extraction of tea polyphenols, EGCG and theanine from summer green tea. As results, the optimal extraction conditions were determined to be temperature 96 °C, time 40 min and ratio of water to raw material 16 mL g^?1. Under these optimal conditions, the experimental values for tea polyphenols, EGCG, theanine and IC₅₀ for DPPH free radical scavenging activity were 133.41 ± 3.12 mg gallic acid g^?1, 30.23 ± 1.22, 3.99 ± 1.13 mg g^?1 and 724.95 ± 15.12 μg mL^?1, respectively. There was no statistical difference at significant level of 0.05 between the experimental and predicted values. The results suggested that the regression models were accurate and adequate for the bioactives extraction from summer green tea.     

Antimicrobial effects of green tea polyphenols on thermophilic spore-forming bacteria

The inhibitory action of tea polyphenols towards the development and growth of bacterial spores was examined. Among the tested Bacillus bacteria, tea polyphenols showed antibacterial effects towards Bacillus stearothermophilus, which is a thermophilic spore-forming bacterium. The heat resistance of B. stearothermophilus spores was reduced by the addition of tea polyphenols. Clostridium thermoaceticum, an anaerobic spore-forming bacterium, also exhibited reduced heat resistance of its spores in the presence of tea polyphenols. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate, which is the main component of tea polyphenols, showed strong activity against both B. stearothermophilus and C. thermoaceticum. The heat resistance of these bacterial spores was more rapidly decreased by the addition of tea polyphenols at high temperatures.     

茶多酚改性对蛋清蛋白凝胶特性的影响及机理

研究不同添加量的茶多酚改性对蛋清蛋白凝胶特性的影响,并对其影响机理进行探讨。结果表明：蛋清蛋白的凝胶强度和持水性随茶多酚添加量的增加而逐渐增大,茶多酚添加量为0.8%时蛋清蛋白的凝胶强度提高了130.2%,失水率从29.41%降至19.29%。经茶多酚改性后蛋清蛋白的凝胶网络结构更加有序,凝胶表面更加平滑均匀,蛋白的表面疏水性和表面巯基含量增加,而总巯基含量下降。差示扫描量热分析和傅里叶变换红外光谱进一步分析表明,茶多酚改性作用增加了蛋清蛋白的热稳定性,且蛋白的二级结构发生改变,表现为蛋白结构由有序变为无序,α-螺旋相对含量下降,β-折叠相对含量则明显上升。     

蒙顶甘露名茶主要滋味成分及香气组分检测分析

采用常规分析法与高效液相色谱、气相色谱-质谱分析法相结合对蒙顶甘露茶的主要滋味成分、游离氨基酸组分和香气组分进行检测,并就内含成分与品质风味的关系进行探究。结果表明,主要滋味成分茶多酚、儿茶素、咖啡碱、可溶性糖和氨基酸的全含量为（23.98±0.26）%、（17.52±0.05）%、（4.26±0.21）%、（4.85±0.12）%和（4.66±0.16）%,酚氨比值为3.95～7.43;日常饮茶冲泡时,第2次泡滋味感官评分（28.9±0.2）最高,品质风味好,其主要成分包括茶多酚、咖啡碱、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸,浸出质量浓度分别为262.2、63.9、66.5 mg/250 mL和89.3 mg/250 mL,酚氨比值较小,为2.93;蒙顶甘露茶中含有18 种游离氨基酸组分,其中茶氨酸高达20.46 mg/g,占51.5%;蒙顶甘露茶中酯型儿茶素组分表儿茶素没食子酸酯和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯的含量分别为3.39%、6.97%;检测到51 种香气组分,主要是醇类（12 种）和酯类（9 种）,其中芳樟醇、β-紫罗兰酮、橙花叔醇和反-橙花叔醇含量较高,这些组分共同成为嫩香持久馥郁的香气物质基础。     

挤压膨化工艺参数对夏秋绿茶多酚含量及膨化度的影响

利用双螺杆挤压膨化机对夏秋绿茶进行挤压膨化,研究物料含水量、套筒温度以及螺杆转速对膨化绿茶粉中茶多酚含量以及膨化度的影响,并分析夏秋绿茶膨化前后浸出功能成分及微观结构的变化。结果表明:随物料含水量增加,茶多酚含量先减少后增加;增加套筒温度会增大茶多酚的浸出,当温度过高时会导致茶多酚的损失;随螺杆转速增大,茶粉破损程度加大,促进茶多酚的浸出。套筒温度、螺杆转速对挤出物膨化度的影响较小,物料含水量的影响相对较大。与未加工夏秋绿茶粉相比,加工后的夏秋绿茶粉中茶多酚、粗纤维、可溶性总糖含量降低,茶氨酸含量增高。夏秋绿茶膨化后,其表面结构变得平整光滑,且机械力作用使物料自身化学键断裂。     

重铬酸钾可见分光光度法测定绿茶中茶多酚总量的研究

研究重铬酸钾与茶多酚反应的最佳条件,建立了重铬酸钾可见分光光度法测定绿茶中茶多酚总含量的定量分析方法。在硫酸强酸性介质中重铬酸钾能氧化茶多酚,其吸光度随茶多酚浓度的增加而减小,且减小值与茶多酚的浓度呈线性关系。本方法的线性范围为0.00～7.21 × 10-5g/ml,相关系数为0.9994,RSD 在1.09%～2.44%(n=5)之间,回收率在98.3%～103.6% 之间,分析结果与高锰酸钾滴定法相一致。该方法所用仪器简单、操作方便、测定成本低,可应用于绿茶中茶多酚总含量的测定。